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32-733: Its date of initial publication in the Gregorian calendar was 8 November 1864, and the Turkish date was 7 Cümadelahir (Djem. II) or Jumaada al-Akhir ( Jumada al-Thani ) 1281. The law was modified in 1867. The Ottoman Turkish version was first published in Takvim-i Vekayi No. 773, and was published in Düstur Volume I, pages 517–538, and the 1867 version was printed in the Düstur Volume I, pages 608–624. The Greek version

64-539: A beylerbey , or "lord of lords." The eyalet contained subdivisions, called sanjaks . Considered by some to model closely after the French Prefet system, the new regulation subdivided the provinces of the empire into smaller subdivisions than the eyalet system had. Where the eyalet system had only sanjaks as subdivisions, the vilayet system included kazas (smaller administrative units), towns ( kasabat ), villages ( karye ) or village clusters ( nahiye ). Although

96-519: A British protectorate (as Sheikdom of Qatar , colonially under the chief political resident of the Persian Gulf, at Bahrein ). Similarly, three ruling native hakims of the later emirate of Kuwait, were also Kaymakam of a kazas in the same province, 1871 till a British protectorate, also on 3 November 1914. In Ottoman Egypt , the title of kaymakam was used in its generic sense of "lieutenant" for deputies or agents, but most notably, until

128-627: A specific meaning in Moldavian and Wallachian history, where it refers to a temporary replacement for a Domn ( Hospodar /"Prince"), in and after Phanariote rule, as well as the delegates of the Oltenia Ban in Craiova after the main office was moved to Bucharest during the same period (1761). In this context, the word may be spelled caimacam , while the Romanian term for the office

160-528: Is kaymakam , from Ottoman Turkish kaymakam ( قایمقام ), from Arabic qāʾim maqām ( قَائِم مَقَام‎‎ ), meaning "stand in" or "deputy". In the Ottoman Empire , the title of kaymakam (known either as sadâret kaymakamı or as kaymakam pasha ) was originally used for the official deputizing for the Grand Vizier during the latter's illness, absence from the capital on campaign, or in

192-420: Is căimăcămie . In the Persian Gulf, four hakims (native rulers) of the later emirate of Qatar held the additional Ottoman title of kaymakam in their administrative capacity since 1872 of district administrator since the establishment of Ottoman sovereignty (as kaza [district] of Sandjak al-Hasa , within the vilayet of Baghdad , from 1875 Basra vilayet ) till this was exchanged on 3 November 1916 with

224-523: Is as follows: Lower-level officials appointed directly by the Ottoman government are as follows: Midhat Paşa, through his time as the vali of the Danube Vilayet came to institute other offices and institutions within the vilayet system. The list is as follows: The office of the governor had been reorganized into departments of civil, financial, police, political, and legal affairs. Officially,

256-508: Is sometimes used without translation for provincial or subdistrict governors in various Ottoman successor states , including the Republic of Turkey , Kuwait , Iraq , and Lebanon . The title has been romanized in English since 1645 with extremely numerous spelling variations. The most common present-day forms are kaymakam, kaimakam , and qaimaqam . The modern Turkish term

288-461: Is the sixth month of the Islamic calendar . The word Jumda ( Arabic : جمد ), from which the name of the month is derived, is used to denote dry, parched land, a land devoid of rain. Jumādā ( Arabic : جُمَادَىٰ ) may also be related to a verb meaning "to freeze", and another account relates that water would freeze in pre-Islamic Arabia during this time of year. In Ottoman Turkish , the month

320-745: Is to say that there was a failing in those appointed to the offices. Many officials were known to be incompetent, reluctant to leave Constantinople for a far-flung province, or susceptible to the existing political intrigue and struggle with the local notables ( ayans ) in the newly reorganized provinces. Jumada al-Thani Jumada al-Thani ( Arabic : جُمَادَىٰ ٱلثَّانِي , romanized :  Jumādā ath-Thānī , lit.   'The second Jumada'), also known as Jumada al-Akhirah (Arabic: جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِرَة , romanized:  Jumādā al-ʾĀkhirah , lit.   'The final Jumada'), Jumada al-Akhir (Arabic: جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِر , romanized:  Jumādā al-ʾĀkhir ), or Jumada II ,

352-483: The Baghdad area. Midhat's successes have been attributed to his imaginativeness in governing and creating new offices and institutions, as well as his ability to heavily influence those directly appointed from Constantinople. The Vilayet Law of 1864, although a strong reform movement in concept, has been seen as largely unsuccessful. That is not to say that there was failure in the division of offices and structure. It

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384-458: The Tanzimat reforms soon after saw the use of kaymakam for the governor of a sanjak (second-level province), while after the establishment of the vilayet system in 1864, a kaymakam became the governor of a kaza (third-level province). The system was retained by modern Turkey, where a sub-province ( ilçe after the 1920s) is still headed by a kaymakam . The term Caimacam has

416-510: The kaymakam played an important role in the politics of the capital and often became involved in intrigues against the absent Grand Vizier, trying to replace him. In the last decades of the Empire, the post of kaymakam was filled by the members of the imperial cabinet, or by the Shaykh al-Islam . The modernization and Westernization reforms instituted in the 19th century added new meanings to

448-507: The kaza müdürü , the kadi , the mufti , the imam , kaza scribes, and religious leaders of non-Muslim residents. The commission was charged with compiling a list of suitable candidates, 30 years of age or older who paid a sum of 150 piastres in direct yearly taxes and who were preferably literate. This list was then submitted to the Council of Elders, where about one-third of the candidates would be voted out. The list then passed for review to

480-494: The 1856 Hatt-i Hümayun for equal representation of both Muslim and non-Muslim members of the councils. However, there existed problems with this framework; the equality applied only to elected members ( âza-yi müntahabe ) of the councils, not the entire membership of the councils. This "promise", was not applied systematically throughout the vilayet system. The administrative councils of the kaza level were exempt, having only three elected members of unspecified faith. Furthermore,

512-410: The Council of Elders for their specified village. To stand for office, a male had to be thirty years of age or older with "ties" to the locality, paying a sum of 100 piastres in direct yearly taxes. These elections were held yearly and had to be verified by the superintendent of the kaza. At the kaza level, the elections were held every two years by an electoral commission. This commission was made up of

544-627: The Islamic lunar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year , Jumada al-Thani migrates throughout the seasons. The estimated start and end dates for Jumada al-Thani are as follows (based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia ): Kaymakam Kaymakam , also known by many other romanizations , was a title used by various officials of the Ottoman Empire , including acting grand viziers , governors of provincial sanjaks , and administrators of district kazas . The title has been retained and

576-479: The Muslims wound up maintaining the majority in most provinces when the appointed positions came up, as most appointed officials wound up being Muslim. The administrative councils served in an advisory capacity to the various provincial offices. Each provincial level (vilayet, sanjak, kaza, etc.) had its own advisory council. There were specific councils for the governor (vali), the kaymakams (sanjak governors), and

608-473: The ascendancy of Muhammad Ali of Egypt , for the interim governors of the country , who served between the removal of one governor and the installation of the next one. In the tumultuous politics of the ruling Mamluk elite, the appointment of a kaymakam "became, particularly in the 18th century, a device by which a Mamluk faction would legitimize its ascendancy" before installing one of its own members as governor. After Muhammad Ali consolidated his control of

640-475: The country and his Westernizing reforms, the title, as in the rest of the Ottoman Empire, acquired a new technical meaning: in the army, it became a rank equivalent to lieutenant-colonel, while in the administration it signified the official in charge of a nahiye , with particular responsibility for the maintenance of the irrigation system. The rank is attested in use with a British officer commanding

672-493: The empire since 1840. A particular and key feature of a kaza was that it was easy to reorganize at the discretion of the government: villages could be transferred between the existing kazas of a sanjak, while not necessarily eliminating a kaza in the process. The Vilayet Law created a bureaucratic hierarchy within each province, with many of the upper-level offices appointed directly from Constantinople (now Istanbul ). The list of upper-level, Ottoman government appointed officials

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704-488: The governor had authority over all officials within the province, having held the highest office. However, the governor did not appoint sanjak and kaza officials, appointed directly by the sultan . Furthermore, the governor's authority is blurred when it comes to those officials who also reported to the respective ministries they served. In addition to reorganizing the provincial government, the Vilayet Law also included

736-498: The guidance of appointed officials." Wherein some semblance of participation was allowed. Another more likely reason for this election system exists as well: to "ensure that the meclises would no longer be hijacked by narrow local interests," thus allowing the meclises to serve the vilayet as they should. Midhat Pasha presided as vali over the most successful of the vilayets, initially the Danube province and then five years later over

768-418: The institution of councils as advisory boards to government officials. These councils were made up of both elected and appointed officials, seeking a balance between the people and the Ottoman government. Each council had its own specific and fixed proportion of elected to appointed officials. The councils themselves were praised and mentioned by Ottoman statesmen as being the fulfillment of the promises made in

800-465: The interval between the dismissal of one Grand Vizier and the arrival to the capital of a new appointee. The practice began in the 16th century, or perhaps even earlier, and continued until the end of the Empire. The kaymakam enjoyed the full plenitude of powers of the Grand Vizier, but was not allowed to intervene in the conduct of the military campaigns. Selected from the ranks of the viziers ,

832-413: The kaymakam of the sanjak, where another third of the candidates would be eliminated. The remaining one-third of candidates made up the list of possible members. This same process was repeated for the sanjak- and vilayet-level councils. Higher property qualifications existed for each successive level of the hierarchy. This election process was to make the institutions "more amenable to state control under

864-555: The organizational titles were not created as a result of the Vilayet Law, the hierarchy in which they were set was. Each vilayet was divided into numerous integral units. Within each sanjak was a city center. Furthermore, each sanjak contained smaller administrative units, called kazas. Sanjaks, as administrative units, had existed within the empire for centuries. The term kaza was originally used to designate areas of jurisdiction particular to each individual Islamic ( Shari'a ) court. The kaza, as an administrative unit, had existed within

896-491: The sanjak and kaza level idare meclises . The council election process was highly elaborate and involved. While being closest to democratic on a village level, the process became much more stringently controlled by the government as upper-level elections took place. At the village level, the enfranchised were males with "ties" to the village who were over 18 years of age, paying 50-plus piastres in direct yearly taxes. These men were able to elect headmen and those sitting on

928-483: The superintendents of the kazas. At the village level existed a Councils of Elders ( Ihtiyar Meclisi ) made up of entirely elected members with the purpose of advising the village headmen ( muhtar ). The upper-level idare meclises acted as "control organs" for the decisions of the lower councils. For example, the Meclis-i Idare-i Vilayet routinely reviewed the decisions or resolutions passed by

960-526: The term. With the establishment of the regular Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye troops in 1826, kaymakam became a rank in the Ottoman army , equivalent to a lieutenant colonel . It remained in use throughout the final century of the Empire, and continued in use in the Turkish Republic until the 1930s , when it was replaced by the title of yarbay . The overhaul of the administrative system in

992-405: Was called Jèmāzìyyu-'l-ākhir , or G̃emazi-yèl- A her . The month's Turkish abbreviation was jìm' , and its Latin abbreviation was Djem. II . This is also spelled Cümadelahir or Cümâd-el-âhire. The modern Turkish spellings are Cemaziyelahir and Cemaziyelsani . The Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar , and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since

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1024-620: Was published in Оθωμανικοί Κώδηκες ("Othōmanikoi kōdēkes", meaning "Ottoman Codes", with Demotic Greek using "Οθωμανικοί κώδικες"), page 2911. The French version was published in Législation ottomane , published by Grégoire Aristarchi Bey , Volume II, page 273. Instituted by Murad I , the eyalet system divided the empire into provinces , beginning with Rumelia in the Balkans and Anatolia in Asia Minor . Eyalets were governed by

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