54-595: Volodymyr Musiiovych Chekhivskyi ( Ukrainian : Володимир Мусійович Чехівський ; 19 July 1876 – 3 November 1937) was a Ukrainian activist and politician who served as Chairman of the Council of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic from December 1918 to February 1919. Previously, he was a member of the Russian State Duma and Russian Constituent Assembly . Chekhivskyi was also among
108-492: A Russian Left Socialist-Revolutionary , Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy , with help from the local USRP succeeded in assassinating von Eichhorn , blowing him up in downtown Kiev at a broadlight. Due to the impending loss of World War I by Germany and Austria-Hungary , Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response,
162-625: A Ukrainian to Vologda in Russia. However, through the efforts of his electors to the Imperial Duma, he was returned from exile after one year. From 1908 to 1917 Chekhivskyi lived in Odesa where he taught in a gymnasium as well as commercial and technical colleges. During that time he was under open police surveillance. Nonetheless, Chekhivskyi participated in the activities of a local Ukrainian Hromada and Prosvita association. Since 1915 he
216-713: A chairman of the 2nd All-Ukrainian Assembly of UAOC. During that time Chekhivsky also worked in the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences at its history-philology department, was a professor of medical and polytechnic institutes in Kiev, lectured at social-economical courses. On 29 July 1929, Chekhivskyi was arrested in connection with the Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process and on 19 April 1930, sentenced to death through shooting, changed to 10 years of imprisonment. He
270-672: A large part of the Volhynian territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine. After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival Archduke Wilhelm of Austria , in October 1921 the Ukrainian National Republic's government-in-exile launched
324-503: A series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as Kiev Oblast . On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured Korosten and seized much military supplies. But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed. The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to
378-653: The Council of People's Ministers and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian People's Republic. During that time was proclaimed the Unification Act of two Ukraines on 22 January 1919. On 1 January 1919, the government approved laws about the state language of Ukraine (Ukrainian) and about the autocephaly of Ukrainian Orthodox Church that were adopted by the Directorate of Ukraine . On 5 January 1919,
432-713: The Donbas region . Due to the aggression from Soviet Russia , on 22 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its Fourth Universal (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state. Less than a month later, on 9 February 1918, the Red Army seized Kiev. Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed
486-653: The Holy See . De facto recognition was granted by Switzerland , Sweden , Denmark , and Persia . Partial de facto recognition was received from the Belarusian Democratic Republic (see Belarus–Ukraine relations ). Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the Versailles Treaty as justification for its action. In 1920 Symon Petliura and Józef Piłsudski signed
540-627: The Odesa University , from 1905 he was a Doctor of Theology . From 1897 he was a member of the student club of Mykhailo Drahomanov 's Socialist-Democrats. From 1901 to 1905 Cherkhivsky worked as Deputy Inspector of the seminaries of Kyiv and Kamianets-Podilskyi . Because of his activity and interest in Ukrainian nationalism at the seminaries, Chekhivskyi was dismissed and transferred to the Cherkasy Oblast . From 1905 to 1906 he
594-771: The Red Army and willingness of the Ukrainian leadership to negotiate with French led to resignation of Chekhivskyi in February 1919. After that was in opposition to the government of Symon Petliura . In spring of 1919 participated in organization of the Labor Congress of Ukraine in Kamianets-Podilskyi . After the occupation by the Red Army Chekhivskyi stayed in Ukraine and in 1920 joined
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#1732780392586648-511: The Taurida Governorate that were located on the mainland. On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia ( land ) which are administered by their respective zemstvo . This law was not fully implemented as on 29 April 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kiev, after which Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky reverted
702-629: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918 to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On 20 February 1918 the council of the Kuban People's Republic accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards Yekaterinodar . It was agreed to forward
756-556: The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences . The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan ( guerrilla ) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members Petliura and Vynnychenko , but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. On 30 July,
810-716: The Ukrainian Communist Party . In October 1921 he participated in the 1st All-Ukrainian Church Assembly that confirmed autocephaly of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and was an adviser to Metropolitan Vasyl Lypkivsky , organized pastoral courses in Kyiv . Chekhivsky was one of the main ideologists of the Ukrainian Church autocephaly and supporter of Christian socialism . In October 1927 he became
864-748: The Ukrainian War of Independence as part of the wider Russian Civil War of 1917–1923. Soviet Russia would extend its control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , which became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. On 10 June 1917, the Central Council of Ukraine declared its autonomy as part of the Russian Republic by its First Universal at
918-641: The Warsaw Treaty in which both countries established their borders along the Zbruch River . The states that previously recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic ceased any relationships with its Government-in-exile after they recognized the Soviet Government in Kiev. According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian guberniyas , plus three uyezds of
972-629: The 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division. In December 1918 a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" ( Ukrainian : Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two hrivnas ( Ukrainian : Гривня) or 200 shahs ( Ukrainian : Шаг). There were numerous banks in
1026-862: The All-Ukrainian Military Congress. The highest governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the General Secretariat headed by Volodymyr Vynnychenko . The Prime Minister of Russia Alexander Kerensky recognized the Secretariat, appointing it as the representative governing body of the Russian Provisional Government and limiting its powers to five governorates : Volyn , Kiev Governorate , Podolia , Chernigov , and Poltava . At first Vynnychenko protested and left his post as Secretariat leader, but eventually returned to reassemble
1080-477: The Bolsheviks from Ukraine. The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts. The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and restarted the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested
1134-713: The Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kiev. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on 22 November 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the Third Universal 20 November 1917 (7 November by Old Style) of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the governorates: Volyn, Kiev, Podolie, Chernigov, Poltava, Kharkov , Yekaterinoslav , Kherson , Taurida (not including Crimea ). It also stated that
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#17327803925861188-525: The Central Council of Ukraine with its general secretariat , to the socialist republic led by the Directorate and by Symon Petliura . Between April and December 1918, the socialist authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic was suspended, having been overthrown by the pro-German Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadskyi , who was elected as the Hetman of Ukraine by a congress of peasants. After
1242-677: The Directorate was officially united with the West Ukrainian People's Republic , although the latter entity de facto maintained its own army and government. On 5 February, the Bolsheviks captured Kiev. Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the Entente , and Poland , as well as anarchist forces such as that of Nestor Makhno tried to prevail. The subsequent Kiev offensive , staged by
1296-723: The Kherson Governorate. At that time Chekhivskyi was also elected to the Russian Constituent Assembly (from the Ukrainian Social-Democrats of Odesa). In the beginning of 1918 he became a member of Central Committee of the USDLP and from April 1918 — appointed as director of confessions as a minister in government of the Ukrainian People's Republic . Under the administration of Pavlo Skoropadskyi , Chekhivskyi continued to work in
1350-643: The Ministry of Confessions (director of General Affairs department), yet continuing to be a member of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party . During that time he joined the Ukrainian National Union which was in opposition to the Hetman of Ukraine . Chekhivskyi headed the Ukrainian revkom during the anti-Hetmanate uprising. From 26 December 1918 to 11 February 1919, Chekhivskyi was President of
1404-653: The October Revolution a civil war and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos. After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets in December 1917 in an attempt to seize power. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kiev, they moved to Kharkov . The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared
1458-705: The Odesa School Council and headed the Odesa branch of All-Ukrainian Teachers Union. From June 1917 he was a deputy ( glasny ) in the Odesa city duma from the Ukrainian parties, and headed the Kherson Governorate Council of united public organization. In October–November 1917 Chekhivskyi was a member of the Revolutionary committee (revkom). In November 1917 he became a political commissar of Odesa and an education commissar of
1512-851: The Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to Cheka documentation, in Ukraine took place 268 uprisings from 1917 through 1932, where in over 100 raions the mutinied peasants were killing chekists, communists, and prodotryads that were requisitioning food by force which more resembled expropriation . The government of Ukrainian People's Republic operated in Warsaw , Paris , Weimar , Kissingen , Munich , and Philadelphia . After
1566-712: The Polish army and allied Ukrainian forces, was unable to change the situation. On 10 November 1920, the Directorate lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks in Volhynia as it crossed into Poland to accept internment. In March 1921, the Peace of Riga sealed a shared control of the territory by Poland, the Russian SFSR , and the Ukrainian SSR . As the result, the lands of Galicia ( Halychyna ) as well as
1620-594: The Revolutionary forces. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kiev. The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from Kursk in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. On 22 January 1919,
1674-723: The Secretariat after the Tsentralna Rada accepted the Kerensky Instruktsiya and issued the Second Universal . After the October Revolution the Kievan faction of the Bolshevik Party instigated the uprising in Kiev on 8 November 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. Kiev Military District forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind
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1728-412: The Tsentralna Rada soured, a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd sovnarkom ( Odesa Soviet Republic (southern Ukraine), Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic (eastern Ukraine)). The Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic was created by a direct decree of Lenin as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkov. That decree
1782-453: The Ukrainian Prime Minister , Vsevolod Holubovych , on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic . Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on 24 April 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kiev headed by Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky on
1836-430: The Ukrainian People's Republic with a territory including the area of approximately eight Russian imperial governorates ( Kiev , Volhynia , Kharkov , Kherson , Yekaterinoslav , Poltava , Chernigov and Podolia ). It formally declared its independence from Russia on 22 January 1918. During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by
1890-403: The Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the Directorate , on 14 November 1918. The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kiev on 21 November. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to
1944-447: The beginning of the World War II Taras Bulba-Borovets , with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile Andrii Livytskyi , crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing UPA military units subordinate to the UPR Government. The 10th Emergency Session of the Ukrainian National Council recognized the state of Ukraine as the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and agreed to transfer
1998-477: The collapse of the Ukrainian State, the Ukrainian People's Republic declared its unification with the West Ukrainian People's Republic in January 1919. After the Polish–Ukrainian War , it signed an alliance with the Second Polish Republic . On 10 November 1920, the state lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks. The Peace of Riga on 18 March 1921 between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus ), and Soviet Ukraine sealed
2052-454: The fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic. After the October Revolution, many governments formed in the territory of Ukraine, most notably the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets based in Kharkov , and its Soviet successors. This force, along with the Ukrainian People's Republic, the White movement , Poland , Green armies , and anarchists , fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among Ukrainians fighting in
2106-432: The founders of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , and the brother of conductor and singer Oleksa Chupryna-Chekhivskyi [ uk ] . Chekhivskyi was born on 19 July 1876, to the family of a clergyman in the village of Horokhuvatka [ uk ] , in the Kievsky Uyezd of Kiev Governorate , Russian Empire (today in Obukhiv Raion ). In 1900 he graduated from the Kyiv Theological Academy and
2160-435: The government approved the Land law that was adopted by the Directorate on 8 January. Chekhivskyi followed leftist political views, advocated compromise with Bolsheviks , opposed the treaty with Entente. On those issues his position was similar to the point of view of Volodymyr Vynnychenko . Chekhivskyi had a little influence on the army of Ukraine. After failing to reach an agreement with Bolsheviks , successful offensive of
2214-402: The government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets with capital in Kiev, claiming that the government of the People's Secretaries of Ukraine was the only government in the country. The Bolshevik Red Army entered Ukraine from the Russian SFSR in support of the local Soviet government. As the relationships between members within
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2268-409: The initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance Pyotr Krechevsky . After the coup , the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky , the Hetmanate , and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" ( Ukrainska derzhava ). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the Russian Empire , established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at
2322-474: The people of the governorates: Voronezh , Kholm , and Kursk were welcome to join the republic through a referendum . Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the October Revolution it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The Central Council of Ukraine called all revolutionary activities such as
2376-450: The person of Generalfeldmarschall von Eichhorn who replaced the Colonel General Alexander von Linsingen . On 6 April the commander of the Army group Kijew issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. By April 1918 the German - Austrian Operation Faustschlag offensive had completely removed
2430-424: The powers and attributes of state power to the newly elected President of Ukraine in 1991. The Ukrainian People's Republic was recognized de jure in February 1918 by the Central Powers of World War I ( Austria-Hungary , Germany , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria ) and by Bolshevik Russia , the Baltic States ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ), Georgia , Azerbaijan , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and
2484-418: The reform back to the guberniya -type administration. The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kiev. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd sovnarkom and the German Empire the physical location of it was changing ( Kamyanets-Podilsky , Bila Tserkva , others). The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and
2538-450: The resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government. After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual protectorate of the German Empire which at that time seemed more favorable than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading havoc in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in
2592-410: The top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of Ukrainian language textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and
2646-405: Was a member of a masonic lodge "Star of the East" that existed in Odesa and was part of the Great East of Peoples of Russia. After the February Revolution Chekhivskyi became editor of the "Ukrayinske Slovo" newspaper that was published in Odesa . From April 1917 he headed the Odesa committee of the USDLP and the Ukrainian council of Odesa. From May 1917 Cherkhivsky was a district inspector of
2700-436: Was a short-lived state in Eastern Europe . Prior to its proclamation, the Central Council of Ukraine was elected in March 1917 as a result of the February Revolution , and in June, it declared Ukrainian autonomy within Russia. Its autonomy was later recognized by the Russian Provisional Government . Following the October Revolution , the Central Council of Ukraine denounced the Bolshevik seizure of power and proclaimed
2754-415: Was a teacher of Russian language as well as of the History of Literature and the Theory of Philology at the Cherkassy Theology College. Between 1902 and 1904 Chekhivskyi was a member of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party , after which he switched to the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (USDLP) until 1919. In 1906, he was elected to the Imperial Duma , however the Russian government exiled him, as
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#17327803925862808-666: Was confined to the Khabarovsk and Yaroslavl political prisons, from 1933 - in Solovki prison camp . In 1936 Chekhivskyi was additionally sentenced to three years of imprisonment. On 3 November 1937, he was shot by sentence of the Leningrad Oblast NKVD troika . Ukrainian language Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 219762552 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:53:12 GMT Ukrainian People%27s Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic ( UPR )
2862-419: Was contesting. The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kiev ( Memorial in Kiev). (Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly) In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in
2916-422: Was successfully implemented by Fyodor Sergeyev who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike Fyodor Sergeyev's Republic, the Odesa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with Romania for control over the Moldavian Democratic Republic , whose territory it
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