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70-416: Koose Munusamy Veerappan (18 January 1952 – 18 October 2004) was an Indian criminal who was active for 36 years from 1968 to 2004. He was charged with sandalwood smuggling and poaching of elephants in the scrub lands and forests in the states of Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Kerala . He was wanted for killing approximately 184 people, about half of whom were police officers and forest officials. He

140-546: A Robin Hood image and to draft terms of negotiations when he kidnapped prominent people. Kolathur Mani , president of Dravidar Viduthalai Kazhagam , formerly the Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam (PDK) party, was arrested and brought to trial as an accomplice in several of Veerappan's crimes, although later acquitted due to lack of evidence. On 18 October 2004, Veerappan and three of his associates were killed by

210-404: A Bandari person whom he suspected of being a police informer. As a result, a 41-member team of police officers and forestry officials were called in to investigate. On 9 April 1993, landmines were detonated underneath the two vehicles in which the team was traveling. The blast occurred at Palar, near Malai Mahadeswara Hills (present-day Chamarajanagar District , Karnataka) and killed 22 members of

280-402: A crime can be resolved through financial compensation varies depending on the culture and the specific context of the crime. Historically, many societies have absolved acts of homicide through compensation to the victim's relatives. If a crime is committed, the individual responsible is considered to be liable for the crime. For liability to exist, the individual must be capable of understanding

350-445: A crime is found guilty of the crime, the state delivers a sentence to determine the penalty for the crime. Authorities may respond to crime through corrections, carrying out punishment as a means to censure the criminal act. Punishment is generally reserved for serious offenses. Individuals regularly engage in activity that could be scrutinized under criminal law but are deemed inconsequential. Retributive justice seeks to create

420-461: A crime. In many cases, disputes over a crime in this system lead to a feud that lasts over several generations. The state determines what actions are considered criminal in the scope of the law. Criminalization has significant human rights considerations, as it can infringe on rights of autonomy and subject individuals to unjust punishment. The enforcement of criminal law seeks to prevent crime and sanction crimes that do occur. This enforcement

490-627: A criminal's unlawful action to prevent recidivism . Different criminological theories propose different methods of rehabilitation, including strengthening social networks , reducing poverty , influencing values , and providing therapy for physical and mental ailments. Rehabilitative programs may include counseling or vocational education . Developed nations are less likely to use physical punishments. Instead, they will impose financial penalties or imprisonment. In places with widespread corruption or limited rule of law , crime may be punished extralegally through mob rule and lynching . Whether

560-493: A disproportionate response to provocation. Common examples of property crime include burglary , theft , and vandalism . Examples of financial crimes include counterfeiting , smuggling , tax evasion , and bribery . The scope of financial crimes has expanded significantly since the beginning of modern economics in the 17th century. In occupational crime , the complexity and anonymity of computer systems may help criminal employees camouflage their operations. The victims of

630-449: A form of reparation such as a community sentence , or, depending on the nature of their offence, to undergo imprisonment , life imprisonment or, in some jurisdictions , death . Usually, to be classified as a crime, the "act of doing something criminal" ( actus reus ) must – with certain exceptions  – be accompanied by the "intention to do something criminal" ( mens rea ). While every crime violates

700-419: A given state, and they are necessarily applied against political dissidents . Due to their unique relation to the state, political crimes are often encouraged by one nation against another, and it is political alignment rather than the act itself that determines criminality. State crime that is carried out by the state to repress law-abiding citizens may also be considered political crime. Inchoate crime

770-439: A less affluent region. Many of the traits that indicate criminality also indicate victimality; victims of crime are more likely to engage in unlawful behavior and respond to provocation. Overall demographic trends of victims and criminals are often similar, and victims are more likely to have engaged in criminal activities themselves. The victims may only want compensation for the injuries suffered, while remaining indifferent to

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840-420: A matter of private compensation. The most significant Roman law concept involved dominion . Most acts recognized as crimes in ancient societies, such as violence and theft, have persisted to the modern era. The criminal justice system of Imperial China existed unbroken for over 2,000 years. Many of the earliest conceptions of crime are associated with sin and corresponded to acts that were believed to invoke

910-419: A notorious poacher and sandalwood smuggler. Veerappan initially worked as a sandalwood and ivory smuggler, killing elephants for their tusks. He later broke away from his uncle. Over the next 25 years, Veerappan and other poachers together killed 2,000 to 3,000 elephants, with Veerappan and his gang responsible for approximately 500 of them. He was first arrested in 1972. After committing his first murder, at

980-432: A possible desire for deterrence . Victims, on their own, may lack the economies of scale that could allow them to administer a penal system, let alone to collect any fines levied by a court. Historically, from ancient times until the 19th century, many societies believed that non-human animals were capable of committing crimes, and prosecuted and punished them accordingly. Prosecutions of animals gradually dwindled during

1050-433: A societal issue as early as the 17th century. Imprisonment developed as a long-term penalty for crime in the 18th century. Increasing urbanization and industrialization in the 19th century caused crime to become an immediate issue that affected society, prompting government intervention in crime and the establishment of criminology as its own field. Anthropological criminology was popularized by Cesare Lombroso in

1120-580: A societal issue, and criminal law was seen as a means to protect the public from antisocial behavior. This idea was associated with a larger trend in the western world toward social democracy and centre-left politics . Through most of history, reporting of crime was generally local. The advent of mass media through radio and television in the mid-20th century allowed for the sensationalism of crime. This created well-known stories of criminals such as Jeffrey Dahmer , and it allowed for dramatization that perpetuates misconceptions about crime. Forensic science

1190-400: A system of accountability and punish criminals in a way that knowingly causes suffering. This may arise out of a feeling that criminals deserve to suffer and that punishment should exist for its own sake. The existence of punishment also creates an effect of deterrence that discourages criminal action for fear of punishment. Rehabilitation seeks to understand and mitigate the causes of

1260-404: A system of traveling judges that tried accused criminals in each region of England by applying precedent from previous rulings. Legal developments in 12th century England also resulted in the earliest known recording of official crime data. In the modern era, crime came to be seen as an issue affecting society rather than conflicts between individuals. Writers such as Thomas Hobbes saw crime as

1330-420: A victim. Some factors may cause victims of crime to experience short-term or long-term "repeat victimization". Common long-term victims are those that have close relationships with the criminal, manifesting in crimes such as domestic violence , embezzlement , child abuse , and bullying . Repeat victimization may also occur when a potential victim appears to be a viable target, such as when indicating wealth in

1400-471: Is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each relevant jurisdiction . While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code , in some common law nations no such comprehensive statute exists. The state ( government ) has the power to severely restrict one's liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere. If found guilty , an offender may be sentenced to

1470-497: Is a type of social construct , and societal attitudes determine what is considered criminal. In legal systems based on legal moralism , the predominant moral beliefs of society determine the legal definition as well as the social definition of crime. This system is less prominent in liberal democratic societies that prioritize individualism and multiculturalism over other moral beliefs. Paternalism defines crime not only as harm to others or to society, but also as harm to

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1540-432: Is an individual who has been treated unjustly or made to suffer. In the context of crime, the victim is the individual that is harmed by a violation of criminal law. Victimization is associated with post-traumatic stress and a long-term decrease in quality of life . Victimology is the study of victims, including their role in crime and how they are affected. Several factors affect an individual's likelihood of becoming

1610-452: Is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by someone of a higher-level social class. These crimes are primarily small scale, for immediate beneficial gain to the individual or group involved in them. Examples of blue-collar crime include Narcotic production or distribution, sexual assault , theft , burglary , assault or murder . Violent crime

1680-478: Is associated with the broken windows theory , which posits that public order crimes increase the likelihood of other types of crime. Some public order crimes are considered victimless crimes in which no specific victim can be identified. Most nations in the Western world have moved toward decriminalization of victimless crimes in the modern era. Adultery , fornication , blasphemy , apostasy , and invoking

1750-410: Is carried out by the state through law enforcement agencies , such as police , which are empowered to arrest suspected perpetrators of crimes. Law enforcement may focus on policing individual crimes, or it may focus on bringing down overall crime rates. One common variant, community policing , seeks to prevent crime by integrating police into the community and public life. When the perpetrator of

1820-569: Is crime that involves an act of violent aggression against another person. Common examples of violent crime include homicide , assault , sexual assault , and robbery . Some violent crimes, such as assault, may be committed with the intention of causing harm. Other violent crimes, such as robbery, may use violence to further another goal. Violent crime is distinct from noncriminal types of violence, such as self-defense , use of force , and acts of war . Acts of violence are most often perceived as deviant when they are committed as an overreaction or

1890-428: Is crime that is carried out in anticipation of other illegal actions but does not cause direct harm. Examples of inchoate crimes include attempt and conspiracy . Inchoate crimes are defined by substantial action to facilitate a crime with the intention of the crime's occurrence. This is distinct from simple preparation for or consideration of criminal activity. They are unique in that renunciation of criminal intention

1960-425: Is defined by the criminal law of a given jurisdiction, including all actions that are subject to criminal procedure . There is no limit to what can be considered a crime in a legal system, so there may not be a unifying principle used to determine whether an action should be designated as a crime. From a legal perspective, crimes are generally wrong actions that are severe enough to warrant punishment that infringes on

2030-514: Is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make. There are natural-law theorists who have accepted the idea of enforcing the prevailing morality as a primary function of the law. This view entails the problem that it makes any moral criticism of the law impossible: if conformity with natural law forms a necessary condition for legal validity, all valid law must, by definition, count as morally just. Thus, on this line of reasoning,

2100-493: Is generally enough to absolve the perpetrator of criminal liability, as their actions are no longer facilitating a potential future crime. A criminal is an individual who commits a crime. What constitutes a criminal can vary depending on the context and the law, and it often carries a pejorative connotation. Criminals are often seen as embodying certain stereotypes or traits and are seen as a distinct type of person from law-abiding citizens. Despite this, no mental or physical trend

2170-429: Is identifiable that differentiates criminals from non-criminals. Public response to criminals may be indignant or sympathetic. Indignant responses involve resentment and a desire for vengeance, wishing to see criminals removed from society or made to suffer for harm that they cause. Sympathetic responses involve compassion and understanding, seeking to rehabilitate or forgive criminals and absolve them of blame. A victim

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2240-415: Is often associated with law and psychology. Information and statistics about crime in a given jurisdiction are collected as crime estimates, typically produced by national or international agencies. Methods to collect crime statistics may vary, even between jurisdictions within the same nation. Under-reporting of crime is common, particularly in developing nations. Victim studies may be used to determine

2310-399: Is the reason , which is the first principle of human acts". He regarded people as by nature rational beings, concluding that it becomes morally appropriate that they should behave in a way that conforms to their rational nature. Thus, to be valid, any law must conform to natural law and coercing people to conform to that law is morally acceptable. In the 1760s, William Blackstone described

2380-585: The Kerala police to help release Nagappa. Encounter to release him failed, and Nagappa was found dead three months later in a Karnataka forest. The reward offered by the Karnataka state government was then increased to 15 crore rupees. For several years during the 1990s, Veerappan kidnapped police officials and other personalities and demanded ransom money. It is believed that ransoms were often unofficially paid. In July 1997, he kidnapped nine forest officials in

2450-418: The 19th century, although a few were recorded as late as the 1910s and 1920s. Virtually all countries in the 21st century have criminal law grounded in civil law , common law , Islamic law , or socialist law . Historically, criminal codes have often divided criminals by class or caste, prescribing different penalties depending on status. In some tribal societies, an entire clan is recognized as liable for

2520-663: The Burude forests in Chamarajanagar district . In that case, the hostages were released unharmed a few years later even though his ransom demand was not met. It is also believed that Veerappan buried large amounts of money in various parts of the forest; in 2002 police recovered 3.3 million rupees from his gang members. Banned organisations like the Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT) and Tamil Nadu Liberation Army helped Veerappan to secure

2590-781: The Coimbatore and Chennai City Police. He has been part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ). Apart from his home cadre of Tamil Nadu, as part of the ITBP , BSF and CRPF , he has served in Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and J&K. He assumed the charge of DG ITBP on 31 August 2021 as the 31st Chief of the Force. He also held additional charge of DG SSB. He was appointed as

2660-650: The IPS in 1988 and was allotted the Tamil Nadu cadre. He obtained his bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur . In Tamil Nadu, he was part of the STF that carried out operations against Veerappan 's gang. Being the first IPS volunteer for the force, he was the head of Tamil Nadu STF under the overall command of Walter Dewaram . He has also served in

2730-598: The Tamil Nadu Special Task Force and N. K. Senthamarai Kannan under the leadership of K. Vijay Kumar . The encounter happened near the village of Papparapatti in Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. Veerappan and his men were lured into an ambulance by an undercover policeman under the pretext of taking them to Dharmapuri for medical treatment. The Tamil Nadu Special Task Force, which had been observing his movements for several months, surrounded

2800-612: The Tamil Nadu-Karnataka border, where the film star was attending his housewarming ceremony. Public outcry and violence ensued in Bangalore as well as other parts of Karnataka. A bandh , or strike, also occurred on 22 September in Bangalore. Karnataka's Chief Minister and police personnel sought the help of Tamil Nadu Government and visited Chennai seeking help. Negotiations were conducted and R. Gopal , an editor of

2870-554: The Tamil magazine Nakkeeran , was involved in several rounds of talks with Veerappan. Gopal had earlier visited Veerappan for similar negotiations, and visited the forest several times for videotaped discussions. Veerappan demanded justice for Tamil Nadu in the Cauvery Water dispute , as well as making Tamil the second official language of Karnataka and the release of certain Tamil political prisoners jailed in Tamil Nadu. Rajkumar

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2940-584: The age of 17, he began killing those who resisted his illegal activities. His victims tended to be police officers, forest officials, and informants. In 1987, Veerappan kidnapped and murdered a Sathyamangalam Taluka forest officer named Chidambaram from Tamil Nadu. This brought his activities to the attention of the Indian Government. He drew further attention by murdering a senior IFS officer, Pandillapalli Srinivas , in November 1991. Next, there

3010-414: The ambulance, and the gangsters were killed in the ensuing gunfight. The entire operation was named Operation Cocoon . Veerappan's associates Sethukuli Govindan, Chandre Gowdar and Sethumani were also killed in the operation. His death was described as the "death of a demon". The villagers of Gopinatham celebrated with firecrackers on hearing the news. Several human rights activists, who rallied under

3080-511: The anger of a deity. This idea was further popularized with the development of the Abrahamic religions . The understanding of crime and sin were closely associated with one another for much of history, and conceptions of crime took on many of the ideas associated with sin. Islamic law developed its own system of criminal justice as Islam spread in the seventh and eighth centuries. In post-classical Europe and East Asia, central government

3150-587: The banner of the Centre for Protection of Civil Liberties (CPCL), claimed that circumstantial evidence indicated that Veerappan was murdered by police after being tortured. Veerappan was buried at Moolakkadu near Mettur in Tamil Nadu, as his family members were more attached to it and most of his relatives in Gopinatham had left. The police had planned a cremation but decided on a burial after objections from Veerappan's relatives. Thousands of people turned out for

3220-796: The burial, while others were kept away by heavy security. On April 25, 2013, the Pattali Makkal Katchi and the Vanniyar Sangam called Veerappan a youth icon at the Vanniyar Youth Cultural Festival at Mamallapuram. The incident was condemned by Jayalalithaa , the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu . Kannada: Veerappan: Dantachorana Bennatti Hindi: Veerappana: Ek Satya Katha Marathi: Veerappan Viruddh Vijay Kumar Criminal The notion that acts such as murder , rape , and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely

3290-628: The capture. Three months later, Veerappan attacked the Ramapura police station in Kollegal , killing several policemen and capturing arms and ammunition. In August 1992, Veerappan laid a trap for SI Shakeel Ahmed, killing him along with five others. The Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Special Task Forces then began intensified combing operations along the two states' border areas and also around Gopinatham village, Veerappan's birthplace. Through these operations, under charge of Sanjay Arora and Shankar Bidari,

3360-438: The community, or against the state. The criminality of an action is dependent on its context; acts of violence will be seen as crimes in many circumstances but as permissible or desirable in others. Crime was historically seen as a manifestation of evil , but this has been superseded by modern criminal theories. Legal and political definitions of crime consider actions that are banned by authorities or punishable by law. Crime

3430-591: The criminal process and the relevant authority must have legitimate power to establish what constitutes a crime. Sanjay Arora (officer) Sanjay Arora is an IPS officer of the 1988 batch, Tamil Nadu cadre (IPS 88, TN). He is currently serving as the Commissioner of the Delhi Police . He has also served as the Chief of Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Sashastra Seema Bal . Sanjay Arora joined

3500-419: The equal respect and concern of those who govern them as a fundamental political right. He offers a theory of compliance overlaid by a theory of deference (the citizen's duty to obey the law) and a theory of enforcement, which identifies the legitimate goals of enforcement and punishment. Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group

3570-437: The frequency of crime in a given population. Justifying the state's use of force to coerce compliance with its laws has proven a consistent theoretical problem. One of the earliest justifications involved the theory of natural law . This posits that the nature of the world or of human beings underlies the standards of morality or constructs them. Thomas Aquinas wrote in the 13th century: "the rule and measure of human acts

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3640-479: The gang was reduced to 5 members. Meetings with Gopinatham villagers were held, and the 5- crore bounty was announced. In 1993, the task force arrested Veerappan's wife, Muthulakshmi, and charged her with aiding, but she was acquitted of all charges. On 30 June 2000, Veerappan abducted Kannada cinema actor Rajkumar and three others from Dodda Gajanur, a village in Sathyamangalam taluk Erode district near

3710-449: The late-19th century. This was a biological determinist school of thought based in social darwinism , arguing that certain people are naturally born as criminals. The eugenics movement of the early-20th century similarly held that crime was caused primarily by genetic factors. The concept of crime underwent a period of change as modernism was widely accepted in the years following World War II . Crime increasingly came to be seen as

3780-466: The law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime. Breaches of private law ( torts and breaches of contract ) are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure . The exact definition of crime is a philosophical issue without an agreed upon answer. Fields such as law, politics, sociology, and psychology define crime in different ways. Crimes may be variously considered as wrongs against individuals, against

3850-465: The legal validity of a norm necessarily entails its moral justice. Restrictions on behavior existed in all prehistoric societies. Crime in early human society was seen as a personal transgression and was addressed by the community as a whole rather than through a formal legal system, often through the use of custom, religion, or the rule of a tribal leader. Some of the oldest extant writings are ancient criminal codes . The earliest known criminal code

3920-524: The legislature decrees to achieve social utility, but every individual remains free to choose what to do. Similarly, H.L.A. Hart saw the law as an aspect of sovereignty , with lawmakers able to adopt any law as a means to a moral end. Thus the necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of a proposition of law involved internal logic and consistency , and that the state's agents used state power with responsibility . Ronald Dworkin rejects Hart's theory and proposes that all individuals should expect

3990-486: The most costly scams include banks, brokerage houses, insurance companies, and other large financial institutions. Public order crime is crime that violates a society's norms about what constitutes socially acceptable behavior. Examples of public order crimes include gambling , drug-related crime , public intoxication , prostitution , loitering , breach of the peace , panhandling , vagrancy , street harassment , excessive noise , and littering . Public order crime

4060-413: The name of God are commonly recognized as crimes in theocratic societies or those heavily influenced by religion. Political crime is crime that directly challenges or threatens the state. Examples of political crimes include subversion , rebellion , treason , mutiny , espionage , sedition , terrorism , riot , and unlawful assembly . Political crimes are associated with the political agenda of

4130-466: The perpetrator's liberties. English criminal law and the related common law of Commonwealth countries can define offences that the courts alone have developed over the years, without any actual legislation: common law offences . The courts used the concept of malum in se to develop various common law offences. As a sociological concept, crime is associated with actions that cause harm and violate social norms . Under this definition, crime

4200-717: The relationship of crime and the community. Due to the wide range of concepts associated with crime and the disagreement on a precise definition, the focus of criminology can vary considerably. Various theories within criminology provide different descriptions and explanations for crime, including social control theory , subcultural theory , strain theory , differential association , and labeling theory . Subfields of criminology and related fields of study include crime prevention , criminal law , crime statistics , anthropological criminology , criminal psychology , criminal sociology, criminal psychiatry , victimology , penology , and forensic science . Besides sociology, criminology

4270-477: The self. Psychological definitions consider the state of mind of perpetrators and their relationship with their environment. The study of crime is called criminology . Criminology is a subfield of sociology that addresses issues of social norms , social order , deviance , and violence . It includes the motivations and consequences of crime and its perpetrators , as well as preventative measures , either studying criminal acts on an individual level or

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4340-580: The team. Known as the Palar blast, this was Veerappan's single largest mass killing. In 1992, the Karnataka and the Tamil Nadu Governments formed a Special Task Force to catch Veerappan. It was headed in Tamil Nadu by Sanjay Arora and in Karnataka by Shankar Bidri with Walter Devaram as the joint chief. In February 1992, his lieutenant Gurunathan was killed by the Karnataka task force, with SI Shakeel Ahmed single-handedly responsible for

4410-467: The thesis: But John Austin (1790–1859), an early positivist , applied utilitarianism in accepting the calculating nature of human beings and the existence of an objective morality. He denied that the legal validity of a norm depends on whether its content conforms to morality. Thus, in Austinian terms, a moral code can objectively determine what people ought to do, the law can embody whatever norms

4480-510: Was also responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active and for smuggling ivory worth US$ 2.6 million (₹16 crore) and about 65 tons of sandalwood worth approximately US$ 22 million (₹143 crore). The battle to capture Veerappan cost the governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over ₹100 crore. Veerappan was born into a Tamil family in Gopinatham, Kollegala , Coimbatore District (Madras State) now in Karnataka in 1952. In 1990, he

4550-527: Was held for 108 days and finally released without harm in November 2000. A police official later revealed that 20 crore rupees had been paid by Karnataka government for his release. On 25 August 2002, Veerappan abducted H. Nagappa , a former minister of Karnataka, from his village in Kamagere, Chamarajanagar district . Nagappa had been a minister for Agricultural Marketing from 1996 to 1999. The Joint Special task forces of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu worked with

4620-582: Was limited and crime was defined locally. Towns established their own criminal justice systems, while crime in the countryside was defined by the social hierarchies of feudalism . In some places, such as the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy , feudal justice survived into the 19th century. Common law first developed in England under the rule of Henry II in the 12th century. He established

4690-405: Was married to Muthulakshmi , who reportedly married him because of his "notoriety and moustache". As of 2004, his two daughters, Vidya Rani (born in 1990) and Prabha (born in 1993), were studying in Tamil Nadu. He enjoyed support from the Pattali Makkal Katchi party which openly sought for clemency on behalf of Veerappan. Veerappan began his criminal career by assisting his uncle Saalvai Gounder,

4760-630: Was popularized in the 1980s, establishing DNA profiling as a new method to prevent and analyze crime. White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals. The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains. Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft , fraud , bribery , Ponzi schemes , insider trading , labor racketeering , embezzlement , cybercrime , copyright infringement , money laundering , identity theft , and forgery . Blue-collar crime

4830-530: Was the Code of Ur-Nammu ( c.  2100  – c.  2050 BC ), and the first known criminal code that incorporated retaliatory justice was the Code of Hammurabi . The latter influenced the conception of crime across several civilizations over the following millennia. The Romans systematized law and applied their system across the Roman Empire . The initial rules of Roman law regarded assaults as

4900-581: Was the August 1992 ambush of a police party, which included a senior IPS officer, Harikrishna. Veerappan was not averse to killing civilians, and killed a man from his native village for traveling in a police jeep. He regularly killed anyone suspected of being a police informer. Because of political instability, Veerappan could easily escape from one state to another. State jurisdiction problems also prevented police officers from entering other states to apprehend Veerappan. In Govindapadi, Mettur , Veerappan killed

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