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58-776: Each of the 19 departments in Mendoza Province prepare for the festival in the early months of the year. The main event occurs in the first week of March in Mendoza city featuring hundreds of dancers and performers, the selection of a "Reina Nacional de la Vendimia" (National Vendimia Queen) and a large fireworks display. The first vendimia celebrations in Mendoza Province occurred in the 17th century. The first official valendimia festival took place in 1936. Recently Mendoza's Vendimia ranked number two in National Geographic 's Top 10 World's Harvest Festivals, after

116-578: A later expedition , Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, Frank Wild , who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011. Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927. The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to

174-576: A tundra ( ET ) in Köppen climate classification . Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around 0 °C (32 °F) in winter (August) and 8 °C (46.4 °F) in summer (January). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about −5 °C (23 °F) and rarely dip below −10 °C (14 °F). Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about 1,500 mm (59.1 in), much of which falls as sleet or snow, which

232-577: A fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man." With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the South Georgia Museum and Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken , only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under

290-523: A group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich , who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the Hawaiian Islands . Southern Thule , at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by

348-448: A more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local topography , however, also contributes significantly to

406-492: A new list of three criteria was created for deciding new names within the territory. During British captain James Cook 's navigation of the islands, he set a standard for the adoption of new names in the territory based on four categories: expedition sponsors, the names of officers and crew, notable contemporary events, and descriptive names referring to the physical nature of the place or geographic formation. This standard

464-547: A number of locations have been given Spanish names, including Punta Carbón and Punta Hueca . An Argentine naval station called Corbeta Uruguay was clandestinely built on Thule Island , South Sandwich Islands , on 7 November 1976 before its abandonment by Argentine forces following their defeat in the Falklands War . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in

522-619: A research facility in 1949–1950 by the British Antarctic Survey , which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The Falklands War was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them Argentine Marines in mufti ), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at Leith Harbour on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops attacked and occupied Grytviken . Among

580-471: A sector of Antarctica reaching to the South Pole . In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective possession , enforcement of British law , and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which

638-783: A separate territory. The King Edward Point base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the British Antarctic Survey . Captain James Cook discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen . The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be

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696-483: A small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at King Haakon Bay on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, Tom Crean and Frank Worsley , went on to cover 22 miles (35 km) over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at Stromness whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during

754-573: Is Alison Blake , who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ex officio similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent

812-523: Is 3,903 km (1,507 sq mi). The Falkland Islands are about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) west from its nearest point. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, and a very small non-permanent population resides on South Georgia. There are no scheduled passenger flights or ferries to or from the territory, although visits by cruise liners to South Georgia are increasingly popular, with several thousand visitors each summer. The United Kingdom claimed sovereignty over South Georgia in 1775 and

870-629: Is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the Andean system . Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly volcanic islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an island arc running north–south in

928-527: Is celebrated on 4 September as a bank holiday in the territory. The island of South Georgia was first sighted and visited in April 1675 by Anthony de la Roché , a London merchant and (despite his French name) an Englishman, who spent a fortnight in one of the island's bays. The island appeared as Roche Island on early maps. The commercial Spanish ship León , operating out of Saint-Malo , sighted it on 28 June or 29 June 1756. James Cook circumnavigated

986-524: Is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is Fortuna Glacier . The highest peak is Mount Paget in the Allardyce Range at 2,934 metres (9,626 ft). Geologically, the island consists of gneiss and argillaceous schists with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered. The island

1044-458: Is named after the festival. This festival -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Departments of Argentina Departments ( Spanish : departamentos ) form the second level of administrative division (below the provinces ), and are subdivided in municipalities . They are extended in all of Argentina except for the Province of Buenos Aires and

1102-443: Is possible the entire year. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about 300 m (984 ft). Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm—indeed, in 1963, 25% of winds were in the calm category at King Edward Point, and the mean wind speed of around 8 knots (9.2 mph; 15 km/h) is around half that of the Falkland Islands. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side)

1160-666: Is −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), but Bird Island just −11.4 °C (11.5 °F). The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and icebergs are common. Sea temperatures drop to 0 °C (32 °F) in late August and rise to around 4 °C (39.2 °F) only in early April. The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being farther south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from

1218-546: The Antarctic Treaty . Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ( es ) at Ferguson Bay on the southeastern coast of Thule Island . Argentina maintained a naval base ( Corbeta Uruguay ) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of

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1276-677: The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires , the national capital, each of which has different administrative arrangements (respectively partidos and comunas ). Except in La Rioja , Mendoza , and San Juan Provinces, departments have no executive authorities or assemblies of their own. However, they serve as territorial constituencies for the election of members of the legislative bodies of most provinces. For example, in Santa Fe Province , each department returns one senator to

1334-645: The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ). Of the department names, 31 are not unique within Argentina, with the result that 90 departments have identically or similarly named counterparts in one or more other Argentine province. Referring to Manuel Belgrano in some form 7x Referring to José de San Martín 10x South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and

1392-579: The Thanksgiving celebrations in Plymouth Plantation , Massachusetts . Each of Mendoza's departments are represented at the festival: The blessing of the fruit takes place on the last Sunday of February. On the evening of the first Friday of March the prettiest women elected as Reinas (queens) from each department parade in allegoric chariots through the streets of Mendoza dressed in decorative outfits designed to celebrate

1450-662: The Thatcher peninsula , was originally given the Swedish name Majviken meaning " May Bay" but was later altered into its current Norwegian spelling. In addition, numerous German placenames were also adopted in recognition of the German International Polar Year Expedition of 1882-1883 and an earlier American whaling voyage in 1877-1878 carrying Austrian painter Heinrich Klutschak , with Klutschak Point and Schrader Glacier commemorating

1508-559: The 20th century. A Norwegian, Carl Anton Larsen , established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at Grytviken in 1904. It operated through his Argentine Fishing Company , which settled in Grytviken. The station operated until 1965. Whaling stations operated under leases granted by the Governor of the Falkland Islands . The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from

1566-677: The Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of May to late November (even longer at their southern end). Recorded temperature extremes at South Thule Island have ranged from −29.8 to 17.7 °C (−21.6 to 63.9 °F). Executive power is vested in the monarch of the United Kingdom and is exercised by the Commissioner , a post held by the Governor of the Falkland Islands . The current Commissioner

1624-645: The British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further letters patent that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the South Orkneys , the South Shetlands , the South Sandwich Islands, and Graham Land . The claim was extended in 1917 to include

1682-480: The Frank Romero Day Greek theatre . It is an impressive spectacle of light and sound featuring over 1000 performers and dancers. The show pays homage to the "Virgen de la Carrodilla" and features traditional folklore music. The finale of the show sees the election of the "Reina Nacional de la Vendimia" and a large firework display. Vendimia Planitia , a large plain on the dwarf planet Ceres ,

1740-522: The King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is 28.8 °C (83.8 °F). Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere 14.5 °C (58.1 °F). As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point

1798-489: The South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. The South Georgia Group lies about 1,390 kilometres (860 mi; 750 nmi) east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises South Georgia Island itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and

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1856-598: The South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI ) is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean . It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of smaller islands known as the South Sandwich Islands . South Georgia is 165 kilometres (103 mi) long and 35 kilometres (22 mi) wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about 700 kilometres (430 mi) southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area

1914-591: The South Sandwich Islands has been questioned. During the Second World War , the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as

1972-510: The South Sandwich Islands in 1908. The territory of "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" was formed in 1985; previously, it had been governed as part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies . Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927 and claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938. Argentina maintained a naval station, Corbeta Uruguay , on Thule Island in the South Sandwich Islands from 1976 until 1982 when it

2030-495: The South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of £6.3 million, 80% of which is derived from fishing licences (2020 figures). Other sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps and coins, tourism, and customs and harbour dues. Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for Patagonian toothfish , cod icefish and krill . Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds

2088-660: The commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was Alfredo Astiz , a captain in the Argentine Navy who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the Dirty War in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in Operation Paraquet . In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became

2146-482: The government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no legislative council and no elections are needed. The UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates Liberation Day on 25 April. The constitution of

2204-522: The historical presence of Norwegian whalers , including Hestesletten ("horse's plain"), Skrap Skerries ("skrapskjaer" or "skrapskjar"), Grytviken ("Pot Bay"), and Elsehul ("Else's hole"), as well as a few whaling stations such as Godthul ("good hollow"). The first person to be born in South Georgia (and south of the Antarctic Convergence ), Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen , was also Norwegian. The small cove Maiviken , located in

2262-471: The island in 1775 and made the first landing. He claimed the territory for the Kingdom of Great Britain , naming it the "Isle of Georgia" in honour of King George III of the United Kingdom . British arrangements for the government of South Georgia were established under 1843 British letters patent . In 1882–1883 a German expedition for the first International Polar Year set up its base at Royal Bay on

2320-494: The islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of 3,756 square kilometres (1,450 sq mi), including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. South Georgia Island lies at 54°15′S 36°45′W  /  54.250°S 36.750°W  / -54.250; -36.750 and has an area of 3,528 square kilometres (1,362 sq mi). It

2378-406: The low insolation . A study published during the early 1960s indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Point – or, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in

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2436-537: The provincial senate. In Tucumán Province , on the other hand, where legislators are elected by zone (Capital, East, West) the departments serve only as districts for the organization of certain civil agencies, such as the police or the health system. There are 377 departments in all, not including the two "nominal" departments composed of internationally disputed territory in Tierra del Fuego Province : Antártida Argentina , and Islas del Atlántico Sur (which includes

2494-487: The region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about 350 and 500 mi (300 and 430 nmi; 560 and 800 km) southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises Candlemas , Vindication , Saunders , Montagu , Bristol , Bellingshausen , Cook and Thule discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the Traversay Islands and Candlemas Islands groups, while

2552-430: The same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976, protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the Falklands War . The base was removed on 20 June 1982. The sole official language of the territory is English, which is widely spoken amongst residents currently and used for nearly all administrative functions in

2610-419: The southeast side of the island. The scientists of this group observed the transit of Venus and recorded waves produced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa . Seal hunting at South Georgia began in 1786 and continued throughout the 19th century. The waters proved treacherous and a number of vessels were wrecked there, such as Earl Spencer , in late 1801. South Georgia became a base for whaling beginning in

2668-419: The southernmost make up Southern Thule . The three largest islands – Saunders , Montagu , and Bristol  – lie between the two. The islands' highest point is Mount Belinda (1,370 m or 4,495 ft) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, Mount Michael (990 m or 3,248 ft) on Saunders Island has a persistent lava lake , known to occur at only eight volcanoes in

2726-467: The territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited [2005] UKHL 57 ). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it

2784-521: The territory include Morrell Point , Wasp Point , Pacific Point , and Comer Crag . Prominent Russian-language names chosen by Bellingshausen include the Traversay Islands , Zavodovski Island , and Visokoi Island ( высокий meaning "high"). There is also a Lowland Scots language presence within the topography of the territory, with some locations being named after notable Scottish individuals, such as Geikie Glacier and Allardyce Range , amongst others . A number of placenames were influenced by

2842-610: The territory. Although English is used in the majority of government functions, the islands' motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat is in Latin and is translated as "May the Lion protect his own land". The adoption of new placenames was governed by the Place-names Ordinance of 1956 and Place-names Regulation of 1957 until 11 September 2020, when a representative was appointed to the regional Antarctic Place-names Committee and

2900-453: The two trips. There has been a Spanish language presence in the territory for a significant amount of time, with the whaling company Compañía Argentina de Pesca operating in the territory for approximately 60 years. However, there are relatively few Spanish names within the territory currently, in part due to ongoing sovereignty dispute over the islands by Argentina, although since the beginning of Argentine Antarctic Expeditions in 1952,

2958-563: The west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover. Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the Föhn effect ; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over 20 °C (68 °F) on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at

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3016-465: The west to east: The whaling stations' tryworks were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a charnel house boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. Tim Flannery wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting

3074-786: The winemaking tradition, and the character of their departments. This event has been known to attract over 200,000 spectators. The Carrusel Vendimial takes place on the Saturday morning, it takes the form of a daylight parade, where the Reinas ride their chariots through the streets, accompanied formations of men dressed in Gaucho style outfits and riding horses, they are followed by dancers representing various provinces of Argentina and other Latin American countries. This parade also attracts huge numbers of spectators. The "Acto Central" takes place in

3132-468: The world. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic weather stations are on Thule Island and Zavodovski . To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the Protector Shoal , a submarine volcano. The climate is classified as polar, and the weather is highly variable and harsh, making

3190-655: Was acting as an agent of the Crown in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department; thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. Commercial sealing occurred on the islands between 1817 and 1909. During that period 20 visits are recorded by sealing vessels. Economic activity in South Georgia and

3248-479: Was closed by the Royal Navy . The Argentine claim over South Georgia contributed to the 1982 Falklands War , during which Argentine forces briefly occupied the island. Argentina continues to claim sovereignty over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province . Toothfish are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, Toothfish Day

3306-487: Was mostly followed by later visitors in the region, including by explorers from different countries, such as Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , who selected six new names within the territory in his 1819-1821 Antarctic expedition. Locations currently bearing names selected by Cook include Clerke Rocks , Possession Bay , and Bay of Isles , amongst others. Additional English names given many years after in recognition of past visits by American whalers in

3364-421: Was then governed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies . In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a blue whale of 110 feet (34 m), was landed at Grytviken. In April 1916, Ernest Shackleton 's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition became stranded on Elephant Island , some 800 miles (1,300 km) southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in

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