60-467: [REDACTED] Look up VOC or voc in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. VOC , VoC or voc may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Open-circuit voltage (V OC ), the voltage between two terminals when there is no external load connected Variant of concern , a category used during the assessment of a new variant of
120-476: A bat SARS-like coronavirus and a pangolin coronavirus through cross-species transmission. The earliest available SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes were collected from patients in December 2019, and Chinese researchers compared these early genomes with bat and pangolin coronavirus strains to estimate the ancestral human coronavirus type; the identified ancestral genome type was labeled "S", and its dominant derived type
180-764: A variant of interest ( VOI ), or in some countries a variant under investigation ( VUI ). During or after fuller assessment as a variant of concern the variant is typically assigned to a lineage in the Pango nomenclature system and to clades in the Nextstrain and GISAID systems. Historically, the WHO regularly listed updates on variants of concern (VOC), which are variants with an increased rate of transmission, virulence, or resistance against mitigations, like vaccines. The variant submissions from member states are then submitted to GISAID , followed by field investigations of
240-481: A 95% confidence or credibility level, unless otherwise stated. Currently, all estimates are approximations due to the limited availability of data for studies. For Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta, there is no change in test accuracy , and neutralising antibody activity is retained by some monoclonal antibodies. PCR tests continue to detect the Omicron variant. The WHO defines a previously circulating variant as
300-603: A French association football club Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation , an anti-communist organization in the United States VOC Amsterdam , a women's handball club in the Netherlands Other uses [ edit ] V. O. C. Nagar railway station , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Indian Railways station code) V. O. Chidambaram Pillai (1872–1936), Indian lawyer, trade union leader, shipping magnate and freedom fighter Voice of
360-552: A few nucleotides. Some of the potential consequences of emerging variants are the following: Variants that appear to meet one or more of these criteria may be labelled "variants under investigation" or "variants of interest" pending verification and validation of these properties. The primary characteristic of a variant of interest is that it shows evidence that demonstrates it is the cause of an increased proportion of cases or unique outbreak clusters; however, it must also have limited prevalence or expansion at national levels, or
420-458: A variant that "has demonstrated to no longer pose a major added risk to global public health compared to other circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants", but should still be monitored. On 15 March 2023, the WHO released an update on the tracking system of VOCs, announcing that only VOCs will be assigned Greek letters. The variants listed below had previously been designated as variants of concern, but were displaced by other variants. As of May 2022 ,
480-504: A virus Volatile organic compound , a category of vaporous chemical Creative Voice file , an audio file format with extension .voc Organisations [ edit ] Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Dutch) (1602–1800), a Dutch chartered company Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games , the organizer of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics Vannes Olympique Club ,
540-515: Is a common last name . In the event that the WHO uses the entirety of the Greek alphabet, the agency considered naming future variants after constellations . While there are many thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2, subtypes of the virus can be put into larger groupings such as lineages or clades . Three main, generally used nomenclatures have been proposed: Each national public health institute may also institute its own nomenclature system for
600-559: Is a descendant of B.1.1.28, the name B.1.1.28.1 is not permitted and thus the resultant name is P.1), and has 17 unique amino acid changes, 10 of which in its spike protein, including the three concerning mutations: N501Y , E484K and K417T. The N501Y and E484K mutations favour the formation of a stable RBD-hACE2 complex, thus, enhancing the binding affinity of RBD to hACE2. However, the K417T mutation disfavours complex formation between RBD and hACE2, which has been demonstrated to reduce
660-565: Is also known as 20I (V1), 20I/501Y.V1 (formerly 20B/501Y.V1), or 501Y.V1. From October to December 2020, its prevalence doubled every 6.5 days, the presumed generational interval. It is correlated with a significant increase in the rate of COVID-19 infection in United Kingdom , associated partly with the N501Y mutation. There was some evidence that this variant had 40–80% increased transmissibility (with most estimates lying around
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#1732765553252720-642: Is currently not known when the index case or "patient zero" occurred, the choice of reference sequence for a given study is relatively arbitrary, with different notable research studies' choices varying as follows: The variant first sampled and identified in Wuhan, China is considered by researchers to differ from the progenitor genome by three mutations. Subsequently, many distinct lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have evolved. The following table presents information and relative risk level for currently and formerly circulating variants of concern (VOC). The intervals assume
780-409: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages VOC [REDACTED] Look up VOC or voc in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. VOC , VoC or voc may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Open-circuit voltage (V OC ), the voltage between two terminals when there
840-640: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Variant of concern Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) are viruses that, while similar to the original, have genetic changes that are of enough significance to lead virologists to label them separately. SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some have been stated, to be of particular importance due to their potential for increased transmissibility, increased virulence, or reduced effectiveness of vaccines against them. These variants contribute to
900-480: Is more frequently resulting in serious illness in those cases. The South African health department also indicated that the variant may be driving the second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the country due to the variant spreading at a more rapid pace than other earlier variants of the virus. Scientists noted that the variant contains several mutations that allow it to attach more easily to human cells because of
960-445: Is no external load connected Variant of concern , a category used during the assessment of a new variant of a virus Volatile organic compound , a category of vaporous chemical Creative Voice file , an audio file format with extension .voc Organisations [ edit ] Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Dutch) (1602–1800), a Dutch chartered company Vancouver Organizing Committee for
1020-628: Is of the same lineage in the Pango nomenclature system, but has an additional E484K mutation. As of 17 March 2021, there were 39 confirmed cases of VOC -21FEB-02 in the UK. On 4 March 2021, scientists reported B.1.1.7 with E484K mutations in the state of Oregon . In 13 test samples analysed, one had this combination, which appeared to have arisen spontaneously and locally, rather than being imported. Other names for this variant include B.1.1.7+E484K and B.1.1.7 Lineage with S:E484K. On 18 December 2020,
1080-538: The 501.V2 variant , also known as 501.V2, 20H (V2), 20H/501Y.V2 (formerly 20C/501Y.V2), 501Y.V2, VOC-20DEC-02 (formerly VOC -202012/02), or lineage B.1.351, was first detected in South Africa and reported by the country's health department . It has been labelled as Beta variant by WHO. Researchers and officials reported that the prevalence of the variant was higher among young people with no underlying health conditions, and by comparison with other variants it
1140-669: The Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine is effective against the Gamma variant, although the exact level of efficacy has not yet been released. Preliminary data from a study conducted by Instituto Butantan suggest that CoronaVac is effective against the Gamma variant as well, and as of July 2021 has yet to be expanded to obtain definitive data. On 16 March 2022, the WHO has de-escalated the Gamma variant and its subvariants to "previously circulating variants of concern". The Delta variant, also known as B.1.617.2, G/452R.V3, 21A or 21A/S:478K,
1200-852: The University of Cambridge said in a BBC interview that lineage B.1.525 appeared to have "significant mutations" already seen in some of the other newer variants, which means their likely effect is to some extent more predictable. On 18 February 2021, the Department of Health of the Philippines confirmed the detection of two mutations of COVID-19 in Central Visayas after samples from patients were sent to undergo genome sequencing. The mutations were later named as E484K and N501Y, which were detected in 37 out of 50 samples, with both mutations co-occurrent in 29 out of these. On 13 March,
1260-574: The 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games , the organizer of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics Vannes Olympique Club , a French association football club Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation , an anti-communist organization in the United States VOC Amsterdam , a women's handball club in the Netherlands Other uses [ edit ] V. O. C. Nagar railway station , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Indian Railways station code) V. O. Chidambaram Pillai (1872–1936), Indian lawyer, trade union leader, shipping magnate and freedom fighter Voice of
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#17327655532521320-594: The Delta variant occurred among the fully vaccinated. In June 2021, reports began to appear of a variant of Delta with the K417N mutation. The mutation, also present in the Beta and Gamma variants, raised concerns about the possibility of reduced effectiveness of vaccines and antibody treatments and increased risk of reinfection. The variant, called "Delta with K417N" by Public Health England, includes two clades corresponding to
1380-712: The Department of Health confirmed the mutations constitutes a variant which was designated as lineage P.3. On the same day, it also confirmed the first COVID-19 case caused by the Gamma variant in the country. The Philippines had 98 cases of the Theta variant on 13 March. On 12 March it was announced that Theta had also been detected in Japan. On 17 March, the United Kingdom confirmed its first two cases, where PHE termed it VUI-21MAR-02. On 30 April 2021, Malaysia detected 8 cases of
1440-576: The Epsilon variant accounted for 36 per cent of samples collected at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and by January 2021, the Epsilon variant accounted for 50 per cent of samples. In a joint press release by University of California, San Francisco , California Department of Public Health , and Santa Clara County Public Health Department , the variant was also detected in multiple counties in Northern California. From November to December 2020,
1500-670: The L452R (previously also detected in other unrelated lineages) was of particular concern. From 17 March to 29 June 2021, the CDC listed B.1.429 and the related B.1.427 as "variants of concern". As of July 2021, Epsilon is no longer considered a variant of interest by the WHO, as it was overtaken by Alpha. From September 2020 to January 2021, it was 19% to 24% more transmissible than earlier variants in California. Neutralisation against it by antibodies from natural infections and vaccinations
1560-463: The Pango lineages AY.1 and AY.2. It has been nicknamed "Delta plus" from "Delta plus K417N". The name of the mutation, K417N, refers to an exchange whereby lysine (K) is replaced by asparagine (N) at position 417. On 22 June, India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare declared the "Delta plus" variant of COVID-19 a variant of concern, after 22 cases of the variant were reported in India. After
1620-502: The S2 domain of the spike protein). As of 5 March 2021, it had been detected in 23 countries. It has also been reported in Mayotte , the overseas department/region of France. The first cases were detected in December 2020 in the UK and Nigeria, and as of 15 February 2021, it had occurred in the highest frequency among samples in the latter country. As of 24 February 56 cases were found in
1680-559: The Theta variant in Sarawak. As of July 2021, Theta is no longer considered a variant of interest by the WHO. The proportion of USA cases represented by the Iota variant had declined sharply by the end of July 2021 as the Delta variant became dominant. The variants listed below were once listed under variants under monitoring, but were reclassified due to either no longer circulating at
1740-432: The UK. Denmark, which sequences all its COVID-19 cases, found 113 cases of this variant from 14 January to 21 February 2021, of which seven were directly related to foreign travel to Nigeria. As of July 2021, UK experts are studying it to ascertain how much of a risk it could be. It is currently regarded as a "variant under investigation", but pending further study, it may become a " variant of concern ". Ravi Gupta , from
1800-441: The WHO did so on 7 June 2022. As of 15 March 2023 , The WHO defines a VOI as a variant "with genetic changes that are predicted or known to affect virus characteristics such as transmissibility, virulence, antibody evasion, susceptibility to therapeutics and detectability" and that is circulating more than other variants in over one WHO region to such an extent that a global public health risk can be suggested. Furthermore,
1860-514: The WHO lists the following under "previously circulating variants of concern": First detected in October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom from a sample taken the previous month in Kent, lineage B.1.1.7, labelled Alpha variant by the WHO, was previously known as the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01) and later notated as VOC-202012/01. It
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1920-560: The actual impact on the course of the disease is uncertain. A pre-print study by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation published in early April found that the real-world performance of people with the initial dose of the Sinovac 's Coronavac Vaccine had approximately 50% efficacy rate. They expected the efficacy to be higher after the 2nd dose. As of July 2021, the study is ongoing. Preliminary data from two studies indicate that
1980-474: The announcement, leading virologists said there was insufficient data to support labelling the variant as a distinct variant of concern, pointing to the small number of patients studied. In the UK in July 2021, AY.4.2 was identified. Alongside those previously mentioned it also gained the nickname 'Delta Plus', on the strength of its extra mutations, Y145H and A222V. These are not unique to it, but distinguish it from
2040-469: The binding affinity. The new variant was absent in samples collected from March to November 2020 in Manaus , Amazonas state, but it was detected for the same city in 42% of the samples from 15 to 23 December 2020, followed by 52.2% during 15–31 December and 85.4% during 1–9 January 2021. A study found that infections by Gamma can produce nearly ten times more viral load compared to persons infected by one of
2100-459: The classification would be elevated to a " variant of concern ". If there is clear evidence that the effectiveness of prevention or intervention measures for a particular variant is substantially reduced, that variant is termed a "variant of high consequence". SARS-CoV-2 variants are grouped according to their lineage and component mutations. Many organisations, including governments and news outlets, referred colloquially to concerning variants by
2160-492: The continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic . As of 24 September 2024 , the variants of interest as specified by the World Health Organization are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has not been identified. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 may have resulted from recombination events between
2220-405: The country in which they were first identified. After months of discussions, the World Health Organization announced Greek-letter names for important strains on 31 May 2021, so they could be easily referred to in a simple, easy to say, and non-stigmatising fashion. This decision may have partially been taken because of criticism from governments on using country names to refer to variants of
2280-512: The customer , a term to describe the process of capturing a customer's requirements Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title VOC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VOC&oldid=1182629993 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2340-512: The customer , a term to describe the process of capturing a customer's requirements Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title VOC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VOC&oldid=1182629993 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2400-496: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2's genome (by means of random mutations) led to mutant specimens of the virus (i.e., genetic variants), observed to be more transmissible, to be naturally selected. Notably, both the Alpha and the Delta variants were observed to be more transmissible than previously identified viral strains. Some SARS-CoV-2 variants are considered to be of concern as they maintain (or even increase) their replication fitness in
2460-790: The face of rising population immunity, either by infection recovery or via vaccination. Some of the variants of concern show mutations in the RBD of the S-protein. The term variant of concern ( VOC ) for SARS-CoV-2 , which causes COVID-19 , is a category used for variants of the virus where mutations in their spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) substantially increase binding affinity (e.g., N501Y) in RBD-hACE2 complex (genetic data), while also being linked to rapid spread in human populations (epidemiological data). Before being allocated to this category, an emerging variant may have been labeled
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2520-527: The following three mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike glycoprotein of the virus: N501Y , K417N, and E484K . The N501Y mutation has also been detected in the United Kingdom. On 16 March 2022, the WHO has de-escalated the Beta variant and its subvariants to "previously circulating variants of concern". The Gamma variant or lineage P.1, termed Variant of Concern 21JAN-02 (formerly VOC-202101/02) by Public Health England, 20J (V3) or 20J/501Y.V3 by Nextstrain , or just 501Y.V3,
2580-482: The frequency of the variant in sequenced cases from Northern California rose from 3% to 25%. In a preprint, CAL.20C is described as belonging to clade 20C and contributing approximately 36% of samples, while an emerging variant from the 20G clade accounts for some 24% of the samples in a study focused on Southern California. Note, however, that in the US as a whole, the 20G clade predominates, as of January 2021. Following
2640-600: The increasing numbers of Epsilon in California, the variant has been detected at varying frequencies in most US states. Small numbers have been detected in other countries in North America, and in Europe, Asia and Australia. After an initial increase, its frequency rapidly dropped from February 2021 as it was being outcompeted by the more transmissible Alpha . In April, Epsilon remained relatively frequent in parts of northern California, but it had virtually disappeared from
2700-510: The middle to higher end of this range), and early analyses suggested an increase in lethality, though later work found no evidence of increased virulence. As of May 2021, the Alpha variant had been detected in some 120 countries. On 16 March 2022, the WHO has de-escalated the Alpha variant and its subvariants to "previously circulating variants of concern". Variant of Concern 21FEB-02 (previously written as VOC -202102/02), described by Public Health England (PHE) as "B.1.1.7 with E484K"
2760-461: The original Delta variant. On 7 June 2022, the WHO has de-escalated the Delta variant and its subvariants to "previously circulating variants of concern". The Epsilon variant or lineage B.1.429, also known as CAL.20C or CA VUI1, 21C or 20C/S:452R, is defined by five distinct mutations (I4205V and D1183Y in the ORF1ab gene, and S13I, W152C, L452R in the spike protein's S-gene), of which
2820-657: The original version of the virus and could spread quicker or as quickly as Alpha. It carries L452R and P681R mutations in Spike; unlike Kappa it carries T478K but not E484Q. On 3 June 2021, Public Health England reported that twelve of the 42 deaths from the Delta variant in England were among the fully vaccinated, and that it was spreading almost twice as fast as the Alpha variant. Also on 11 June, Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary, Canada reported that half of their 22 cases of
2880-544: The other lineages identified in Brazil (B.1.1.28 or B.1.195). Gamma also showed 2.2 times higher transmissibility with the same ability to infect both adults and older persons, suggesting P.1 and P.1-like lineages are more successful at infecting younger humans irrespective of sex. A study of samples collected in Manaus between November 2020 and January 2021, indicated that the Gamma variant is 1.4–2.2 times more transmissible and
2940-439: The pandemic, the relatively low number of infections (compared with later stages of the pandemic) resulted in fewer opportunities for mutation of the viral genome and, therefore, fewer opportunities for the occurrence of differentiated variants. Since the occurrence of variants was rarer, the observation of S-protein mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) region interacting with ACE2 was also not frequent. As time went on,
3000-412: The purposes of tracking specific variants. For example, Public Health England designated each tracked variant by year, month and number in the format [YYYY] [MM]/[NN], prefixing 'VUI' or 'VOC' for a variant under investigation or a variant of concern respectively. This system has now been modified and now uses the format [YY] [MMM]-[NN], where the month is written out using a three-letter code. As it
3060-505: The same E484K-mutation as found in the Gamma, Zeta, and Beta variants, and also carries the same ΔH69/ΔV70 deletion (a deletion of the amino acids histidine and valine in positions 69 and 70) as found in Alpha, N439K variant (B.1.141 and B.1.258) and Y453F variant ( Cluster 5 ). Eta differs from all other variants by having both the E484K-mutation and a new F888L mutation (a substitution of phenylalanine (F) with leucine (L) in
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#17327655532523120-562: The south of the state and had never been able to establish a foothold elsewhere; only 3.2% of all cases in the United States were Epsilon, whereas more than two-thirds were Alpha. The Eta variant or lineage B.1.525, also called VUI -21FEB-03 (previously VUI-202102/03) by Public Health England (PHE) and formerly known as UK1188, 21D or 20A/S:484K, does not carry the same N501Y mutation found in Alpha , Beta and Gamma , but carries
3180-403: The update stated that "VOIs will be referred to using established scientific nomenclature systems such as those used by Nextstrain and Pango". Viruses generally acquire mutations over time, giving rise to new variants. When a new variant appears to be growing in a population, it can be labelled as an "emerging variant". In the case of SARS-CoV-2, new lineages often differ from one another by just
3240-544: The variant. Updated definitions, published on the 4 October 2023, add variants of interest (VOI) and variants under monitoring (VUM) to the World Health Organization's working definitions for SARS-CoV-2 variants. Other organisations such as the CDC in the United States typically define their variants of concern slightly differently; for example, the CDC de-escalated the Delta variant on 14 April 2022, while
3300-486: The virus; the WHO mentioned the potential for mentioning country names to cause stigma. After using all the letters from Alpha to Mu (see below), in November 2021 the WHO skipped the next two letters of the Greek alphabet, Nu and Xi, and used Omicron, prompting speculation that Xi was skipped to avoid offending Chinese leader Xi Jinping . The WHO gave as the explanation that Nu is too easily confounded with "new" and Xi
3360-592: Was a globally dominant variant that spread to at least 185 countries. It was first discovered in India . Descendant of lineage B.1.617, which also includes the Kappa variant under investigation, it was first discovered in October 2020 and has since spread internationally. On 6 May 2021, British scientists declared B.1.617.2 (which notably lacks mutation at E484Q) as a "variant of concern", labelling it VOC-21APR-02, after they flagged evidence that it spreads more quickly than
3420-798: Was detected in Tokyo on 6 January 2021 by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID). It has been labelled as Gamma variant by WHO. The new variant was first identified in four people who arrived in Tokyo having travelled from the Brazilian Amazonas state on 2 January 2021. On 12 January 2021, the Brazil-UK CADDE Centre confirmed 13 local cases of the new Gamma variant in the Amazon rainforest. This variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been named lineage P.1 (although it
3480-400: Was labeled "L" to reflect the mutant amino acid changes. Independently, Western researchers carried out similar analyses but labeled the ancestral type "A" and the derived type "B". The B-type mutated into further types including B.1, which is the ancestor of the major global variants of concern, labeled in 2021 by the WHO as alpha , beta , gamma , delta and omicron variants. Early in
3540-610: Was moderately reduced, but it remained detectable in most diagnostic tests. Epsilon (CAL.20C) was first observed in July 2020 by researchers at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , California , in one of 1,230 virus samples collected in Los Angeles County since the start of the COVID-19 epidemic . It was not detected again until September when it reappeared among samples in California, but numbers remained very low until November. In November 2020,
3600-435: Was shown to be capable of evading 25–61% of inherited immunity from previous coronavirus diseases, leading to the possibility of reinfection after recovery from an earlier COVID-19 infection. As for the fatality ratio, infections by Gamma were also found to be 10–80% more lethal. A study found that people fully vaccinated with Pfizer or Moderna have significantly decreased neutralisation effect against Gamma, although
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