17-413: (Redirected from Victor IV ) Two antipopes used the regnal name Victor IV : Antipope Victor IV (1138) Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164) (1095–1164) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Antipope Victor IV . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
34-622: A particular emperor. The Western Schism – which began in 1378 , when the French cardinals, claiming that the election of Pope Urban VI was invalid, elected antipope Clement VII as a rival to the Roman Pope ;– led eventually to two competing lines of antipopes: the Avignon line as Clement VII moved back to Avignon , and the Pisan line. The Pisan line, which began in 1409 ,
51-441: A schism, Oxford's A Dictionary of Popes (2010) considers he "...is classified, unfairly, as an antipope", an opinion historian Salvador Miranda also shares. Those with asterisks (*) were counted in subsequent papal numbering. Many antipopes created cardinals, known as quasi-cardinals , and a few created cardinal-nephews , known as quasi-cardinal-nephews . Antipopes still exist today, but all are minor claimants, without
68-591: Is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope . Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church itself and secular rulers. Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case of Pope Leo VIII and Pope Benedict V . Hippolytus of Rome (d. 235)
85-420: Is a would-be king who, due to succession disputes or simple political opposition, declares himself king in opposition to a reigning monarch. The term is usually used in a European historical context where it relates to elective monarchies rather than hereditary ones. In hereditary monarchies such figures are more frequently referred to as pretenders or claimants. Anti-kings are most commonly referred to in
102-572: Is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I . Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian , and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be
119-710: The See of Rome in opposition to Pope Cornelius , and if Natalius and Hippolytus were excluded because of the uncertainties concerning them, Novatian could then be said to be the first antipope. The period in which antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees to further their own causes. The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants ( anti-kings ) in Germany to overcome
136-1011: The Alexandrine papacy was dismissed by both the Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda III and Pope Theodore II of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria . The Coptic pope of Alexandria and the Greek pope of Alexandria currently view one another, not as antipopes, but rather as successors to differing lines of apostolic succession that formed as a result of christological disputes in the fifth century. Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either in historical fiction , as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or as purely imaginary antipopes. Anti-king An anti-king , anti king or antiking ( German : Gegenkönig ; French : antiroi ; Czech : protikrál )
153-576: The Bishop of Rome remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him. Eusebius quotes from an unnamed earlier writer the story of Natalius, a 3rd-century priest who accepted the bishopric of the Adoptionists , a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully begged Pope Zephyrinus to receive him into communion. Novatian (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed
170-603: The assignation of successive numbers in the list of the popes. Thus, because of the obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, the Annuario Pontificio lists Sylvester III as a pope, without thereby expressing a judgement on his legitimacy. The Catholic Encyclopedia places him in its List of Popes , but with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope". Other sources classify him as an antipope. As Celestine II resigned before being consecrated and enthroned in order to avoid
187-408: The conventional numbering of later popes who took the same name. More commonly, the antipope is ignored in later papal regnal numbers; for example, there was an Antipope John XXIII , but the new Pope John elected in 1958 was also called John XXIII . For the additional confusion regarding popes named John, see Pope John numbering . The list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio attaches
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#1732786705079204-482: The following note to the name of Pope Leo VIII (963–965): At this point, as again in the mid-11th century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter . The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon
221-489: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipope_Victor_IV&oldid=1057137156 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Antipopes God Schools Relations with: An antipope ( Latin : antipapa )
238-1118: The politics of the Holy Roman Empire , before the Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Emperor Charles IV defined the provisions of the Imperial election . Other nations with elective monarchies that produced anti-kings included Bohemia and Hungary . The term is comparable to antipope , a rival would-be Pope , and indeed the two phenomena are related; just as German kings ( Kings of the Romans ) and Holy Roman Emperors from time to time raised up antipopes to politically weaken Popes with whom they were in conflict, so too Popes sometimes sponsored anti-kings as political rivals to emperors with whom they disagreed. Several anti-kings succeeded in vindicating their claims to power, and were recognized as rightful kings: for example, King Conrad III of Germany , Emperor Frederick II , and Emperor Charles IV (see table below). The status of others as anti-kings
255-581: The support of any Cardinal. Examples include Palmarians , Apostles of Infinite Love Antipopes, and an unknown number of many other Sedevacantist claimants. As the Patriarch of Alexandria , Egypt , has historically also held the title of pope , a person who, in opposition to someone who is generally accepted as a legitimate pope of Alexandria , claims to hold that position may also be considered an antipope. Coptic lector Max Michel became an antipope of Alexandria, calling himself Maximos I. His claim to
272-518: Was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area of influence of Benedict XIII. The following table gives the names of the antipopes included in the list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio , with the addition of the names of Natalius (in spite of doubts about his historicity) and Antipope Clement VIII (whose following was insignificant). An asterisk marks those who were included in
289-695: Was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the (Pisan) council had elected antipope Alexander V as a third claimant. To end the schism, in May 1415 , the Council of Constance deposed antipope John XXIII of the Pisan line. Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. In 1417 , the council also formally deposed antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon, but he adamantly refused to resign. Afterwards, Pope Martin V
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