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55-714: The production of the diesel powered variants ended in 2001 to give way for B7RLE and B12BLE , while the CNG variants were produced until 2004. In the United Kingdom market, Volvo unsuccessfully tried to replace the B10BLE with the B7L in 2001, but realised that it was not as popular among the customers and offered the B7RLE from 2003. This situation was similar to B10L one, which was replaced by B10BLE in 1997, three years after B10L

110-534: A general comparison to passenger cars is therefore not possible, as the kWh/km factor depends, among others, on the specific vehicle. The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all new registrations are in most cases one year later. ECE R49 ESC & ELR The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM)

165-501: A specific cycle in the laboratory duly representing a real driving environment and gives a global notation independent from the type of engine used (petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG, hybrid, etc.). To get the maximum 50/50 note on this cycle, the car shall emit less than the minimum limit applicable to either petrol or diesel car, that is to say 100 mg HC, 500 mg CO, 60 mg NO x , 3 mg PM and 6 × 10 PN. Unlike ambient discourse dirty diesel versus clean petrol cars,

220-593: A third tag axle . The Philippines has B7RLEs running in Cebu City , operated by Metro Rapid Transport System Inc., the owner of MyBus. Starting July 2016, RRCG Transport launches "P2P (Point-to-Point) Premium Bus Service" for Alabang Town Center to Greenbelt 1 , serving 3 units for King Long XMQ6127G with Sunwin SWB6128 front and rear mask, built by the Philippine -based Autodelta Coach Builders, Inc. This model

275-1079: A total of 554 Volgren-bodied Volvo B7RLEs with Volgren bodywork from 2009 onwards as part of a 12-year contract between Brisbane City Council , Volvo Buses and Volgren, with the final assembly of these buses taking place at a facility in Eagle Farm as part of the contract. In 2011, Brisbane City Council won Lung Foundation Australia's Green Leaf Award as a result of introducing Volvo B7RLEs into Greater Brisbane 's bus fleet. The State Transit Authority of New South Wales , which formerly operated bus services in Newcastle and Sydney , took delivery of 123 Volvo B7RLEs from 2011 onwards, built predominantly with Custom Bus and Volgren bodies, although 20 B7RLEs were delivered with Bustech bodies between 2014 and 2015. Elsewhere, 400 B7RLEs were purchased by ComfortDelGro Australia . During 2018, 62 B7RLEs with Volgren Optimus bodies were delivered CDC NSW , initially for use on long-term rail replacement services related to

330-541: Is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition includes off-road vehicles as well as railway vehicles . European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonise with the US EPA standards , and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I–V standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It

385-601: Is able to meet Euro II emissions limits. The name of the chassis stands for: Optionally available is a Volvo GH10-series (GH10A, GH10B, GH10C) natural gas or biogas engine. All generations of this engine are inline four-stroke six-cylinder spark-ignition engines with a turbocharger and intercooler. The GH10A and GH10B engines were lean-burn engines and the GH10C is a "mixed-lean" engine, operating on an optimised balance between stoichiometric and lean-burn combustion strategies. Power ratings vary from 245 bhp (183 kW) in

440-563: Is also used by Cebu Pacific for transporting passengers from NAIA Terminal 3 to their aircraft. The bus company Joanna Jesh Transport and CEM Trans Services Inc also started to use the bus model for its FTI-Navotas and Alabang-Malanday route respectively starting in 2019. Singapore has B7RLEs running in Sentosa featuring Liannex bodies, either in a city bus configuration for its internal shuttles, or as open-top double-decker buses . A Euro IV demonstrator featuring Soon Chow bodywork

495-555: Is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle . Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines. Along with Emissions standards,

550-506: Is expected that technologies such as direct injection, combined with petrol particulate filters, could be needed for these motorcycle engine types to meet the Euro V demands. The emission standards for trucks (lorries) and buses are defined by engine energy output in g/ kWh ; this is unlike the emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, which are defined by vehicle driving distance in g/km —

605-829: Is the first country to use 2009 buses with a new ZF EcoLife transmission In 2006, Rapid Bus ordered 120 Deftech bodied B7RLE buses for operation on RapidKL services. This is the first Rapid Bus fleet to feature wheelchair accessible ramp, and only bus fleet to feature wheelchair accessible ramp at both front and rear doors (later front doors ramp were removed after refurbishment). Later in 2014, MRT Malaysia Corp ordered 150 Gemilang Coachworks bodied B7RLE's for operation on MRT feeder bus. Twenty Volvo B7RLEs with DesignLine bodies were delivered to NZ Bus , then owned by Infratil , for service in Auckland in May 2007. Mana Coach Services operate 22 Kiwi Bus Builders bodied B7RLEs equipped with

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660-644: Is the largest operator of Volvo B7RLEs in Australia, taking delivery of 767 Volgren -bodied B7RLEs from 2011 onwards as part of a contract with the Public Transport Authority of the state of Western Australia . The first batches of these buses were delivered with Volgren CR228L bodies, with later models receiving new Volgren's Optimus body, both being locally assembled in the Perth suburb of Malaga . Transport for Brisbane took delivery of

715-547: Is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO 2 emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice. In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in

770-524: Is used for diesel engines only, while transient testing applies to both diesel and petrol engines. For the emission standards to deliver actual emission reductions, it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving conditions. It was discovered that vehicle manufacturers would optimise emissions performance only for the test cycle, whilst emissions from typical driving conditions proved to be much higher than when tested. Some manufacturers were also found to use so-called defeat devices where

825-644: The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation . B7RLEs are also operated by Metropolitan Transport Corporation and Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation in Chennai and Pondicherry , Kerala State Road Transport Corporation in Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram and in 2014 Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation started using B7RLEs for their Town To Town services all over Kerala state. They were later inducted into

880-524: The Euro III emission standard. This was replaced by the 7.1-litre Volvo D7E engine producing 290 bhp, to Euro III/IV/V emission standards. Unlike the B7L, the B7RLE's engine is mounted at the center of the rear overhang as opposed to the nearside, resolving the issue of engine intrusion into the saloon. The Volvo B7RLE is also equipped with disc brakes and an anti-lock braking system . The Volvo B7RLE

935-533: The Sydney Metro Northwest rapid transit project from October 2018 onwards. Flemish government -owned De Lijn and its subcontractors took delivery of Volvo B7RLEs with Jonckheere Transit 2000 bodies between 2005 and 2010. The Opérateur de transport de Wallonie took delivery of 125 B7RLEs with Jonckheere Transit bodies, purchased through VDL Bus & Coach , between 2008 and 2010 for use by TEC Namur-Luxembourg and TEC Liège-Verviers, two of

990-538: The B7RLE was also offered by Wrightbus as a low-floor single-decker coach , featuring a longer front overhang and a Wright Eclipse Commuter body. From late 2006, the B7RLE in the UK was available with Plaxton Centro bodywork, followed by Alexander Dennis Enviro300 and Optare Esteem bodywork in 2008. Wright Eclipse Urbans on Volvo B7RLE chassis were the FirstGroup 's standard low-floor single-deck bus from

1045-598: The Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place. Just as important as the regulations are the tests needed to ensure adherence to regulations. These are laid out in standardised emission test cycles used to measure emissions performance against

1100-607: The EU's road and stay there for decades to come." Within the European Union , transport is the biggest emitter of CO 2 , with road transport contributing about 20%. The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO 2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars

1155-425: The Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and, in 2014, with Euro 6 for petrol engines. From a technical perspective, European emissions standards do not reflect everyday usage of the vehicle as manufacturers are allowed to lighten

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1210-699: The Euro 6 limit for NO x , although they conform to official standards. After the postponement in publishing the Euro 7 proposal details by the European Commission, some civil society groups (such as the European Respiratory Society and the European Public Health Alliance ) said in mid-2022: "Every month that the implementation of Euro 7 is delayed due to the late publication of the proposal, 1 million more polluting cars will be placed on

1265-719: The Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced emissions, suggesting that real world NO x emission control is possible. In one particular instance, research in diesel car emissions by two German technology institutes found that zero "real" NO x reductions in public health risk had been achieved despite 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report). In 2015, the Volkswagen emissions scandal involved revelations that Volkswagen AG had deliberately falsified emission reports by programming engine management unit firmware to detect test conditions, and change emissions controls when under test. The cars thus passed

1320-539: The European Union has also mandated a number of computer on-board diagnostics for the purposes of increasing safety for drivers. These standards are used in relation to the emissions standards. During the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates. Euro 7

1375-418: The European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types , including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges , but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance

1430-483: The GH10A to 290 bhp (220 kW) in the uprated version of the GH10C. The GH10C is able to meet Euro IV emissions limits. In Australia, Sydney Buses purchased 125, Westbus 41 and Grenda Corporation 16. In mainland Europe, B10BLEs were bodied by Säffle/Aabenraa, Carrus and other local manufacturers. In Singapore, all SBS Transit B10BLEs were bodied by Volgren . One diesel-powered demonstrator (SBS1688K)

1485-465: The United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more "consumer-friendly", colour-coded label displaying CO 2 emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO 2 g/km) to F (186+ CO 2 g/km). The goal of the new "green label" is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles. Other EU member countries are also in

1540-530: The United Kingdom, many of the B10BLEs had Wright Renown bodywork, and a small number received Alexander ALX300 bodywork. The original Plaxton Prestige also featured the Volvo chassis as an option, but very few of these were built. [REDACTED] Media related to Volvo B10BLE at Wikimedia Commons Volvo B7RLE The Volvo B7RLE is a low-entry single-deck bus chassis manufactured by Volvo . It

1595-554: The amount of g/km of exceeded. The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, set a 2021 target of average CO 2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km by 2021, and for light-commercial vehicles to 147 g/km by 2020. In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631

1650-490: The cars were first regulated. In further difference to passenger cars (where three-way catalytic converters were de facto required from Euro I), it was first with the introduction of the Euro III emissions standard in 2006 that motorcycles were de facto required to use three-way catalytic converters. With the introduction of Euro V, standard two-stroke engine motorcycles are challenged by the strict HC and PM emissions limits. It

1705-521: The chassis' introduction until 2013, with a total of 820 of the type delivered to the group's subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, most to First Manchester and First Glasgow , with both Urban and Urban 2 bodies. Other operators of B7RLEs in the UK and Ireland include Arriva (134), Blazefield Group (88), Bus Éireann (73), East Yorkshire Motor Services (27), Lothian Buses (90), National Express West Midlands (188), Ulsterbus (46), Wellglade Group (51) and Wilts & Dorset (78). Transperth

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1760-571: The definition of the standard. These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC. The classifications for vehicle category are defined by: Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO x emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to

1815-500: The direct responsibility of the companies involved, the authors blamed the violations on a number of factors, including "unrealistic test conditions, a lack of transparency and a number of loopholes in testing protocols". In 2017, the European Union introduced testing in real-world conditions called Real Driving Emissions (RDE), using portable emissions measurement systems in addition to laboratory tests. The actual limits will use 110% (CF=2.1) "conformity factor" (the difference between

1870-463: The dynomometer tests. RDE not to exceed limits have then been updated to take into account different test conditions such as PEMS weight (305–533 kg in various ICCT testing ), driving in the middle of the traffic, road gradient, etc. ADAC also performed NO x emission tests with a cycle representative of the real driving environment in the laboratory. Among the 69 cars tested: Since 2012, ADAC performs regular pollutant emission tests on

1925-499: The engine control system would recognise that the vehicle was being tested, and would automatically switch to a mode optimised for emissions performance. The use of a defeat device is expressly forbidden in EU law. An independent study in 2014 used portable emissions measurement systems to measure NO x emissions during real world driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NO x emissions were on average about seven times higher than

1980-780: The five Transport en Commun companies in Wallonia . The B7RLE is one of the very few foreign bus chassis models in Mainland China, assembled by Shanghai Sunwin Bus , assigned Chinese assembly model numbers SWB6125, SWB6120V4LE, and SWB6120V6LE. Units operated in Shanghai are SWB6120V4LE, with fleet number prefix S2F/S2G (Shanghai Public Transport) & S2B (Pudong Bus) (Euro III); S2D, with fleet number prefix S2D (written off) and SWB6120V6LE, with fleet number prefix S2M (Shanghai Public Transport)(Euro IV w/ adblue). One SWB6120V6LE unit

2035-702: The fleets of Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport , and BEST for use in Navi Mumbai and Mumbai respectively. Custom made B7RLE chassis are assembled at Volvo's factory outside Bangalore. The dual-doored versions are operated by the WBTC in Kolkata . B7RLEs are also operated by Assam State Transport Corporation in Assam state. Metropoline purchased Volvo B7RLEs with Merkavim Pioneer bodywork. Some bus companies own Volvo B7RLEs with USB sockets, WiFi and Real time and it

2090-536: The laboratory test and real-world conditions) in 2017, and 50% (CF=1.5) in 2021 for NO x , conformity factor for particles number P being left for further study. Environment organisations criticized the decision as insufficient, while ACEA mentions it will be extremely difficult for automobile manufacturers to reach such a limit in such short period of time. In 2015, an ADAC study (ordered by ICCT ) of 32 Euro 6 cars showed that few complied with on-road emission limits, and LNT/ NOx adsorber cars (with about half

2145-469: The market) had the highest emissions. At the end of this study, ICCT was expecting a 100% conformity factor. NEDC Euro 6b not to exceed limit of 80 mg/km NO x will then continue to apply for the WLTC Euro 6c tests performed on a dynomometer while WLTC-RDE will be performed in the middle of the traffic with a PEMS attached at the rear of the car. RDE testing is then far more difficult than

2200-518: The process of introducing consumer-friendly labels. European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO 2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 and 1999 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with

2255-626: The regulatory thresholds applicable to the tested vehicle. Since the Euro 3 regulations in 2000, performance has been measured using the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC; also known as MVEG-B), with a " cold start " procedure that eliminates the use of a 40-second engine warm-up period found in the ECE+EUDC test cycle (also known as MVEG-A). The two groups of emissions standards for heavy duty vehicles each have different appropriate test requirements. Steady-state testing

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2310-411: The results are much more nuanced and subtle. Some Euro 6 diesel cars perform as well as the best hybrid petrol cars; some other recent Euro 6 petrol indirect injection cars perform as the worst Euro 5 diesel cars; finally some petrol hybrid cars are at the same level as the best Euro 5 diesel cars. Tests commissioned by Which? from the beginning of 2017 found that 47 out of 61 diesel car models exceed

2365-486: The scarcity of CNG refueling points in Singapore and various factors, all units were withdrawn by July 2019. Only the first two units were kept at St Andrew's Autism School and Tan Tock Seng Hospital for preservation while the later batches were all scrapped. The CNG buses are the last public buses to use plastic destination signages and are also the last non-wheelchair accessible single deck rigid buses in Singapore. In

2420-411: The test, but in real world conditions, emitted up to forty times more NO x emissions than allowed by law. An independent report in September 2015 warned that this extended to "every major car manufacturer", with BMW , and Opel named alongside Volkswagen and its sister company Audi as "the worst culprits", and that approximately 90% of diesel cars "breach emissions regulations". Overlooking

2475-548: The use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters. The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards. Euro 7, agreed in 2024 and due to come into force in 2026, includes non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. Until 2030 fossil fuelled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles. In

2530-409: The vehicle by removing the back seats, improve aerodynamics by taping over grilles and door handles, or reduce the load on the generator by switching off the headlights, the passenger compartment fan, or simply disconnecting the alternator which charges the battery. The Euro emissions regulations for two and three wheelers (motorcycles) were first introduced in 1999 — some seven years after

2585-483: Was adopted, which introduced CO 2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011. The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO 2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025, and by 37.5% in 2030. For light-commercial vehicles

2640-469: Was formally approval by EU countries in April 2024. The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC. The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide

2695-479: Was implemented in two stages, with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further divided into Stage III A and III B, and were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards are enforced from 2014. Stage V standards are phased in from 2018 with full enforcement from 2021. As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in

2750-426: Was introduced here and also due to limited success. The Volvo B10BLE features a Volvo DH10A engine with a displacement of 9,600 cc (586 cu in). It is an inline six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine with a turbocharger and intercooler . This engine used a dry sump system due to being horizontally mounted. The engine has a power output of either 245 or 285 bhp (183 or 213 kW). The engine

2805-448: Was introduced in 1997 and scrapped in 2015 after reaching its 17-year lifespan. It was also SBS's first low entry bus. The other 12 were CNG powered. 2 units entered service in April and July 2002, initially serving Jurong Island routes. When the contract ended, these buses were redeployed to serve bus routes serving the far west of Singapore. The remaining 10 buses, which were kept in storage, entered revenue service in early 2006. Due to

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2860-429: Was launched in mainland Europe and Australia in 2001, and then in the United Kingdom in 2003 to supplement the B7L, which was unsuccessful in both countries. The B7RLE appealed most to operators in both United Kingdom and Ireland, with whom the B7L proved unpopular due to its longitudinal rear engine arrangmenet. Initially the B7RLE was only available in both markets with Wright Eclipse Urban bodywork, however from 2004,

2915-719: Was offered to SBS Transit (initially meant for a one-year trial) in December 2007, registered as SBS8030L, and is under Hougang Depot as a training bus currently. In Taiwan, B7RLEs were first introduced on Chiayi Bus Rapid Transit (Chiayi BRT) in 2007. All B7RLEs in Taiwan that were manufactured between 2007 and 2012 featured Tang Eng Iron Works bodywork, whereas those manufactured after 2013 featured Daji bodywork. [REDACTED] Media related to Volvo B7RLE at Wikimedia Commons Euro III The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from

2970-778: Was sent to Nanjing Public Transport as a gift, but never entered service due to a series of reasons. The B7RLE was seen very commonly on Shanghai streets. The entire fleet of B7RLEs in China mainland are equipped with Volvo D7B260/D7E290EC01/D7E290EC06 Engines paired with ZF EcoMat 6HP554C transmission. In 2003, Huangbus (Lok Ma Chau - Huanggang shuttle bus service) purchased five B7RLEs with Jit Luen JL-08 bodies and D7E-290 7142cc engines. Kowloon Motor Bus took delivery of 70 B7RLEs with MCV Evolution bodies between 2010 and 2012. In India, Volvo B7RLEs were introduced into service in Bangalore as India's first Volvo city buses in 2006 by

3025-640: Was superseded by the Volvo B8RLE in 2013, with production of the B7RLE continuing until 2018. The Volvo B7RLE is similar to its predecessor, the B10BLE . In essence, the B7RLE is the front section of the B7L chassis mated with the rear section of the B7R chassis. Originally, the B7RLE featured the D7C 6-cylinder, 7.3-litre diesel engine with a turbocharger and intercooler , producing 250 or 275 bhp and meeting

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