70-767: Upper Air is the second studio album by the American folk band Bowerbirds . It was released in 2009. Upper Air was well received by critics, scoring 76 out of 100 on Metacritic , which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 16 reviews. This 2000s folk album-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . American folk music Religious music Ethnic music Charts Festivals Media Other The term American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music , traditional folk music , contemporary folk music , vernacular music, or roots music . Many traditional songs have been sung within
140-425: A 8 time. Musically, the single jig tends to follow the pattern of a quarter note followed by an eighth note (twice per 8 bar), whereas the pattern for the double jig is three eighth notes twice per 8 bar. Hop jigs are the fastest of all jigs next to light jigs, but the term hop jig causes some confusion, as some people use it for a single jig, while others use this term to refer to
210-475: A Capella and instrumentally accompanied, is at the heart of the tradition. Early spirituals framed Christian beliefs within native practices and were heavily influenced by the music and rhythms of Africa." Spirituals are prominent, and often use a call and response pattern. "Gospel developed after the Civil War (1861-65). It relied on biblical text for much of its direction, and the use of metaphors and imagery
280-793: A beginning of the divergence of country music from traditional folk music. Their recordings of such songs as " Wabash Cannonball " (1932), " Will the Circle Be Unbroken " (1935), " Wildwood Flower " (1928), and " Keep on the Sunny Side " (1928) made them country standards. Country and bluegrass artists such as Loretta Lynn , Roy Acuff , Dolly Parton , Earl Scruggs , Chet Atkins , and Don Reno were heavily influenced by traditional Appalachian music. Artists such as Bob Dylan , Jerry Garcia , and Bruce Springsteen have performed Appalachian songs or rewritten versions of Appalachian songs. Cajun music , an emblematic music of Louisiana ,
350-410: A few being Drunken Gauger, Blackthorn Stick, The Three Sea Captains, and St Patrick's Day. Two types of treble jigs are performed at feiseanna: the traditional and non-traditional (slow) treble jigs. Beginners will do a treble jig at traditional speed (92 bpm), while more advanced dancers will dance the non-traditional (slow) treble jig at 72 bpm. In 19th-century America, the jig was the name adopted for
420-423: A form of step dancing developed by enslaved African-Americans and later adopted by minstrel show performers. Danced to five-string banjo or fiddle tunes in 2 or 4 metre played at schottische tempo, the minstrel jig (also called the "straight jig" to distinguish it from Irish dances) was characterized by syncopated rhythm and eccentric movements. Jig dancers employed a repertoire of "hits" on
490-467: A jig is two eight-bar parts, performing two different steps, each once on the right foot, and one on the left foot. As with most other types of dance tunes in Irish music , at a session or a dance it is common for two or more jigs to be strung together in a set, flowing on without interruption. The following distinction is primarily observed in modern competitive Irish dance and should not be confused with
560-689: A popular traditional ballad originating in England and Scotland, which immigrants introduced to the United States. The murder ballad " Pretty Polly ", indexed by another scholar of American folk music, George Malcolm Laws , is an American version of an earlier British song, "The Gosport Tragedy". The oldest surviving folk song of local Anglo-American origin is the ballad " Springfield Mountain " dating back to 1761 in Connecticut . The typical instruments played in early American folk music were
630-511: A result instruments such as the banjo were widely adopted. However, English traditional music was still present in the Southeast with older Child ballads such as " Lord Thomas and Fair Eleanor ", " The Maid Freed from the Gallows ", " Fair Margaret and Sweet William ", " The Wife of Usher's Well ", " The Two Sisters ", and " Matty Groves " surviving alongside some English ballads also played in
700-588: A rhythm that helped workers perform as a team. One of the oldest sea shanties sung in America may have been "Haul in the Bowline" which could date back as far as the rule of Henry VIII in the sixteenth century. Other popular shanties include " Blow the Man Down ", "Blow, Boys, Blow", "Reuben Ranzo", " Shenandoah " and "The Greenland Whale" as well as African-American shanties such as "Mobile Bay" and "I'm Goin' up
770-466: A tune in 8 time. Among the latter, some do not distinguish it from a slip jig, while some reserve the term to a slip jig variant that has special characteristics, in particular an emphasis on quarter note – eighth note pairs. Treble jigs (also called the hard or heavy jig) are performed in hard shoes, and also to a 8 time metre. They are characterized by stomps, trebles, and clicks. Many set dances are performed in treble jig time,
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#1732783254704840-634: Is a form of lively folk dance in compound metre , as well as the accompanying dance tune . It first gained popularity in 16th-century England, Ireland, Scotland, and other parts of the British Isles, and was adopted on mainland Europe where it eventually became the final movement of the mature Baroque dance suite (the French gigue ; Italian and Spanish giga ). Today it is most associated with Irish dance music, Scottish country dance , French Canadian traditionnal music and dance (trad) and
910-400: Is a typical scenario from a dramatic jig and it is likely that the combination of dance metre for steps and non-metrical passages for pantomime indicates how a solo or ensemble jig might have been danced by stage players.' Later the dance began to be associated with music particularly in 8 time, and with slip jigs 8 time. During the middle of the 16th century the dance
980-542: Is also heavily influenced by Regional Mexican and Country music, while New Mexico music is much more influenced by Hispano folk and Western music . Both styles have influenced one another over the years, and incorporated American popular music styles. Folk composer and musician Robert Schmertz composed and wrote pieces related to historical events in Western Pennsylvania. Jigs The jig ( Irish : port , Scottish Gaelic : port-cruinn )
1050-637: Is considered American either because it is native to the United States or because it developed there, out of foreign origins, to such a degree that it struck musicologists as something distinctly new. It is considered "roots music" because it served as the basis of music later developed in the United States , including rock and roll , rhythm and blues , and jazz . Most songs of the Colonial and Revolutionary periods originated in England, Scotland and Ireland and were brought over by early settlers. According to ethnomusicologist Bruno Nettl , American folk music
1120-417: Is considered American either because it is native to the United States or because it developed there, out of foreign origins, to such a degree that it struck musicologists as something distinctly new. It is considered "roots music" because it served as the basis of music later developed in the United States, including rock and roll , contemporary folk music, rhythm and blues , and jazz . Appalachian music
1190-608: Is notable because it "At its roots is an English folk song tradition that has been modified to suit the specific requirements of America." Therefore, many American folk songs, such as those documented by the American folklorist Francis James Child in his catalogue of ballads known as the Child Ballads , can be traced back to their pre-colonial origins in the British Isles . For example, " Barbara Allen" remains
1260-641: Is rooted in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada . Cajun music is often mentioned in tandem with the Creole -based, Cajun -influenced zydeco form, both of Acadiana origin. These French Louisiana sounds have influenced American popular music for many decades, especially country music, and have influenced pop culture through mass media, such as television commercials. Before recorded history American Indians in this area used songs and instrumentation; music and dance remain
1330-428: Is the courting flute. Shape-note or sacred harp singing developed in the early nineteenth century as a way for itinerant singing instructors to teach church songs in rural communities. They taught using song books that represented musical notation of tones by geometric shapes that associated a shape with a pitch. Sacred harp singing became popular in many Oklahoma rural communities, regardless of ethnicity. Later,
1400-414: Is the drum, which has been called the heartbeat of Plains Indian music. Most of that genre traces back to the hunting and warfare that was a strong part of plains culture. During the reservation period, they frequently used music to relieve boredom and despair. Neighbors gathered, exchanged and created songs and dances. This is a part of the roots of the modern intertribal powwow . Another common instrument
1470-524: Is the traditional music of the region of Appalachia in the Eastern United States. It derives from various European and African influences—including English ballads, Irish and Scottish traditional music (especially fiddle music), hymns, and African-American blues. First recorded in the 1920s, Appalachian musicians were a key influence on the early development of Old-time music , country music , and bluegrass , and were an important part of
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#17327832547041540-600: The American folk music revival and American "roots music" is that roots music seems to cover a broader range, including blues and country. Roots music developed its most expressive and varied forms in the first three decades of the 20th century. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl were extremely important in disseminating these musical styles to the rest of the country, as Delta blues masters, itinerant honky tonk singers, and Cajun musicians spread to cities like Chicago , Los Angeles , and New York . The growth of
1610-531: The American folk music revival . Instruments typically used to perform Appalachian music include the banjo , American fiddle , fretted dulcimer , and guitar . Early recorded Appalachian musicians include Fiddlin' John Carson , Henry Whitter , Bascom Lamar Lunsford , the Carter Family , Clarence Ashley , Frank Proffitt , and Dock Boggs , all of whom were initially recorded in the 1920s and 1930s. Several Appalachian musicians obtained renown during
1680-574: The Irish jigeánnai , itself borrowed from the Old English giga meaning 'old dance'. It was known as a dance in 16th-century England, often in 8 time, and the term was used for a post-play entertainment featuring dance in early modern England, but which 'probably employed a great variety of dances, solo (suitable for jigs), paired, round, country or courtly'; in Playford's Dancing Master (1651) 'the dance game in "Kemps Jegg"
1750-674: The Métis people in Canada. Jigs were originally in quadruple compound metre, (e.g., 8 time), but have been adapted to a variety of time signatures , by which they are often classified into groups, including double jigs ( 8 ), slip jigs ( 8 ) and single jigs ( 8 ). The term jig was probably derived from the French giguer , meaning 'to jump' or the Italian giga . The use of 'jig' in Irish dance derives from
1820-728: The fiddle , the guitar , the mandolin , the mouth organ , the fife , and the dulcimer , although guitars went through a significant change as the previously popular English guitar was replaced around the 1830s by the Spanish guitar . In addition to ballads, American colonials also imported numerous English country dance tunes , mainly jigs , reels , and hornpipes , which were played during community dances or contra dances . Some dance tunes as well as dances themselves were also adapted from Irish and Scottish sources. The musical collections Howe's 1000 Jigs and Reels , Ryan's Mammoth Collection , and 1000 Fiddle Tunes contain many of
1890-409: The recording industry in the same period was also important; higher potential profits from music placed pressure on artists, songwriters, and label executives to replicate previous hit songs. This meant that musical fads, such as Hawaiian slack-key guitar , never died out completely, since a broad range of rhythms, instruments, and vocal stylings were incorporated into disparate popular genres. By
1960-544: The 1950s, forms of roots music had led to pop-oriented forms. Folk musicians like the Kingston Trio , blues-derived rock and roll and rockabilly , pop-gospel, doo wop and R&B (later secularized further as soul music ) and the Nashville sound in country music all modernized and expanded the musical palette of the country. The roots approach to music emphasizes the diversity of American musical traditions,
2030-454: The British Isles include "The Yorkshire Bite", "The Bold Soldier", " Butcher Boy ", "Katie Morey", "The Half Hitch", and " The Boston Burglar ". Locally composed, traditional New England folk songs include "Springfield Mountain", " The Jam on Gerry's Rock ", "Young Charlotte", "Peter Amberly", "Jack Haggarty, and "The Jealous Lover". The folk music of the rest of Northeastern United States , including Pennsylvania , New York , and New Jersey ,
2100-476: The British Isles, including cowboy ballads, western swing, and contemporary country and western." "Mexican immigrants began to reach Oklahoma in the 1870s, bringing beautiful canciones and corridos love songs, waltzes, and ballads along with them. Like American Indian communities, each rite of passage in Hispanic communities is accompanied by traditional music. The acoustic guitar, string bass, and violin provide
2170-657: The Dakotas , and Nebraska regional songs included " The Little Old Sod Shanty on the Claim ", "The Lane County Bachelor", "Comin' Back to Kansas", "The Dreary Black Hills", and "Dakota Land". The famous " Ballad of Jesse James ", which celebrated the titular bankrobber's life, first appeared in Springfield, Missouri . Few Child or broadside ballads have been found in the Northwestern United States as
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2240-450: The Mine", "The Dying Mine Brakeman", and "A Miner's Prayer" gave voice to these fears. Efforts to unionize began in the 1930s, creating tunes such as "We Shall Not Be Moved", which was a rewriting of the gospel hymn " I Shall Not Be Moved ". The use of familiar hymns made the songs easy for organizers to sing along with, and also imbued the cause with an air of righteousness. " Sixteen Tons "
2310-600: The Northeast like "Barbara Allen". Popular broadside ballads in the Southeast were "Pretty Polly", "Pretty Little Miss in the Garden", " Knoxville Girl ", " Jack Monroe ", "The Sailor Boy", "Awake, Awake You Drowsy Sleeper", "Rich Irish Lady", " The Nightingale ", " The Girl I Left Behind ", and " The Miller's Will ". Notable songs written in Appalachia include " Little Mohea ", " John Hardy ", and " Omie Wise ". Unlike in
2380-630: The Northeast, Southeastern ballads of English origins tend to be appreciably altered with their lyrics shortened and smoothed out, reducing the number of stresses per stanza. Folk songs in the Midwest largely reflected the tastes of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. However, there were some ballads uniquely popular to the Midwest such as the broadside ballad "Mary of the Wild Moor" and
2450-546: The River". Cowboys songs are typically ballads that cowboys sang in the West and Southwest. The familiar " Streets of Laredo " (or "Cowboys Lament") derives from an Irish folk song of the late 18th century called " The Unfortunate Rake ", which in turn appears to have descended from the even earlier " The Bard of Armagh ". While "Streets of Laredo" uses the same melody as "The Unfortunate Rake", " St. James Infirmary Blues " adapts
2520-540: The Road Feeling Bad ", " Shady Grove ", "Katy Cline", " Ida Red ", and " Cindy ". The southern murder ballad " Poor Ellen Smith ", which recorded a murder so inflammatory its public performance had to be outlawed, was most likely written in Winston, North Carolina by one of the murderer's cellmates. Unlike the Northeast and New England, the Southeast had significant influence from African-American music and as
2590-450: The basic instrumentation for Mexican music, with maracas, flute, horns, or sometimes accordion filling out the sound." Other Europeans (such as Bohemians and Germans) settled in the late nineteenth century. Their social activities centered on community halls, "where local musicians played polkas and waltzes on the accordion, piano, and brass instruments." Later Asians contributed to the musical mix. "Ancient music and dance traditions from
2660-616: The blues tradition developed, with roots in and parallels to sacred music. By the early 20th century, jazz developed, born from a "blend of ragtime, gospel, and blues" "Anglo-Scots-Irish music traditions gained a place in Oklahoma after the Land Run of 1889. Because of its size and portability, the fiddle was the core of early Oklahoma Anglo music, but other instruments such as the guitar, mandolin, banjo, and steel guitar were added later. Various Oklahoma music traditions trace their roots to
2730-424: The core of ceremonial and social activities. "Stomp dance" remains at its core, a "call and response" form; instrumentation is provided by rattles or shackles worn on the legs of women. "Other southeastern nations have their own complexes of sacred and social songs, including those for animal dances and friendship dances, and songs that accompany stickball games. Central to the music of the southern Plains Indians
2800-410: The dance tunes Americans and their colonial predecessors danced to for nearly two centuries. Popular dances that rose to prominence in America in the nineteenth century, which could be set to traditional dance tunes, were quadrilles , mazurkas , barn dances , redowas , marches , and polkas . " Soldier's Joy " is an example of a typical British fiddle tune. In New England , one of the areas with
2870-499: The danger of precarious stacks of logs stories high that could topple. "The Jam on Gerry's Rocks" was one such song that described this terrifying phenomenon. "The Lumberjack's Alphabet" was a high spirited song and favorite of these workers. "The Lineman's Hymn" is told from the perspective of a dying lineman who fell from a pole, and warns the listener to be careful lest he suffer the same fate. Many roots musicians do not consider themselves folk musicians. The main difference between
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2940-694: The documented folk songs in the area are usually work songs connected to relatively recent folk experiences within the mining , lumber , and other industries of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Similar to the Northwest, older traditional ballads were far less common in the Southwest , with only "Barbara Allen" and "Lord Randal" being regional favorites. Popular local songs and ballads were, among others, "Texas Rangers", " The Yellow Rose of Texas ", "Joe Bowers", " Sweet Betsy from Pike ", "Ho for California!", and " Buffalo Skinners ". Some songs entered
3010-423: The door to legitimizing a wider range of vernacular music in the field of American folk music scholarship, in later years it has been criticized for not being a strictly scientific historical endeavor. Lomax himself admitted, "I have violated the ethics of ballad-gatherers, in a few instances, by selecting and putting together what seems to be the best lines from different versions, all telling the same story...Frankly
3080-648: The earliest history of colonization as well as the highest percentage of settlement by ethnic English people , numerous English ballads survived within American folk music into the twentieth century. These include older popular ballads such as " Lord Randall ", " The Golden Vanity ", The Elfin Knight , The Gypsy Davy , " Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight ", "Barbara Allen", Lord Bateman , The House Carpenter , The Farmer's Curst Wife , Lord Lovel , and Henry Martin . Later broadside ballads imported into New England from
3150-495: The evolution of 20th-century tap and soft-shoe dancing. A variant of the straight jig was the " sand jig " or "sand dance", performed as a series of shuffles and slides on a sand-strewn stage. The most prominent sand jiggers of the 19th century were two women, both born in New York in 1855: Buffalo native Kitty O'Neil and her Manhattan-born rival Kitty Sharpe. Sand dancing was a staple of minstrelsy, variety and vaudeville, and
3220-412: The folk revival of the 1950s and 1960s, including Jean Ritchie , Roscoe Holcomb , Ola Belle Reed , Lily May Ledford , and Doc Watson . The Carter Family was a traditional American folk music group that recorded between 1927 and 1956. Their music had a profound impact on bluegrass , country , Southern Gospel , pop and rock musicians . They were the first vocal group to become country music stars;
3290-491: The folk tradition through the flourishing American popular music industry. One such popular song that became a folk tune was " Old Dan Tucker " written by Dan Emmett . Spirituals have their origins in white American ministers appropriating European folk melodies and setting them to religious lyrics, creating uniquely American folk hymns. African Americans adopted this religious folk music, adding their own style and themes such as slavery and emancipation. "Sacred music, both
3360-711: The frontier such as the famous " Home on the Range " written in Kansas in 1873 by Brewster Higley and Dan Kelly. "The Old Chisholm Trail" too was a distinctly American ballad tied to the experiences of cowboys on the long treks on the Chisholm Trail . Following the Civil War, cowboys became popular as characters in novels and in Wild West shows. The first movie western was The Great Train Robbery , filmed in 1903. At
3430-582: The genealogy of creative lineages and communities, and the innovative contributions of musicians working in these traditions today. In recent years roots music has been the focus of popular media programs such as Garrison Keillor 's public radio program, A Prairie Home Companion and the feature film by the same name. American traditional music is also called roots music. Roots music is a broad category of music including bluegrass , country music , gospel , old time music , jug bands , Appalachian folk , blues , Cajun and Native American music . The music
3500-454: The general notion of how the jigs are played and classified among traditional Irish musicians. A light jig is the second-fastest of all jigs. The performer's feet rarely leave the ground for long, as the step is fast, typically performed at a speed around 116 at feiseanna . There are several light jig steps, varying with each dance school, but the rising step, or the rise and grind, is standard in almost all light jigs. The right side version of
3570-484: The heel or toe, "hops" on one foot, "springs" off both feet as well as various slides and shuffles. The most famous early jig dancer was Master Juba , an African-American who inspired a host of white imitators, many of whom performed in blackface . John Diamond , an Irish-American who competed with Master Juba in a series of "challenge dances", was among the most prominent of these white minstrel jig dancers. Minstrel jigs, as well as clogs and breakdowns, were crucial to
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#17327832547043640-414: The height of this romanticizing of the American cowboy, John Lomax published his preeminent work, Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads. This work was acclaimed in both academic and popular readership and helped to expand the scope of what constituted folk music, as previous scholarship focused on songs with European ballad ancestry, such as with the Child Ballads . While Cowboy Songs may have opened
3710-413: The hop, and hop back. The next movement is a hop on the right foot. Then shift the weight, left-right-left-right. The phrase for this whole movement is: "hop, hop back, hop back 2-3." To do the step on the left foot, reverse the left and right directions. Slip jigs are in 8 time. Because of the longer measures, they are longer than the reel and the light jig, with the same number of bars to
3780-562: The insufficient and inequitable pay scale and poverty that ensued. The logging industry began in New England to satisfy the needs of ship building. Later, the advent of the transcontinental railroad made it possible to harvest the forests of the Pacific Northwest, with the industry reaching a peak from 1870 to 1900. The hardships for loggers included a struggle with natural forces, unpredictable outdoor working conditions, and
3850-584: The locally produced ballads namely "The Little Brown Bulls", "Fuller and Warren", " Charles Guiteau ", "Canady-I-O", and "Paul Jones". Many folk songs were also produced that were unique specifically to the Great Lakes region , evoking the area's nautical culture. These include "It's me for the Inland Lakes", "Loss of the Persian ", and "The Buffalo Whore". Farther west in states like Iowa , Kansas ,
3920-417: The men, women, and children employed within. Strikes began in the 1830s and 1840s, led by the young women who made up three-quarters of the work force, and earned about half of their male coworkers. The song "A Factory Girl" tells of a young woman, dissatisfied with her occupation, leaving the mill to become a wife. Dave McCarn wrote songs in protest of the textile mill such as "Cotton Mill Colic", which lamented
3990-399: The music. The dance is performed high on the toes, and is often considered the "ballet of Irish dance" because of its graceful movements that seem to slip the performers across the floor. Slip jigs are performed at a speed of 113 bpm at feiseanna. Single jigs should not be confused with slides ; they are the least common of the jigs, performed in ghillies, in a 8 or less commonly
4060-454: The primary source of fuel in the United States by the 1880s, beating out wood, with usage peaking in 1910. Coal camps were made up of a largely Irish and Welsh demographic, which is evident in the structure of coal mining songs. Coal mining was fraught with danger that was unmitigated by morally indifferent mining companies. Explosions and cave-ins were a constant fear, as were black lung disease and pneumoconiosis. Songs such as "Don't Go Down in
4130-399: The rising step is performed by putting weight on the left foot, lifting the right foot off the ground then hopping on the left foot once. Hop on the left foot again, bringing the right foot back behind the left foot and then shift the weight onto the right foot, leaving the left foot in the air. Dancers use the phrase "hop, hop back" for these three movements, and there is a slight pause between
4200-485: The rudiments of Anglo-American folk song, British country dancing and European harmony, and adapting them to West African patterns." Alan Lomax in The Folk Songs of North America states, "The slaves, brought to the United States from many parts of Africa, continued to dance and make music as their ancestors had done…. In the United States tribes were mixed and African languages and ceremonies were forbidden, and
4270-480: The same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles , Mainland Europe , or Africa . Musician Mike Seeger once famously commented that the definition of American folk music is "...all the music that fits between the cracks." American folk music is a broad category of music including bluegrass , gospel , old time music , jug bands , Appalachian folk , blues , Cajun and Native American music . The music
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#17327832547044340-417: The slaves filled the cultural vacuum by acquiring the rudiments of Anglo-American folk song, British country dancing, and European harmony, and adapting them to West African patterns. Lomax, after maintaining that "whatever they sang was intensely functional," catalogs these songs as "spirituals, reels, work songs, ballads and blues." Sea shanties functioned to lighten the burden of routine tasks and provide
4410-725: The slaves had in common was the desire to dance, sing and play what musical instruments could be assembled. Eileen Southern in The Music of Black Americans: A History lists about a dozen and a half African-American "folksong types". These are "boat songs, corn songs, cowboy songs, dance songs, freedom songs, harvest songs, parodies of spirituals, pattyroller songs, prison songs, railroad songs, satirical songs, shout songs, spirituals, stevedore songs, story songs, war songs, woodcutter songs, and work songs." Because slaves were forbidden to perform African ceremonies or use African languages, "the slaves filled this cultural vacuum by acquiring
4480-518: The story to a different tune. This illustrates how folk songs can change in the retelling and appear in a variety of versions. Similarly the popular cowboy song " Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie , about a dying cowboy begging not to be buried alone in the wilderness, is based on an earlier poem, "The Ocean Burial". Similarly, the popular song "Buffalo Skinners" is based on the earlier lumberjack tune "Canaday-I-O". Other songs originated wholly on
4550-586: The temples and courts of China, India, and Indonesia are preserved in Asian communities throughout the state, and popular song genres are continually layered on to these classical music forms" Tejano and New Mexico music , heard throughout the American Southwest and South Texas , is rooted in the musics of the Native American and Hispanic/Latino communities of the regions. Tejano music
4620-474: The volume is meant to be popular." One of the most popular railroad folk songs in American history was The Ballad of Casey Jones , a song about a train conductor who sacrificed himself to prevent a collision. The "Ballad of John Henry " is about an African-American folk hero said to have worked as a "steel-driving man". The earliest known coal mine was in Richmond Virginia in 1750. Coal became
4690-526: Was adopted in Ireland and in the 17th century Scotland, where it was widely adapted, and the jig is now most often associated with these countries, especially Ireland. The jig is second in popularity only to the reel in traditional Irish dance; it is popular but somewhat less common in Scottish country dance music. It is transcribed in compound metre , being 8 time. The most common structure of
4760-501: Was common. Gospel is a "joyful noise," sometimes accompanied by instrumentation and almost always punctuated by hand clapping, toe tapping, and body movement." When African slaves were brought to the Americas husbands were separated from wives and parents from their children. Also the many tribes that the slaves were from were broken up and the ensuing slave communities that were set up were constituted by every possible mixture. What
4830-593: Was similar to that of New England, aside from a marked influence from the high numbers of non-British immigrants, such as the Germans , Dutch , and Swiss . In the Southeastern United States , popular local folk songs included " Sourwood Mountain ", "Charming Betsy", "Fly Around My Pretty Little Miss", " Buffalo Gals ", " Arkansas Traveler ", " Turkey in the Straw ", " Old Joe Clark ", " Going Down
4900-477: Was written in 1946 by Merle Travis about the plight of coal miners and life in company towns . Travis also penned " Dark as a Dungeon ", which was most notably performed by Johnny Cash . While American colonists had long spun and wove homemade textiles, a burgeoning industry began to appear at the end of the eighteenth century in New England and later in the southern states. Working conditions in textile mills were bleak, with extremely long hours and meager pay for
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