81-771: Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products —particularly in diet —and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals . A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan . The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all forms of animal use , whether in agriculture for labour or food (e.g., meat, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products , and honey), in clothing and industry (e.g., leather , wool , fur , and some cosmetics ), in entertainment (e.g., zoos , exotic pets , and circuses ), or in services (e.g., guide dogs , police dogs , hunting dogs , working animals , and animal testing , including medical experimentation and
162-436: A deist . He advocated social justice and lived a secluded , ascetic lifestyle. He was a vegan , known in his time as a moral vegetarian, entreating: "Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals / Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for their young." Al-Ma'arri held an antinatalist outlook, in line with his general pessimism, suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of
243-509: A " pessimistic freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial rationalist of his time, rejecting superstition and dogmatism. His written works exhibit a fixation on the study of language and its historical development, known as philology . He was pessimistic about life, describing himself as "a double prisoner" of blindness and isolation . He attacked religious dogmas and practices , was equally critical and sarcastic about Judaism , Christianity , Islam , and Zoroastrianism , and became
324-418: A London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne. Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together". Sylvester Graham 's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour —became popular as
405-808: A Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839 . In 1843, members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food , led by Sophia Chichester , a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House. Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society , which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent . The Medical Times and Gazette in London reported in 1884: There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form,
486-606: A Russian-British engineer) observing. World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society, and the Society considers November World Vegan Month. The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers. It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue. Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson (1946) and Aids to
567-469: A Small Planet . It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain". The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the U.S., including Dean Ornish , Caldwell Esselstyn , Neal D. Barnard , John A. McDougall , Michael Greger , and biochemist T. Colin Campbell , who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as
648-439: A Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948). The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own". From 1948, The Vegan ' s front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951,
729-579: A battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger ; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism were vegetarians. During a visit to London in 1931, Mahatma Gandhi —who had joined the London Vegetarian Society 's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote
810-604: A health remedy in the 1830s in the United States. The first known vegan cookbook was Asenath Nicholson 's Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians , published in 1849. Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, Amos Bronson Alcott , father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott , opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844, and in England, James Pierrepont Greaves founded
891-537: A meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health. Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The lacto-vegetarians , on
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#1732793927291972-496: A poet. A few poems in the collection were about armour. A second, more original collection appeared under the title Unnecessary Necessity ( Luzūm mā lam yalzam لزوم ما لا يلزم ), or simply Necessities ( Luzūmīyāt اللزوميات ). The title refers to how al-Ma'arri saw the business of living and alludes to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used. His third work is a work of prose known as The Epistle of Forgiveness ( Risalat al-Ghufran رسالة الغفران ). The work
1053-438: A practicing vegan ). He wrote: Do not unjustly eat fish the water has given up, and do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals, Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for their young, not for noble ladies. And do not grieve the unsuspecting birds by taking their eggs; for injustice
1134-530: A proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019. In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims". ISO 23662 was rejected by Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme who found
1215-587: A set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce. Al-Ma'arri criticized many of the dogmas of Islam , such as the Hajj , which he called "a pagan's journey". He rejected claims of any divine revelation and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic, for whom reason provides a moral guide, and virtue is its own reward. His secularist views included both Judaism and Christianity as well. Al-Ma'arri remarked that monks in their cloisters or devotees in their mosques were blindly following
1296-562: A significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold. Meanwhile, meat consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock. Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually. It uses between 20 and 33% of
1377-743: A vegan diet. In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among millennials . China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020, which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period". This exceeds the projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively. In 2018, Jacy Reese Anthis 's book The End of Animal Farming argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100. The book
1458-400: A winehouse whose Christian owner was accused of molesting a Muslim woman. Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others. He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad. Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and
1539-548: Is " environmental veganism ", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable . Another motivation for veganism is concern about animal welfare . Since 1988, The Vegan Society gives two definitions of veganism: Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes
1620-589: Is classed as category 3 risk waste in the Animal By-Products Regulations , with the exception of condemned meat which is classed as category 2 risk. The leftover pieces that come from the process of stripping meat from animals tends to get used for different purposes. One of them is to put these parts into pet food. Many large, well-known pet food brands use animal by-products as protein sources in their recipes. This can include animal feet, livers, lungs, heads, spleens, etc or an admixture in
1701-487: Is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of the deforestation in the Amazon region . In addition, livestock produce greenhouse gases . Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for 35 to 40% of
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#17327939272911782-519: Is expressed in his antinatalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life. In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life: Soften your tread. Methinks the earth's surface is but bodies of the dead, Walk slowly in the air, so you do not trample on the remains of God's servants. Al-Ma'arri's self-composed epitaph , on his tomb, states (in regard to life and being born): "This
1863-592: Is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein. Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula , normally based on cow milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF. Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products. Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower ; nuts, such as cashew, pine nut , and almond; and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast , tapioca , and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate
1944-547: Is my father's crime against me, which I myself committed against none." Al-Ma'arri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the Arab world . In 2013, almost a thousand years after his death, the al-Nusra Front , a branch of al-Qaeda , demolished a statue of al-Ma'arri during the Syrian Civil War . The statue had been crafted by the sculptor Fathi Muhammad . The motive behind
2025-485: Is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..." Salt also argued that the primary objective of the vegetarian movement should be to eliminate meat, while contending that dairy and eggs are also unnecessary and could be phased out over time. C. W. Daniel published an early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon 's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes , in 1910. The consumption of milk and eggs became
2106-468: Is the worst of crimes. And spare the honey which the bees get industriously from the flowers of fragrant plants; For they did not store it that it might belong to others, nor did they gather it for bounty and gifts. I washed my hands of all this; and wish that I had perceived my way before my hair went gray! Al-Ma'arri's fundamental pessimism
2187-658: The American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa , "non-harming" in Sanskrit . Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians ", refrain from consuming meat , eggs , dairy products , and any other animal-derived substances. An " ethical vegan " is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals, animal products, and animal-tested products, when practical. Another term
2268-614: The Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent , particularly in northern and western ancient India . Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha , Mahavira , Acharya Kundakunda , Umaswati , Samantabhadra , and Valluvar ; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka . The term "Pure Vegan" or "Pure Buddhist" ( Chinese : 纯净素 ; pinyin : chúnjìngsù ) refers to
2349-580: The Middle East . Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003. Al-Ma%CA%BFarri Abu al-Ala Ahmad ibn Abd Allah ibn Sulayman al-Tanukhi al-Ma'arri ( Arabic : أبو العلاء أحمد بن عبد الله بن سليمان التنوخي المعري , romanized : ʾAbū al-ʿAlāʾ Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaymān al-Tanūkhī al-Maʿarrī ; December 973 – May 1057), also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis ;
2430-526: The Risalat al-Ghufran has been compared to the Divine Comedy of Dante which came hundreds of years after. The work has also been noted to be similar to Ibn Shuhayd 's Risala al-tawabi' wa al-zawabi , though there is no evidence that al-Ma'arri was inspired by Ibn Shuhayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by al-Ma'arri. Algeria reportedly banned The Epistle of Forgiveness from
2511-783: The Tang dynasty (618 to 907 common era ), including mock duck made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries. Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat . But in the late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes. Plant milks —such as soy milk , almond milk , cashew milk , grain milks ( oat milk , flax milk and rice milk ), hemp milk , and coconut milk —are used in place of cow or goat milk. Soy milk provides around 7 g ( 1 ⁄ 4 oz) of protein per cup (240 mL or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk
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2592-536: The Western pattern diet , were unhealthy. They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins 's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990). In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages. This
2673-665: The meat industry to compete economically with industries selling sources of vegetable protein. The word animals includes all species in the biological kingdom Animalia , including, for example, tetrapods , arthropods , and mollusks . Generally, products made from fossilized or decomposed animals, such as petroleum formed from the ancient remains of marine animals are not considered animal products. Crops grown in soil fertilized with animal remains are rarely characterized as animal products. Products sourced from humans (ex; hair sold for wigs, donated blood) are not typically classified as animal products even though humans are part of
2754-535: The 2010s and 2020s, a number of companies have genetically engineered yeast to produce cow milk proteins, whey, or fat, without the use of cows. These include Perfect Day , Novacca , Motif FoodWorks , Remilk , Final Foods , Imagindairy , Nourish Ingredients , and Circe . Animal product An animal product is any material derived from the body of a non-human animal . Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, eggs, and lesser known products, such as isinglass and rennet . Animal by-products, as defined by
2835-523: The Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common , in 1838. The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously called a vegetable regimen or diet. Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable and the suffix -arian (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in humanitarian ). The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble , in her Journal of
2916-527: The Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger . The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism, but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism. He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans and wearing woolen garments . Eudoxus of Cnidus , a student of Archytas and Plato , writes, "Pythagoras
2997-766: The Society published its definition of veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals". In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later Plamil Foods , it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world. The first vegan society in the U.S. was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter. In 1960, H. Jay Dinshah founded
3078-767: The U.S. by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $ 553 million a year. The Vegetarian Butcher ( De Vegetarische Slager ), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010, while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016. Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products, including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in
3159-879: The U.S. grew 37% between 2017 and 2019. In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Veganz in Berlin and Vegilicious in Dortmund . In 2013, the Oktoberfest in Munich (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history. By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking plant milk , and 91% still drank dairy milk. In the U.K., the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013. There
3240-588: The USDA, are products harvested or manufactured from livestock other than muscle meat. In the EU, animal by-products (ABPs) are defined somewhat more broadly, as materials from animals that people do not consume. Thus, chicken eggs for human consumption are considered by-products in the US but not France; whereas eggs destined for animal feed are classified as animal by-products in both countries. This does not in itself reflect on
3321-632: The United Kingdom. This association continues into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe. The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s, especially in the latter half. The Economist declared 2019 "the year of the vegan". Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food. The global mock-meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010, and in
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3402-448: The animal kingdom. Increased production and consumption over the past 50 years has led to widespread environmental and animal welfare impacts. These range from being linked to 80% of Amazonian deforestation to the welfare implications of using chick culling shredders on live day old-chicks for 7 billion of them each year. Several popular diet patterns prohibit the inclusion of some categories of animal products and may also limit
3483-824: The beliefs of their locality: if they were born among Magians or Sabians they would have become Magians or Sabians. Encapsulating his view on organized religion, he once stated: "The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains." Al-Ma'arri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence. In Baghdad, while being well received, he decided not to sell his texts, which made it difficult for him to live. This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in India during his time. In al-Ma'arri's later years he chose to stop consuming meat and all other animal products (i.e., he became
3564-553: The condition, safety, or wholesomeness of the product. Animal by-products are carcasses and parts of carcasses from slaughterhouses, animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians, and products of animal origin not intended for human consumption, including catering waste. These products may go through a process known as rendering to be made into human and non-human foodstuffs, fats, and other material that can be sold to make commercial products such as cosmetics, paint, cleaners, polishes, glue, soap and ink. The sale of animal by-products allows
3645-549: The conditions of when other animal products may be permitted. This includes but not limited to secular diets ; like, vegetarian , pescetarian , and paleolithic diets, as well as religious diets , such as kosher , halal , mahayana , macrobiotic , and sattvic diets. Other diets, such as vegan -vegetarian diets and all its subsets exclude any material of animal origin. Scholarly, the term animal source foods (ASFs) has been used to refer to these animal products and by-products collectively. In international trade legislation,
3726-522: The destruction is disputed; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the Assad family . An early collection of his poems appeared as The Tinder Spark ( Saqṭ az-Zand ; سقط الزند ). The collection of poems included praise of people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid ruler Sa'd al-Dawla . It gained popularity and established his reputation as
3807-421: The development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals. The first definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among ethical and environmental vegans and the second definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among dietary vegans. The European Commission
3888-439: The form of meat and bone meal . These organs are usually not eaten by humans depending on culture , but are safe and nutritious for pets regardless. By-products can also include bad-looking pieces. They are always cooked (rendered) to kill pathogens. Some pet food makers advertise the lack of by-products to appeal to buyers, a move criticized for contributing to food waste and reducing sustainability . Animal husbandry has
3969-585: The general isolation that he felt during his life. He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Ma'arra and Aleppo, then in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh . This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE, when al-Ma'arri was still a child. Al-Ma'arri nevertheless laments
4050-535: The idea that reason holds a privileged position over traditions. In his view, relying on the preconceptions and established norms of society can be limiting and prevent individuals from fully exploring their own capabilities. Al-Ma'arri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses. Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such
4131-480: The literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure. After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Ma'arri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works. He returned to his native town of Ma'arra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival. He remained in Ma'arra for
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#17327939272914212-592: The loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his Risālat al-Ghufrān . Al-Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli , al-Ma'arri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to Hellenistic philosophy debates that birthed his secularism, but other historians such as Ibn al-Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine. In 1004–05, al-Ma'arri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an elegy where he praised his father. Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in
4293-428: The meltability of dairy cheese. Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes. Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews . Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy yoghurt . Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream , and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy. In
4374-514: The members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division. An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger , in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet. Henry S. Salt 's 1886 A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays asserts, "It
4455-510: The most widely held position in the western world, a form of utilitarianism : that it is morally acceptable for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is that animals have rights , should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans. Live export of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in
4536-501: The overall methane emissions of the planet. Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of nitrous oxide . Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about the welfare of farm animals . Possible measures of welfare include longevity , behavior , physiology , reproduction , freedom from disease , and freedom from immunosuppression . Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with
4617-595: The pains and suffering of life. Saqt az-Zand , Luzūmiyyāt , and Risalat al-Ghufran are among his main works. Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man , Syria), southwest of Aleppo , whence his nisba ("al-Ma'arri"). At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate , the third Islamic caliphate, during the Islamic Golden Age . He
4698-584: The practice of non-consumption of meat in China. This term, which predates the Western Zhou Dynasty (1027–771 BCE), originated from the humble diet of the poor and the rituals and rites of Chinese Pure Land Buddhism within monasteries, showing the dual cultivation of mindfulness and abstinence from killing or harming any sentient being. In the Chinese language, veganism and vegetarianism share
4779-587: The previous year's record of 400,000. That month, ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star . That year, 79 more plant-based restaurants around the world received Michelin stars. At the end of the year, a poll conducted by The Guardian showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism. The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from HappyCow
4860-483: The rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict moral vegetarian diet . His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town. In that incident, al-Ma'arri went to Aleppo to intercede with its Mirdasid emir, Salih ibn Mirdas , to release his brother Abu'l-Majd and several other Muslim notables from Ma'arra who were held responsible for destroying
4941-515: The same initial interpretation and character, as the language's polymorphic nature denotes a path or journey that differs only by subjective consciousness. Initially centred on abstaining from meat, this concept evolved to include the exclusion of all animal by-products , such as clothing, household items, and medicinal remedies, and extends to doing no harm in thought or action towards all sentient beings. Greek philosophers such as Empedocles , Theophrastus , Plutarch , Plotinus , and Porphyry ; and
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#17327939272915022-592: The standard inconsistent with their vision. Wheat gluten originally called miànjīn (麵筋), is a way of preparation of wheat that has been documented in China since the 6th century to the present day. It is widely consumed by Chinese Buddhist's , monastics and lay people as a substitute for meat. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the Qimin Yaoshu , a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535.The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called bótuō (餺飥). Wheat gluten
5103-399: The term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from vegetarianism , which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs. Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s. Groups Ideas Related Vegetarianism can be traced back to
5184-454: The terminology products of animal origin ( POAO ) is used for referring to foods and goods that are derived from animals or have close relation to them. Slaughterhouse waste is defined as animal body parts cut off in the preparation of carcasses for use as food. This waste can come from several sources, including slaughterhouses , restaurants , stores and farms . In the UK, slaughterhouse waste
5265-431: The use of pharmaceuticals derived from or tested on animals). A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their ecological footprint . Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but
5346-608: The view—espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium (" On Abstinence from Animal Food ", c. 268 – c. 270 )—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States. A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet , advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe ,
5427-558: The whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency." In August 1944, several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was denied, Donald Watson , secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter, The Vegan News , in November 1944, priced tuppence . The word vegan
5508-733: The word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk". The first edition of The Vegan News attracted more than 100 letters, including from George Bernard Shaw , who resolved to give up eggs and dairy. The Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn , London. In attendance were Donald Watson , Elsie B. Shrigley , Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa ( Barbara Moore ,
5589-530: The world's fresh water, Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production contributes to species extinction , desertification , and habitat destruction . and is the primary driver of the Holocene extinction . Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry. Habitat
5670-667: Was Chiang Mai (Thailand), followed by Ubud (Bali, Indonesia), Phuket (Thailand), Tel Aviv (Israel), and Lisbon (Portugal). Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds , legumes (particularly beans ), fruits , vegetables , edible mushrooms , and nuts . The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products, eggs, and honey. Vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in forms like vegetarian sausage , mince , or veggie burgers . They are often made from soybeans , seitan (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables. Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least
5751-577: Was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the U.K. In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016. In total, as of 2016, the largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following
5832-604: Was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Ma'arra, belonging to the larger Tanukh tribe . One of his ancestors was probably the first qadi of Ma'arra. The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets. He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox . Later in his life he regarded himself as "a double prisoner", which referred to both this blindness and
5913-771: Was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man , Syria. Because of his controversially irreligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists " of his time according to Nasser Rabbat. Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man , Syria) during the later Abbasid era , he became blind at a young age from smallpox but nonetheless studied in nearby Aleppo , then in Tripoli and Antioch . Producing popular poems in Baghdad , he refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect. Described as
5994-468: Was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters". One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Ma'arri , famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". ( c. 973 – c. 1057 ). Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls , animal welfare , and
6075-471: Was featured in The Guardian , The New Republic , and Forbes , among other newspapers and magazines. The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with the lunches added by Los Angeles , California in 2018, Portland , Maine in 2019, and New York City in 2022. In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking
6156-402: Was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer 's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011). In the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies , particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the U.S. and anarcho-punk in
6237-596: Was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in article 36 of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 . The German consumer protection minister conference approved a definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016. The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for
6318-556: Was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he later married. The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian ' " because it marked, in Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian". The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested allvega , neo-vegetarian , dairyban , vitan , benevore , sanivores , and beaumangeur . According to Joanne Stepaniak ,
6399-468: Was known as miànjīn (麵筋) by the Song dynasty (960–1279). In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the United States that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening. One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappé 's 1971 Diet for
6480-448: Was the most revered person in his area. Al-Ma'arri never married and died in May 1057 in his home town. Al-Ma'arri was a skeptic who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker . Throughout his philosophical works, one of the recurring themes that he expounded upon at length was
6561-454: Was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al-Qarih , whom al-Ma'arri mocks for his religious views. In this work, the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period . This view is shared by Islamic scholars, who often argued that pre-Islamic Arabs are indeed capable of entering paradise. Because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise,
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