45-785: Ura may refer to: Government and politics [ edit ] United Red Army , a revolutionary group in Japan Uganda Revenue Authority United Reform Action , a party in Montenegro Urban Renewal Authority , in Hong Kong Urban Redevelopment Authority , in Singapore Places [ edit ] Settlements [ edit ] Ura, Anatolia ,
90-634: A Yula tributary Languages [ edit ] Ura language (Papua New Guinea) Ura language (Vanuatu) Fungwa language , Nigeria Other uses [ edit ] Ura (dance) , of the Cook Islands Ura, or uracil , a nucleobase of RNA Ura (Russian: Ура! ), a Russian battle cry People with the surname Ura [ edit ] Ura Kazuki ( 宇良 和輝 , born 1992) , Japanese sumo wrestler Kazushige Ura ( 浦 和重 , born 1975) , Japanese rower See also [ edit ] URA (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
135-567: A 9-day siege and hostage situation that occurred at the group’s mountain hideout in the Nagano Prefecture in February 1972. This event was widely publicized, with viewers across Japan able to view the shoot-out between the radicals and riot police on TV. Public perception of the group was varied. Many were strongly opposed to the group and their tendency toward violence, whilst others sympathized with them and their desire to bring down
180-463: A Japanese airliner, codenamed "Operation Phoenix," that would allow group members to fly to Cuba and continue their training. However, just before the hijacking could take place, Shiomi was arrested by chance on the street in Komagome, Tokyo on March 15, 1970, having been mistaken for a common thief. Nevertheless, the remaining hijackers pressed on with their plans, and on March 31, 1970, nine members
225-470: A brain tumor while still being held in a detention facility. As of 2013, Sakaguchi is still alive in prison after an unsuccessful appeal of his sentence. The group is the subject of the 2007 film United Red Army , directed by Kōji Wakamatsu and a 2019 documentary The United Red Army: A Troubled Legacy by NHK World-Japan with interviews of surviving members of the group. Red Army Faction (Japan) The Red Army Faction ( 赤軍派 , Sekigunha )
270-593: A curtain and a hose, during the escape Red Army Faction member Jо̄ji Mochizuki fell and hit his head and would die from his injuries several weeks later. As a result of this incident, the Japan Communist Party expelled all known members of the Red Army Faction the following month. On September 5, 1969, Shiomi and other Faction members publicly appeared at Hibiya Public Hall in Tokyo to declare
315-513: A group, was released by authorities before trial at the demand of the Japanese Red Army (JRA). The JRA also demanded the release of Sakaguchi ; however, he chose to remain to face trial, Another two of the seven defected before trial, leaving only Nagata, Sakaguchi and Uegaki to face collective trial. Nagata and Sakaguchi were ultimately sentenced to death, whilst Uegaki received a 20-year sentence. Nagata died on 5 February 2011 from
360-791: A port in Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Ura, Bhutan , a populated place in Bhutan Ura, Estonia , village in Koonga Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia Ura, Hungary , a village in the Northern Great Plain, Hungary Ura, Russia , several rural localities in Russia Rivers [ edit ] Ura River, Estonia Ura (Lena) , Russia, a Lena tributary Ura (Yula) , Russia,
405-572: A process known as ‘ self-criticism ’, a ritual that had become normalized among Left groups in Japan at the time. The original intention of this practice was to allow members of the group to strengthen their alignment with the values and purpose of the cause. However, Mori quickly introduced an element of violence to this process in keeping with the New Left’s demand for individuals to demonstrate their commitment. The purpose of this violence against members
450-522: A series of relatively successful armed robberies of banks and post offices, in an effort to secure funds for their armed uprising. However, by this time the loss of Shiomi's ideological leadership, combined with relentless pursuit by police and continued arrests of key members, had taken a severe toll on the organization's cohesion. A schism arose between those remaining members who wished to carry out Shiomi's last command to relocate overseas, and those who wished to implement Shiomi's original vision of starting
495-710: A series of robberies. The Revolutionary Left group split off from the Japanese Communist Party after World War II. They reached the peak of their popularity in the 1960s where they garnered support from university and high school students for their controversial view that such higher education institutions were acting only to serve the state. Much like the Red Army, their protests grew more violent toward police. The group also instilled an element of performance, allowing themselves, in some instances, to be beaten violently to convey metaphorically that they were
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#1732802035875540-562: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages United Red Army The United Red Army ( 連合赤軍 , Rengō Sekigun ) was a militant organization that operated in Japan between July 1971 and March 1972. The URA was formed as the result of a merger that began on 13 July 1971 between two extremist groups, the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Red Army Faction ( 赤軍派 , Sekigunha ) , led in 1971 by Tsuneo Mori , and
585-465: The Asahi Shimbun . This student remarked "When they were captured without being completely defeated, I thought that they were definitely revolutionaries, and I felt a sense of resistance when adults labelled them a crazed group. But I can’t understand the logic of the lynchings. I lost the will to defend them". Further, another student reported "Although I am, if anything, right wing, I understand
630-650: The "Osaka War." Similarly on September 30, Faction members threw molotov cocktails at the Motofuji police box in Tokyo, which they then declared to have been the "Tokyo War." Meanwhile, the group planned more significant attacks against government agencies and the Prime Minister's official residence, for which they began "training" at the Daibosatsu mountain pass northwest of Tokyo. However, on November 5, 1969, having been tipped off by informants, police raided
675-453: The Red Army Faction, armed with katana swords and a homemade bomb, hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 351 , a domestic Japan Airlines Boeing 727 out of Tokyo International Airport carrying 129 people aboard. After being informed that the airliner did not have enough fuel to fly all the way to Cuba, they forced the crew to fly the plane to Fukuoka and later Gimpo Airport in Seoul , where all
720-797: The Reformed Marxist Revolutionary Left Wing group, Japanese Communist Party Kanagawa Prefecture Committee, also known as the Keihin Anti-Security Treaty Joint Struggle Group ( 京浜安保共闘 , Keihin Anpo Kyōtō ) , led by Hiroko Nagata . The group intended to disrupt the Japanese political system to enable the emergence of Communism in the state. The URA came to a sudden end with the Asama-Sanso incident ,
765-525: The Revolutionary Left deserted the group. In order to make an example of the defectors, Nagata arranged their murders with the assistance of other URA members. In December 1971, by the order of their leader Mori, the URA moved its headquarters to the training camps that the Red Army Faction had previously made use of. Aside from the preparation of their next movements and missions, the group underwent
810-519: The Revolutionary Left, Hiroko Nagata . The purpose of the group was initially outlined as to "carry out hit-and-run attacks" on the Japanese imperialist bourgeoise. However, after troubleshooting their conflicting underlying beliefs and purposes, a unified resolve "to fight a war of annihilation of guns, against the Japanese authorities" was decided to be the group's manifesto. Soon after the United Red Army’s formation, two members originally from
855-531: The United Red Army members’ feelings ... Whichever way you look at it, Japan resembles a police state. In challenging the system, their battles have to take such [combative] forms". In the initial stages of the investigation, group members refused to give information to police. Mori wrote to police in the month following the Asama Sanso incident to take responsibility for the killings and to ask for
900-467: The base to determine whether any group members remained. The members that had fled the training base took a dangerous route through the mountains to Nagano prefecture in order to avoid leaving traces of footsteps and the strong odor of dead bodies that they carried due to lack of bathing facilities. The following day, the group members split into two groups. One group was arrested shortly after at Karuizawa train station , having been reported by members of
945-410: The courts. He or she could remain as in the collective and face a group trial given that the crimes were committed together, or be tried individually although this would result in being perceived as a traitor. Seven members, including Mori, opted to be tried together. However, Mori committed suicide in prison on 1 January 1973 before making it to trial. Bando, one of the seven who had opted to be tried as
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#1732802035875990-453: The far left wing of the already far-left Second Bund. Around June 1968, the Kansai faction began calling itself the "Red Army Faction," and began making plans for a violent uprising in Japan, originally intended to coincide with the 1970 Anpo protests . The main theory of the Red Army Faction was that by first carrying out a successful armed proletarian revolution in Japan, Japan would become
1035-415: The forces of Japanese monopoly capitalism in preparation for worldwide revolution , the Red Army Faction planned a variety of attacks on police and government officials, as well as criminal activities such as bank robberies to fund their planned communist revolution . Most notably on March 30, 1970, members of the group hijacked Japan Air Lines Flight 351 , eventually flying the aircraft to North Korea where
1080-402: The group members bodies to be returned to their families. This was interpreted as an act of weakness by other members of the group, who felt betrayed given that Mori had punished other members for more trivial matters. Following his speaking up, other members began to cooperate with police by providing statements. Each group member was given two options to choose from in how they could be tried by
1125-402: The groups co-operating with some of their rallies and demonstrations. This ultimately led to the groups forming an alliance. The formation of their United Red Army was publicly announced on 15 July 1971 in the magazine that the groups had created, entitled Jūka, meaning "Gunfire". This new group was led by Red Army Faction leader Tsuneo Mori , with his second in command being the female leader of
1170-644: The headquarters of a worldwide revolution against the United States of America and its allies, and the Red Army Faction would become the leaders of that revolution. Finding the rest of the Second Bund unamenable to the cause of immediate, armed revolution, the Red Army Faction signaled its open split from its parent organization by launching an assault on the Bund's National Congress held at Meiji University in Tokyo on July 5, 1969, briefly seizing control of
1215-606: The hijackers were granted political asylum . In 1966, the New Left student organization the Communist League , defunct since 1960, reformed, becoming known as the "Second Bund" ( 第二次ブント , Dainiji Bunto ) . At this time, the " Kansai faction" of the Second Bund, based out of Doshisha University in Kyoto and led by Kyoto University philosophy major dropout Takaya Shiomi ( 塩見孝也 , Shiomi Takaya ) , comprised
1260-419: The hostage. Before the police cut off power to the lodge after a few days, group members watched media coverage of the siege on TV. On the 28th of February, the tenth and final day of the incident, the police brought in a wrecking ball to destroy the entrance of the lodge and fired water mixed with teargas into the building to assist police in their room-by-room search. After a battle that lasted eight hours and
1305-597: The independence of the Red Army Faction from the Communist League and announce the start of an immediate armed revolution. The Hall was surrounded by uniformed police, while plainclothes police officers photographed the 300 or so people present, many of whom wore ski masks to conceal their identities. On September 21, 1969, members of the Red Army Faction threw molotov cocktails at three police boxes in Osaka, in an incident grandiosely recollected by Faction members as
1350-407: The inn where the student militants were sleeping, arresting 53 group members (including many key Red Army leaders) and capturing detailed plans for the intended attacks. Realizing that they could no longer operate openly in Japan, the group went underground, and began searching for a way to escape Japan and continue their guerrilla training overseas. In early 1970, Shiomi began making plans to hijack
1395-437: The intention to "do something bold and different that would move the process of revolution forward". These actions were targeted towards police, the group’s ultimate enemies and motivation for attack. The Red Army Faction lost its numbers over time due to deaths resulting from violent missions and protests, as well as arrests. Despite this, the group was able to amass large amounts of money from their ‘Operation M’ which involved
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1440-481: The killing of two police officers, the members and their hostage were found taking shelter behind a mattress on the top floor of the building. This event was viewed on 90% of Japan's television screens and became known as the Asama-Sanso incident . Initially after the siege, public perception of the group was markedly less negative than what it would become. In the month following the Asama-Sanso incident, there
1485-547: The passengers were freed. The aircraft then flew to North Korea, where the hijackers abandoned it and the crewmembers were released. The hijackers were granted political asylum by the North Korean government of Kim Il Sung , and several of them still reside in North Korea to this day. Between February and July 1971, Red Army Faction members who remained in Japan, now under the leadership of Tsuneo Mori , carried out
1530-488: The police state. The United Red Army had 29 members and lost 14 due to killings in less than a year. The Red Army Faction was an organization led by Japanese college students after having split from its parent group, Bund, otherwise known as the Communist League . This split came as a result of a tense disagreement regarding the militant policies the Red Army Faction had adopted. The group consisted mainly of students from regional Japan that attended elite universities with
1575-420: The public as suspicious due to their “bedraggled” look. The remaining group, consisting of five members, were chased by police into a lodge at the base of Mount Asama . Here the members took hostage of the lodge keeper’s wife. A nine-day siege ensued which saw the mountain sealed off and 3 000 riot police on scene. The police did not close in on the group despite several exchanges of gunfire in order to protect
1620-621: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ura . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ura&oldid=1255545384 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Articles containing Japanese-language text Short description
1665-475: The venue. The next day, Bund students from Chuo University launched a counter-attack, kidnapping Red Army chairman Shiomi and others, and imprisoning them for three weeks in a stronghold on the Chuo University campus, where they were subjected to threats and torture. Although Shiomi and the others eventually managed escape by descending from a third floor window using a makeshift rope constructed from
1710-635: The victims were buried in the woods nearby their mountain camp. The police were able to trace the URA to their mountain hideout. In the surrounding areas, they located the bodies of members that had fallen victim to self-criticism sessions. In early February 1972, Mori and Nagata took a trip to Tokyo. Whilst they were away, several URA members took the opportunity to desert the group. On 15 February, remaining group members discovered that police were aware of their whereabouts which led them to leave their training base. During their escape, two members were arrested. Mori and Nagata were also arrested upon return to
1755-465: The victims. The Revolutionary Left escalated their violent approaches with the intentions of obtaining weaponry, such as with their gun shop robbery of 1971. The alliance between the Revolutionary Left and Red Army Faction began as each had resources that the other desired. The Revolutionary Left were able to provide guns that the Red Army needed to support their 'armed conflict', for which they received much needed funds. This relationship developed with
1800-530: Was a militant communist organization active in Japan from 1968 to 1971, when it split to form two successor groups, the Japanese Red Army and the United Red Army . The Red Army Faction originated as a schismatic militant sub-faction of a larger New Left student organization called the Communist League ( 共産主義者同盟 , Kyōsanshugisha Dōmei ) . Advocating immediate, armed uprising against
1845-490: Was not before another member, Ozaki Mitsuo, was killed in the self-critique process initiated against him on 28 December that resulted in his death two days later. These violent beatings ultimately saw the death of 12 members of the URA who had been deemed not sufficiently revolutionary. Many of the twelve victims died tied to posts in the open, exposed to the elements, but others were beaten to death or slaughtered with knives. The last death occurred on 12 February. The bodies of
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1890-399: Was significant coverage relating to the interrogation of group members. With police having provided information about the group’s killings, media communicated an image of the URA that associated “armed resistance with the murder of comrades”. This saw a shift in public perception. This sentiment was conveyed by a student who was interviewed for one of Japan’s most noteworthy news publications,
1935-411: Was through this process that several group members were killed. Two members originally from the Revolutionary Left were the first victims of self-criticism. Kato Yoshitaka was selected for self-criticism as he had spoken to police during an earlier interrogation, and Kojima Kazuko for lacking the ability to fight her “bourgeois thinking”. Initially the pair were refused food, and from 26–27 December Kato
1980-456: Was tied up and beaten by group members. Kojima was also beaten by group members. As Kato had not lost consciousness during the beatings, Mori concluded that he had not achieved self-criticism and so he was tied to a post outside in the harsh mountain climate to suffer further beatings. Once the leaders Nagata and Mori were satisfied that Kato had achieved self-critique he was brought inside. However, he died from his injuries on 4 January 1972. This
2025-435: Was to test their devotion to the cause. Mori argued that beating members into unconsciousness would allow for them to be reborn with true "communistic subjectivity" when they were brought back to consciousness. Members of the URA expressed their concerns to Mori regarding this practice and the unpredictability as to the consequences of beatings, unsure of an exact way to achieve sending a member into unconsciousness. As such, it
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