The Volvo V90 is a mid-size luxury wagon manufactured and marketed by Swedish automaker Volvo Cars since 2016. Two months after the introduction of the sedan model, the Volvo S90 , the V90 was revealed at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016.
15-680: The V90 is offered with various trim levels. In the United States the V90 was only available by special order, with dealers focusing on the V90 Cross Country. In 2021, it was announced that the V90 would no longer be sold in the United States, with 2021 being the final model year. Previewed before the 2016 Paris motor show, the V90 Cross Country is a raised height, AWD version of the V90 designed for use on rough terrain, unsealed roads and for light off-road usage. A special version of
30-541: A differential between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the anti-lock braking system (ABS). However, the designations AWD and all-wheel drive long predated the trend, with Associated Equipment Company (AEC) producing AWD trucks in 1929 in conjunction with the British subsidiary of the pioneering American firm Four Wheel Drive Auto Company . Additionally, General Motors began manufacturing
45-694: A line as "all-wheel drive" as early as the late 1930s. This distinction in terminology is not generally used outside North America. In the context of hybrid and electric vehicles , the North American designation of 'all-wheel-drive' may differ. In some hybrid vehicles, the combustion engine is only mechanically connected to the front wheels, while the rear wheels are powered independently by an electric motor; this may be marketed as eAWD . Furthermore, many electric vehicles have individual, unconnected motors powering each axle, or even each individual wheel, also without any center differential. When tire grip
60-508: Is acceptable and the inertia of the system is small. Dog clutches are used inside constant-mesh manual transmissions to lock different gears to the rotating input and output shafts. A synchromesh arrangement ensures smooth engagement by matching the shaft speeds before the dog clutch is allowed to engage. Racecar , motorcycle , and large truck transmissions, having less need for smooth engagement than passenger cars and higher performance demands, commonly employ dog clutches alone (without
75-407: Is good during road driving, a differential is used between the axles to avoid driveline windup . This is not required off-road, as the limited grip allows the tires to slip. All-wheel drive vehicles designed for extensive off-road use may not have such a differential, and so they suffer from wind-up when used on-road. Selectable 4WD also avoids this problem and requires only a simple dog clutch in
90-491: Is one with a powertrain capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand. The most common forms of all-wheel drive are: Vehicles may be either part-time all-wheel drive or full-time: Particularly in North America for several decades, the designation AWD has been used and marketed – distinctly from 4×4 and 4WD – to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive,
105-529: Is only available with 2.0-litre, 4 cylinder petrol and diesel engines from the VEA family (Drive-E). The more powerful petrol engines are compound charged , as is the plug-in hybrid variant called the T8 . The D5 diesel engine features Volvo's new PowerPulse technology that is designed to eliminate turbo lag as well as an i-Art injection system. All-wheel drive An all-wheel drive vehicle ( AWD vehicle )
120-410: The transfer case , rather than a differential. For this reason, most early off-road vehicles used that system; e.g., Jeep , Land Rover . As vehicles became more sophisticated and tires gave better winter performance in the 1960s, there was an interest in giving the benefits of all-wheel drive to conventional cars: not for off-road use but for winter use in snow or on wet roads. Exotic vehicles such as
135-447: The US, 7 had the integrated rear child booster seats for the 2018 model year, and only 1 for the 2019 model year. In February 2020, the official photos of a refreshed V90 were leaked along with the refreshed S90. The Taillights had a sequential LED & Inscription variants get chrome garnish on front bumper. In 2022, the V90 mild hybrid was introduced for better fuel economy and replaces
150-407: The V90 Cross Country was announced 30 October 2017 to celebrate the 2017–18 Volvo Ocean Race . The car has unique orange touches on the front and rear bumper, carbon fibre interior trim and orange stitching and seams and seat belts. It also has a detachable flashlight mounted in the trunk. In the US market 84 were sold in total (41 as 2018 models, and 43 as 2019 models). In addition, of those sold in
165-544: The belt driven supercharger with an electric one, and in addition, uses a belt driven Belt Alternator Starter (BAS) unit. In 2023, Volvo removed conventional engines as an option, meaning mild hybrids are the base engine option in the US. In July 2024, the V90 returned in the United Kingdom in T6 Plus and T8 Ultra trim levels, replacing Core, Plus and Ultimate; these are available only as a plug-in hybrid. The V90
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#1732783179945180-581: The high-powered Jensen FF followed by the AMC Eagle , Subaru Leone and Audi Quattro series were the first to offer all-wheel drive in a high-speed road-based car. These, particularly the Quattro, would extensively develop this drivetrain with the use of viscous couplings and differentials to provide a safe and drivable car. The first off-road / on-road hybrids such as the Range Rover also chose
195-502: The other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip. In engineering, a "dog" is a tool or device used to lock two components in relation to each other. Dog clutches are used where slip is undesirable and/or the clutch is not used to control torque . Without slippage, dog clutches are not affected by wear in the same way that friction clutches are, but result in shock when shafts of different speeds are engaged. For this reason they are best used when sudden starting action
210-416: The permanent all-wheel-drive system rather than manual selection. Dog clutch A dog clutch (also known as a dog box , dog gears , dog ring , clutch dog , or positive clutch ) is a type of clutch that couples two rotating shafts or other rotating components by engagement of interlocking teeth or dogs rather than by friction . The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push
225-454: The use of synchronizers) to engage gears due to their high strength and durability and low complexity and weight. These unsynchronized gearboxes, also referred to as a dog boxes, allow clutchless shifting. Oftentimes boats with inboard engines, such as sailboats, will use a dog clutch to engage the drive shaft to the transmission. Shifting from neutral to forward or reverse often results in a large "clunk" noise that can be heard by occupants as
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