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42-578: VDOT may refer to: Virginia Department of Transportation VDOT , the running fitness measurement Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title VDOT . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VDOT&oldid=991743218 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

84-455: A nomen sacrum . The extensive adoption of the cross as a Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century. However, the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century, as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapters IX and XXIX, written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next, and by

126-477: A Latin cross. There are few extant examples of the cross in 2nd century Christian iconography . It has been argued that Christians were reluctant to use it as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution . A symbol similar to the cross, the staurogram , was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66 , P45 and P75 , almost like

168-522: A faster and more reliable travel option. Buses , carpools , motorcycles and emergency vehicles will be able to use the HOT lanes for free while drivers with fewer than three occupants can use the HOT lanes by paying a toll. The HOT lanes will use dynamic or congestion pricing to manage the number vehicles, and to keep them free-flowing. On average, vehicles are expected to be traveling 55 miles per hour, even during peak travel times. The first HOT Lanes in

210-467: A number of neighborhoods affected by the construction, said: Once the project is truly underway, eventually pretty much all the trees in the VDOT right of way are going to be cleared ... I know I didn't have an appreciation of the extent of the clearing that was going to be done ... Do they really need to clear every teeny piece of vegetation in their right of way? The Virginia General Assembly established

252-465: A single upright torture stake rather than a two-beam cross, arguing that the Greek term stauros indicated a single upright pole. Although early Watch Tower Society publications associated with the Bible Student movement taught that Christ was executed on a cross, it no longer appeared on Watch Tower Society publications after the name Jehovah's witnesses was adopted in 1931, and use of

294-615: A state study of similar proposals for the Maryland side of the Capital Beltway. The governor believed it would be unfair to low-income residents to allow affluent drivers to buy their way out of traffic. In 2003, Virginia Department of Transportation Commissioner Philip A. Shucet stated that "[s]ingle drivers could pay $ 1 to $ 4 to get off of the congested regular lanes." By 2009, transportation planners in Washington estimated

336-479: Is a symbol of Christianity . It is related to the crucifix (a cross that includes a corpus (a representation of Jesus' body, usually three-dimensional) and to the more general family of cross symbols . (The term cross is now detached from its original specifically Christian meaning, in modern English and many other Western languages). The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross with unequal arms and

378-617: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Virginia Department of Transportation VDOT's revised annual budget for fiscal year 2019 is $ 5.4 billion. VDOT has a workforce of about 7,500 full-time employees. Virginia has the nation's third largest system of state-maintained highways, after North Carolina and Texas. The Virginia highway system totals approximately 58,000 miles of interstate, primary, frontage, and secondary roads. The system includes about 20,000 bridges and structures. In addition, independent cities and towns, as well as

420-657: Is divided into nine districts: Many US states, as well as several US local governments and Canadian provinces , provide 511 systems. VDOT provides the Virginia 511 service, which may be accessed by the 511 telephone number, the https://www.511virginia.org/ website, and Twitter. In May 2012, VDOT introduced the Virginia 511 smartphone apps for Apple and Android devices. The Virginia 511 system provides traffic cameras , real-time road and traffic conditions, trip planning, weather information, and alternatives to traveling by car. In July 2009, VDOT closed 19 of its rest areas around

462-485: Is suspended above the altar table and is a focal point of the chancel . In many Baptist churches, a large cross hangs above the baptistry . Although Christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which Jesus died, they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a Christian symbol. During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was "a symbol of minor importance" when compared to

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504-608: The Church formally adopted an image inspired by Thorvaldsen's Christus statue underlain with the Church's name as an official symbol of the faith. In 2014, the Chinese Communist Party , which espouses a doctrine of state atheism , began a program of removing exterior crosses from church buildings "for reasons of safety and beauty." In 2016, 1,500 crosses were removed. In 2020, this campaign resumed, justified by

546-451: The Greek cross with equal arms; there are numerous variants , partly with confessional significance—such as the tau cross , the double-barred cross , triple-barred cross , and cross-and-crosslets —and many heraldic variants , such as the cross potent , cross pattée , and cross moline , cross fleury . A version of the cross symbol was used long before the Christian era in the form of

588-547: The sign of the cross . The crucifix, a cross upon which an image of Christ is present, is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD. The oldest extant depiction of the execution of Jesus in any medium seems to be the second-century or early third-century relief on a jasper gemstone meant for use as an amulet, which is now in the British Museum in London . It portrays a naked bearded man whose arms are tied at

630-686: The General Assembly formally renamed the agency the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The General Assembly spun off VDOT's rail and public transportation into a new department, the Department of Rail and Public Transportation (DPRT). DPRT reports directly to the Virginia Secretary of Transportation . Christian cross The Christian cross , seen as representing the crucifixion of Jesus ,

672-700: The VDOT without a permit. VDOT will install a roadside memorial sign, normally for a period of two years. The sign may not deviate from the standard roadside memorial sign specifications. The cost must by paid by the person requesting the sign. Not everyone agreed with the new program. Vowing to ignore the program, Del. Robert G. Marshall (R-Prince William), whose son was killed in an auto accident along Interstate 81 in November 2001, said: By marking an accident site, survivors create "a living memory of this person's life," said Donna Schuurman, president of Association for Death Education and Counseling. Americans have swept

714-607: The ancient Egyptian ankh . John Pearson, Bishop of Chester ( c.  1660 ) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified "a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador", but that, "when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name", and he declared: "The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered

756-470: The centre of a Christian family's home altar as well. Catholics , Orthodox Catholic , Oriental Orthodox , members of the major branches of Christianity with other adherents as Lutheranism and Anglicans , and others often make the Sign of the Cross upon themselves. This was already a common Christian practice in the time of Tertullian . The Feast of the Cross is an important Christian feast. One of

798-518: The counties of Henrico and Arlington, maintain approximately 12,000 miles of local streets, and receive funds from the state for that purpose. VDOT operates and maintains: Highway maintenance and operations represent 41% of the total budget, followed by 32% for highway systems construction. Smaller portions of the budget are directed to address the needs and requirements of debt service, support to other agencies, administration, and earmarks and special financing. (in millions) (in millions) Virginia

840-532: The cross and crucifix in the Lutheran Church , which remains an important feature of Lutheran devotion and worship today. Luther wrote: Crux sola est nostra theologia , "The cross alone is our theology." On the other hand, the Great Iconoclasm was a wave of rejecting sacred images among Calvinists of the 16th century. Some localities (such as England) included polemics against using

882-468: The cross at Wigmore. Writers during the 19th century indicating a Pagan origin of the cross included Henry Dana Ward , Mourant Brock, and John Denham Parsons . David Williams, writing of medieval images of monsters, says: "The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross, which, before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation, was a pagan symbol of fertility." The study, Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain states: "Before

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924-698: The cross in worship. For example, during the 16th century, theologians in the Anglican and Reformed traditions Nicholas Ridley , James Calfhill , and Theodore Beza , rejected practices that they described as cross worship. Considering it a form of idolatry, there was a dispute in 16th century England over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses. There were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as 'relics of Papacy ', as happened for example in September 1641, when Sir Robert Harley pulled down and destroyed

966-401: The cross was officially abandoned in 1936. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that Jesus died on a cross; however, their prophet Gordon B. Hinckley stated that "for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ, while our message is a declaration of the living Christ." When asked what was the symbol of his religion, Hinckley replied "the lives of our people must become

1008-517: The fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria , who died between 211 and 216, could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον (the Lord's sign) to mean the cross, when he repeated the idea, current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 (in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ) in Genesis 14:14

1050-528: The feast of the Triumph of the Cross. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican bishops place a cross (+) before their name when signing a document. The dagger symbol (†) placed after the name of a dead person (often with the date of death) is sometimes taken to be a Christian cross. In many Christian traditions, such as the Methodist Churches , the altar cross sits atop or

1092-441: The first State Highway Commission in 1906. In 1927, the Virginia Department of Highways (VDH) was established as a state agency. VDH became the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation (VDHT) in 1974, adding railroads and public transportation to its portfolio. In 1986, the General Assembly authorized expanded revenue sources for transportation, including airports and seaports. Also during that same special session,

1134-399: The form of white crosses , Stars of David , bouquets of flowers, and photos of the dead, have been placed along roads at the scenes of fatal accidents. As of July 1, 2003, Virginia law has banned these memorials. Transportation officials have deemed them a threat to the safety of motorists. Virginia law §33.2-216 prohibits any person from installing a memorial on any highway controlled by

1176-481: The fourth century CE, the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of Christianity, symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal." This reaction in the Anglican and other Reformed Churches was short-lived and the cross became ubiquitous in these Christian traditions. Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship, which they believe constitutes idolatry . They believe that Jesus died on

1218-659: The grieving process under the rug, and now it's popping up in public ways that few expected—and that some don't like, according to Ms. Schuurman. In 1995, Virginia passed the Public-Private Transportation Act (PPTA), which allows the state to enter into agreements with private entities to construct, improve, maintain and operate transportation facilities. Since then, Virginia has proposed or awarded several PPTA contracts, including: High-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) are toll lanes operating alongside existing highway lanes. They provided drivers with

1260-403: The late second or early third century, most likely in conventional Christian contexts". The Jewish Encyclopedia says: The cross as a Christian symbol or "seal" came into use at least as early as the second century (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55–60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85–97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest

1302-695: The nation to open was the 91 Express Lanes project in Orange County, California , opening in December 1995. A computer adjusts the toll every six minutes, raising it if too many cars are on the highway, lowering it if the highway is underutilized. Even drivers who will not pay the toll appreciate the HOT lanes diverting traffic form the regular highway. But many people are not happy about the proposed HOT lanes in Northern Virginia . In 2001, Maryland governor Parris N. Glendening (D) stopped

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1344-538: The only meaningful expression of our faith and, in fact, therefore, the symbol of our worship." Prophet Howard W. Hunter encouraged Latter-day Saints "to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership." Images of LDS temples and the Angel Moroni (who is found in statue on most temples) are commonly used to symbolize the faith of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . In April 2020, under President Russell M. Nelson ,

1386-556: The power of the cross[.] In Christianity, communicants of the Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches are expected to wear a cross necklace at all times; these are ordinarily given to believers at their baptism . Many Christians, such as those in the tradition of the Church of the East , continue the practice of hanging a Christian cross in their homes, often on the east wall . Crosses or crucifixes are often

1428-502: The projected rush-hour toll need to be $ 1.60 a mile. According to VDOT's web site: There will be no toll cap, as tolls must be able to increase to the level necessary to manage real-time traffic demand and keep the lanes congestion free. Those who own property along the path of the Capital Beltway HOT Lanes are growing increasingly agitated with the project. Supervisor Sharon Bulova (D-Braddock), who represents

1470-517: The prominence given to it later, but by the second century it was closely associated with Christians, to the point where Christians were mocked as "adorers of the gibbet" ( crucis religiosi ), an accusation countered by Tertullian . and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross. Martin Luther at the time of the Reformation retained

1512-493: The rest stops would save VDOT 9 million dollars toward its 2.6 billion dollar budget deficit. In January 2010, governor Bob McDonnell announced that he would reopen all of the closed rest areas as part of his campaign promises. The state is using an "adopt a rest stop" program, pulling 3 million dollars from the reserve maintenance fund, and employing non-violent inmates to help reopen the rest stops. They all reopened on April 17, 2010. Spontaneous roadside memorials , often in

1554-513: The state, leaving some stretches of highway, such as I-81 which is a popular route for trucks, or the heavily traveled and often congested I-95 northbound between Washington, D.C. and Richmond , a distance of 106 miles (171 km), without a rest stop. Drivers complained that people who needed to use the restroom would have nowhere to go. VDOT countered that the I-95 corridor is highly developed, and many businesses have restrooms, and that closing

1596-698: The twelve Great Feasts in Orthodox Catholicism is the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14, which commemorates the consecration of the basilica on the site where the original cross of Jesus was reportedly discovered in 326 by Helena of Constantinople , mother of Constantine the Great . The Catholic Church celebrates the feast on the same day and under the same name ( In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis ), though in English it has been called

1638-512: The wrists by short strips to the transom of a T-shaped cross. An inscription in Greek on the obverse contains an invocation of the redeeming crucified Christ. On the reverse a later inscription by a different hand combines magical formulae with Christian terms. The catalogue of a 2007 exhibition says: "The appearance of the Crucifixion on a gem of such an early date suggests that pictures of the subject (now lost) may have been widespread even in

1680-460: Was interpreted as a foreshadowing (a "type" ) of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ΙΗ, the first two letters of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ , standing for 18). His contemporary Tertullian rejected the accusation of Christians being "adorers of the gibbet" ( crucis religiosi ). In his book De Corona , written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads

1722-568: Was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die. In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth, but also a transverse Beam fastened unto that towards the top thereof". Frederick Elworthy claims that for a few centuries the emblem of Christ was a headless T-shaped tau cross rather than

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1764-521: Was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21–22; Lactantius, "Divinæ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by

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