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60-646: The East Building is located in Canada Place , which it shares with a cruise ship terminal, and the Pan Pacific hotel. It has 12,400 m (133,000 sq ft) of space, including a 8,500 m (91,000 sq ft), column-free, dividable exhibition hall, 20 meeting rooms, and a ballroom. The East Building served as the venue for a series of religious gatherings which hosted Aga Khan , 49th Imam of Ismaili Muslims , on August 24, 25, 26, 1992 as well as June 10, 2005. The East Building also served as

120-770: A crown corporation, the Canada Harbour Place Corporation (known as Canada Place Corporation until 2012), to develop the Canada Place project on the Pier B–C site. Construction began when Queen Elizabeth II arrived on the Royal Yacht Britannia with Pierre Trudeau , Prime Minister of Canada and William R. Bennett , Premier of BC to initiate the first concrete pour. During Expo 86 , the Canada Pavilion at Canada Place

180-508: A diversity of harbor fauna. Underneath the building, which is set on pier foundations, runnels are set into the tide flats creating a tidal ecosystem zone that flushes daily and feeds the reef. The site of the expansion is a former marine and rail industrial area, most of which was covered in impervious surfaces and contaminated. The expansion led to a decrease in the site's impervious surfaces by almost 30 percent, mitigating total suspended solids and phosphorus content from stormwater and reducing

240-520: A dual piping system to keep the recycled water separate from the potable water. Usage types are distinguished as follows: Irrigation with recycled municipal wastewater can also serve to fertilize plants if it contains nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. There are benefits of using recycled water for irrigation, including the lower cost compared to some other sources and consistency of supply regardless of season, climatic conditions and associated water restrictions. When reclaimed water

300-602: A few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight; applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw; cleaning vegetables with disinfectant; or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. Drawbacks or risks often mentioned include the content of potentially harmful substances such as bacteria, heavy metals, or organic pollutants (including pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides). Irrigation with wastewater can have both positive and negative effects on soil and plants, depending on

360-647: A long time. Large towns on the River Thames upstream of London ( Oxford , Reading , Swindon , Bracknell ) discharge their treated sewage ("non-potable water") into the Thames, which supplies water to London downstream. In the United States, the Mississippi River serves as both the destination of sewage treatment plant effluent and the source of potable water. Non-potable reclaimed water

420-555: A membrane bioreactor process, manufactured and supplied by GE/Zenon, consisting of two 2-zone (anoxic/oxic) bioreactor tanks (with internal recycle) and an ultra-filtration (hollow-fibre) membrane tank, followed by a chlorine contact tank that serves to remove colour and disinfect the reclaimed water . The treatment system is designed for an average daily flow of 75 cubic metres (20,000 US gal; 16,000 imp gal) per day, and maximum flows of up to 150 cubic metres (40,000 US gal; 33,000 imp gal) per day. With

480-541: A mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta. In emerging nations , where industrial development is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The World Health Organization developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006, advocating a ‘multiple-barrier' approach wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviors. These include ceasing irrigation

540-504: A municipal water supply system. Wastewater reclamation can be especially important in relation to human spaceflight . In 1998, NASA announced it had built a human waste reclamation bioreactor designed for use in the International Space Station and a crewed Mars mission. Human urine and feces are input into one end of the reactor and pure oxygen , pure water , and compost ( humanure ) are output from

600-537: A reliable, drought-proof source of drinking water. By using advanced purification processes, they produce water that meets all applicable drinking water standards. System reliability and frequent monitoring and testing are imperative to their meeting stringent controls. The water needs of a community, water sources, public health regulations, costs, and the types of water infrastructure in place— such as distribution systems, man-made reservoirs, or natural groundwater basins— determine if and how reclaimed water can be part of

660-642: A total project area of 5.7 hectares (14 acres) of land and 3.2 hectares (8 acres) over water. The project also supplies infrastructure for future water based developments including an expanded marina, a float plane terminal, and water-based retail opportunities. The design architect for the expansion is LMN Architects of Seattle , in association with Vancouver firms MCM Architects and DA Architects + Planners . Morrison Hershfield ensured quality assurance and conducted enhanced field review during construction of all building envelope components including innovative curtain wall glazing and green roof . On February 9, 2010,

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720-408: A water treatment plant or distribution system. Modern technologies such as reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection are commonly used when reclaimed water will be mixed with the drinking water supply. Many people associate a feeling of disgust with reclaimed water and 13% of a survey group said they would not even sip it. Nonetheless, the main health risk for potable use of reclaimed water

780-447: A water-saving measure. When used water is eventually discharged back into natural water sources, it can still have benefits to ecosystems , improving streamflow, nourishing plant life and recharging aquifers , as part of the natural water cycle . Global treated wastewater reuse is estimated at 40.7 billion m per year, representing approximately 11% of the total domestic and manufacturing wastewater produced. Municipal wastewater reuse

840-874: Is a building situated on the Burrard Inlet in Vancouver , British Columbia, Canada. It is home to the Vancouver Convention Centre , the Pan Pacific Vancouver Hotel, the Vancouver World Trade Centre, and the virtual flight experience Flyover in Vancouver . The building's exterior is covered by fabric roofs resembling sails. It is also the main cruise ship passenger terminal for the region, where cruises to Alaska originate. The building

900-468: Is a long-established practice. This is especially so in arid countries. Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable water management allows water to remain an alternative water source for human activities. This can reduce scarcity . It also eases pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies. There are several technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A combination of these technologies can meet strict treatment standards and make sure that

960-413: Is also known as groundwater recharge . Reused water also serve various needs in residences such as toilet flushing , businesses, and industry. It is possible to treat wastewater to reach drinking water standards. Injecting reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse. Drinking reclaimed water is not typical. Reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation

1020-439: Is also the implementation of advanced wastewater treatment for the removal of organic micropollutants, which leads to an overall improved water quality. Water recycling and reuse is of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, the groundwater aquifers that are used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. Reuse will continue to increase as

1080-445: Is generally treated to only secondary level treatment when used for irrigation. A pump station distributes reclaimed water to users around a city. These may include golf courses, agricultural uses, cooling towers, or landfills. Rather than treating municipal wastewater for reuse purposes, other options can achieve similar effects of freshwater savings: The cost of reclaimed water exceeds that of potable water in many regions of

1140-551: Is increasingly using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation – often in an unsafe manner. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so they are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated wastewater in agriculture. Municipal wastewater can contain

1200-674: Is often distributed with a dual piping network that keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes. There are several technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A combination of these technologies can meet strict treatment standards and make sure that the processed water is hygienically safe, meaning free from pathogens . Some common technologies include ozonation , ultrafiltration , aerobic treatment ( membrane bioreactor ), forward osmosis , reverse osmosis , advanced oxidation or activated carbon . Reclaimed water providers use multi-barrier treatment processes and constant monitoring to ensure that reclaimed water

1260-724: Is particularly high in the Middle East and North Africa region , in countries such as the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait and Israel. For the Sustainable Development Goal 6 by the United Nations, Target 6.3 states "Halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally by 2030". Treated wastewater can be reused in industry (for example in cooling towers ), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture, and in

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1320-602: Is particularly high in the Middle East and North Africa region , in countries such as the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait and Israel. The term "water reuse" is generally used interchangeably with terms such as wastewater reuse, water reclamation, and water recycling. A definition by the USEPA states: "Water reuse is the method of recycling treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and groundwater replenishing (EPA, 2004)." A similar description is: "Water Reuse,

1380-513: Is publicly acknowledged as an intentional project to recycle water for drinking water. There are two ways in which potable water can be delivered for reuse – "Indirect Potable Reuse" (IPR) and "Direct Potable Reuse". Both these forms of reuse are described below, and commonly involve a more formal public process and public consultation program than is the case with de facto or unacknowledged reuse. Some water agencies reuse highly treated effluent from municipal wastewater or resource recovery plants as

1440-641: Is safe and treated properly for the intended end use. Some water-demanding activities do not require high grade water. In this case, wastewater can be reused with little or no treatment. One example of this scenario is in the domestic environment where toilets can be flushed using greywater from baths and showers with little or no treatment. In the case of municipal wastewater , the wastewater must pass through numerous sewage treatment process steps before it can be used. Steps might include screening, primary settling, biological treatment, tertiary treatment (for example reverse osmosis), and disinfection. Wastewater

1500-474: Is the " Jack Poole Plaza " (formerly known as Thurlow Plaza), in honour of Jack Poole , who died of pancreatic cancer in 2009. He was responsible for securing the bid of the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics for Vancouver. The new West Building expansion is certified Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Platinum (LEED) and is designated a PowerSmart Convention Centre by BC Hydro. It

1560-410: Is the potential for pharmaceutical and other household chemicals or their derivatives ( environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants ) to persist in this water. This would be less of a concern if human excreta was kept out of sewage by using dry toilets or, alternatively, systems that treat blackwater separately from greywater . Indirect potable reuse (IPR) means the water is delivered to

1620-587: Is the process of converting municipal wastewater or sewage and industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of purposes . It is also called wastewater reuse , water reuse or water recycling . There are many types of reuse. It is possible to reuse water in this way in cities or for irrigation in agriculture. Other types of reuse are environmental reuse, industrial reuse, and reuse for drinking water, whether planned or not. Reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface water and groundwater . This latter

1680-780: Is used for irrigation in agriculture, the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of the treated wastewater has the benefit of acting as a fertilizer . This can make the reuse of excreta contained in sewage attractive. The irrigation water can be used in different ways on different crops, such as for food crops to be eaten raw or for crops which are intended for human consumption to be eaten raw or unprocessed. For processed food crops: crops which are intended for human consumption not to be eaten raw but after food processing (i.e. cooked, industrially processed). It can also be used on crops which are not intended for human consumption (e.g. pastures, forage, fiber, ornamental, seed, forest and turf crops). In developing countries , agriculture

1740-482: Is water that is used more than one time before it passes back into the natural water cycle. Advances in municipal wastewater treatment technology allow communities to reuse water for many different purposes. The water is treated differently depending upon the source and use of the water as well as how it gets delivered. The World Health Organization has recognized the following principal driving forces for municipal wastewater reuse: In some areas, one driving force

1800-493: The 2010 Olympics , once for each medal won by Canada. The first was at 7:30pm on February 13 for a silver won by Jennifer Heil . The Heritage Horns were also sounding at 7:00 p.m. each evening from March 26 to April 16, 2020 in support of essential service workers across Canada. Another notable time signal in the area is the 9 O'Clock Gun across the harbour in Stanley Park . Reclaimed water Water reclamation

1860-499: The City of Vancouver 2012 commercial metered water and sewer rates at $ 2.803 and $ 1.754, respectively, the convention centre can save over $ 21,000 per month in utility fees through water reuse . One of the biggest operating challenges when the facility first started up was the ability to maintain the treatment plant bacteria in a healthy condition during lengthy periods (e.g. late December through mid-January) with limited wastewater to feed

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1920-694: The Main Press Centre. Canada Place was built on the land which was originally the Canadian Pacific Railway 's Pier B–C. Built in 1927, its primary purpose was to serve CPR and other shipping lines trading across the Pacific Ocean. In 1978 Federal, Provincial and Municipal governments commenced planning for development of convention, cruise ship and hotel facilities. Four years later, the Government of Canada created

1980-510: The augmentation of drinking water supplies with municipal wastewater treated to a level suitable for IPR followed by an environmental buffer (e.g. rivers, dams, aquifers, etc.) that precedes drinking water treatment. In this case, municipal wastewater passes through a series of treatment steps that encompasses membrane filtration and separation processes (e.g. MF, UF and RO), followed by an advanced chemical oxidation process (e.g. UV, UV+H 2 O 2 , ozone). In ‘indirect' potable reuse applications,

2040-705: The building was certified LEED Platinum by the Canada Green Building Council . The West Building opened to the public on April 4, 2009, and had a final cost of $ 883,000,000 CAD (exclusive of land). The building hosted the International Broadcast Centre for the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics . Connecting to the centre is the Fairmont Pacific Rim hotel. Adjacent to the West building

2100-480: The composition of the wastewater and on the soil or plant characteristics. The use of reclaimed water to create, enhance, sustain, or augment water bodies including wetlands , aquatic habitats, or stream flow is called "environmental reuse". For example, constructed wetlands fed by wastewater provide both wastewater treatment and habitats for flora and fauna. Treated wastewater can be reused in industry (for example in cooling towers ). Planned potable reuse

2160-753: The consumer indirectly. After it is purified, the reused water blends with other supplies and/or sits a while in some sort of storage, man-made or natural, before it gets delivered to a pipeline that leads to a water treatment plant or distribution system. That storage could be a groundwater basin or a surface water reservoir. Some municipalities are using and others are investigating IPR of reclaimed water. For example, reclaimed water may be pumped into (subsurface recharge) or percolated down to (surface recharge) groundwater aquifers, pumped out, treated again, and finally used as drinking water. This technique may also be referred to as groundwater recharging . This includes slow processes of further multiple purification steps via

2220-432: The drinking water supply. Some communities reuse water to replenish groundwater basins. Others put it into surface water reservoirs. In these instances the reclaimed water is blended with other water supplies and/or sits in storage for a certain amount of time before it is drawn out and gets treated again at a water treatment or distribution system. In some communities, the reused water is put directly into pipelines that go to

2280-517: The event that the roof irrigation demands exceed the capacity of the wastewater treatment plant, make-up water can be provided by a reverse osmosis desalinization plant drawing and treating seawater pumped from the harbour as well as municipal water through an air gap connection to the storage tanks, as needed. All wastewater from washrooms, retail, and restaurant activities in the building is reclaimed and recycled for use in toilet and urinal flushing, and green roof irrigation. The treatment facility uses

2340-444: The layers of earth/sand (absorption) and microflora in the soil (biodegradation). IPR or even unplanned potable use of reclaimed wastewater is used in many countries, where the latter is discharged into groundwater to hold back saline intrusion in coastal aquifers. IPR has generally included some type of environmental buffer, but conditions in certain areas have created an urgent need for more direct alternatives. IPR occurs through

2400-502: The main press centre for the 2010 Winter Olympics . The West Building is directly adjacent to Canada Place and consists of 110,000 m (1,200,000 sq ft) total interior space including 20,490 m (220,500 sq ft) of convention space, 8,400 m (90,000 sq ft) of retail space along a public waterfront promenade, and 450 parking stalls. Surrounding the building are 37,000 m (400,000 sq ft) of walkways, bikeways, public open space and plazas, for

2460-427: The need to frequently resupply the space station. De facto, unacknowledged or unplanned potable reuse refers to situations where reuse of treated wastewater is practiced but is not officially recognized. For example, a sewage treatment plant from one city may be discharging effluents to a river which is used as a drinking water supply for another city downstream. Unplanned Indirect Potable Use has existed for

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2520-600: The other end. The soil could be used for growing vegetables , and the bioreactor also produces electricity . Aboard the International Space Station, astronauts have been able to drink recycled urine due to the introduction of the ECLSS system. The system costs $ 250 million and has been working since May 2009. The system recycles wastewater and urine back into potable water used for drinking, food preparation, and oxygen generation. This cuts back on

2580-504: The processed water is hygienically safe, meaning free from pathogens . The following are some of the typical technologies: Ozonation , ultrafiltration , aerobic treatment ( membrane bioreactor ), forward osmosis , reverse osmosis , and advanced oxidation , or activated carbon . Some water-demanding activities do not require high grade water. In this case, wastewater can be reused with little or no treatment. The cost of reclaimed water exceeds that of potable water in many regions of

2640-405: The public plaza restaurant. No public access is allowed to the roof, which made it possible to create a fully functional ecosystem with natural drainage and seed migration patterns using the roof's architectural topography. The landscape functionally connects to nearby Stanley Park via a corridor of waterfront parks. Irrigation to the roof is provided by the building's wastewater treatment plant. In

2700-544: The reclaimed wastewater is used directly or mixed with other sources. Direct potable reuse (DPR) means the reused water is put directly into pipelines that go to a water treatment plant or distribution system. Direct potable reuse may occur with or without "engineered storage" such as underground or above ground tanks. In other words, DPR is the introduction of reclaimed water derived from domestic wastewater after extensive treatment and monitoring to assure that strict water quality requirements are met at all times, directly into

2760-498: The rehabilitation of natural ecosystems (for example in wetlands ). The main reclaimed water applications in the world are shown below: In rarer cases reclaimed water is also used to augment drinking water supplies. Most of the uses of water reclamation are non-potable uses such as washing cars, flushing toilets, cooling water for power plants, concrete mixing, artificial lakes, irrigation for golf courses and public parks, and for hydraulic fracturing . Where applicable, systems run

2820-606: The roof of the Pan Pacific hotel and have an output of 115 Decibels . They were originally on the roof of the BC Hydro building (now The Electra) and were silent when the headquarters was converted to condominiums in the early 1990s. The horns started sounding again on November 8, 1994 after being acquired, refurbished, and relocated to Canada Place. Due to complaints, the timer was changed from mechanical to electrical soon after to make them accurate. They sounded 26 times during

2880-771: The site's heat-island contribution. In 2002, and again in 2008, the VCEC was awarded the International Association of Congress Centres (AIPC) "Apex Award" for the "World's Best Congress Centre". In April 2010, the West Building expansion received an Award of Excellence from the Urban Land Institute . It has also received multiple awards from the AIA Seattle chapter. Canada Place Canada Place , co-named Komagata Maru Place ,

2940-585: The total volume of waste generated. It avoids canned goods, disposable utensils and dishes, and donates leftover food to local charities. The 2.4-hectare (6-acre) " living roof " is the largest in Canada and the largest non-industrial living roof in North America. The roof landscape is designed as a self-sustaining grassy habitat characteristic of coastal British Columbia, including 400,000 native plants and 4 colonies of 60,000 bees each which provide honey for

3000-401: The treatment plant due to limited convention activity and concurrent wastewater generation within the building; however, once the restaurants in the building were established this challenge was resolved. The building's heating and cooling system feeds through the deep water of the harbor, using it as a constant temperature base to reduce the amount of energy used for heating and cooling. Along

3060-483: The use of reclaimed water from treated wastewater, has been a long-established reality in many (semi)arid countries and regions. It helps to alleviate water scarcity by supplementing limited freshwater resources." The water that is used as an input to the treatment and reuse processes can be from a variety of sources. Usually it is wastewater ( domestic or municipal, industrial or agricultural wastewater) but it could also come from urban runoff . Reclaimed water

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3120-408: The waterfront, the shoreline ecology is fully restored from its previous brownfield state and supports a historic salmon migration path. An artificial reef structure rings the building perimeter, consisting of a series of concrete steps. Each step is planted with marine species adapted to a specific depth below the water, resulting in a kelp forest characteristic of the natural shoreline and supporting

3180-1016: The world's population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are available only with large capital expenditure . Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by municipal wastewater reuse and recycling, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprint . Reuse can be an alternative water supply option. Achieving more sustainable sanitation and wastewater management will require emphasis on actions linked to resource management, such as wastewater reuse or excreta reuse that will keep valuable resources available for productive uses. This in turn supports human wellbeing and broader sustainability . Water/wastewater reuse, as an alternative water source, can provide significant economic, social and environmental benefits, which are key motivators for implementing such reuse programs. These benefits include: Reclaiming water for reuse applications instead of using freshwater supplies can be

3240-413: The world, where fresh water is plentiful. However, reclaimed water is usually sold to citizens at a cheaper rate to encourage its use. As fresh water supplies become limited from distribution costs, increased population demands, or climate change , the cost ratios will evolve also. The evaluation of reclaimed water needs to consider the entire water supply system, as it may bring important flexibility into

3300-467: The world, where fresh water is plentiful. The costs of water reclamation options might be compared to the costs of alternative options which also achieve similar effects of freshwater savings, namely greywater reuse systems, rainwater harvesting and stormwater recovery , or seawater desalination . Water recycling and reuse is of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Municipal wastewater reuse

3360-545: The year many community events are held at and hosted by Canada Place. The Pan Pacific Vancouver opened in January 1986 and has 503 rooms and suites, two restaurants, and a lounge. The hotel is operated by Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts . The Heritage Horns, formerly known as the 12 O'clock Horn, sound the first four notes of O Canada every day at noon and can be heard throughout Downtown Vancouver and beyond. The ten horns have five facing north and five facing east on

3420-521: Was awarded a "Go Green" certificate from the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) for industry-approved, environmental best practices in building management. The living roof, seawater heating and cooling, on-site water treatment and fish habitat built into the foundation of the West Building make it one of the greenest convention centres in the world. The Centre recycles an average of 180,000 kilograms of materials annually, nearly half of

3480-546: Was co-named Komagata Maru Place in honor of a 1914 incident when the Komagata Maru steamship (also known as the Guru Nanak Jahaaz) brought 376 Punjabis (337 Sikhs , 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus ) to Vancouver, most of whom were denied entry, detained for two months with a lack of medical aid, food or water, and then forced to return to India, where many were killed by British authorities. Throughout

3540-448: Was designed by architects Zeidler Roberts Partnership in joint venture with Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership and DA Architects + Planners . Canada Place is accessed via West Cordova Street and near Waterfront Station , a major transit hub with SkyTrain , SeaBus , and West Coast Express connections. The structure was expanded in 2001 to accommodate another cruise ship berth. During the 2010 Winter Olympics , Canada Place served as

3600-476: Was opened by Prince Charles and Brian Mulroney , Prime Minister of Canada. Among the largest and most elaborate pavilions presented by any nation at any World's Fair, the Canada Pavilion hosted more than 5 million visitors prior to the October 13, 1986 closing date. Canada Place Corporation (CPC), a Crown agent, continues to act as the coordinating landlord for Canada Place facilities. In 2024, Canada Place

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