Vinaya Patrika ( Letter of petition ) is a devotional poem composed by the 16th-century Indian poet, Goswami Tulsidas ( c. 1532 – c. 1623 ), containing hymns to different Hindu deities, especially to Rama .
12-504: The language of the text is Braj Bhasha . Vinaya Patrika is an important work of medieval Hindi Literature and Bhakti movement. According to Swami Yatiswarananda, when Kala—the embodiment of evil—threatened to devour Tulsidas, he prayed to Hanuman who appeared to him in a dream. Hanuman advised him to file a petition to Rama to remedy the evil, and that was the origin of the Vinaya-Patrika.” Vinaya Patrika has been written as
24-400: A detailed excavation of the site after local brick kiln workers stumbled upon human skeletal remains. So far numerous artefacts, some around 4000 years old, have been found. A human skeleton wearing a copper crown has been found. Copper crown is of thin copper strip decorated with precious Carnelian and a Fiancé bead, typical of remains found at other Harappan sites. According to archeologist,
36-648: A more conservative example of the Central Indo-Aryan languages compared to the Hindustani language , which has been influenced by Panjabi and intermediate dialects. Braj Bhasha is spoken in the nebulous Braj region centred on Mathura & Agra in Uttar Pradesh and Bharatpur , Karauli , Gangapur & Dholpur in Rajasthan . It is the predominant language in the central stretch of
48-517: A petition against the six passions (Lust, Wrath, Greed, Inebriation, Attachments, Ego) and nine vices (Violence, Falsehood, Pride, Envy, Strife, Suspicion, Jealousy, Rivalry and Covetousness) of Kali Yuga , the plaintiff is Tulsidas himself, though he represents all of humanity. The judges addressed are Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. It also comprises popular devotional hymns ( stutis ) to various Hindu deities, like Ganesha , Surya , Devi , Ganga , Hanuman , Sita , Rama , and also
60-582: Is a village in Baghpat district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, around 100 kilometers from Delhi . In 2014 archeologists discovered that the village could once be a site belonging to late Indus Valley civilization period. If this proves to be true then it is a first instance that a late Harappan habitation has been found in Uttar Pradesh. In 2014, Archaeological Survey of India began
72-539: Is of a mystical nature, related to the spiritual union of people with God, because almost all of the Braj Bhasha poets were considered God-realised saints and their words are thus considered as directly emanating from a divine source. Much of the traditional Northern Indian literature shares this trait. All traditional Punjabi literature is similarly written by saints and is of a metaphysical and philosophical nature. Another peculiar feature of Northern Indian literature
84-441: Is that the literature is mostly written from a female point of view, even by male poets. This is because the saints were in a state of transcendental, spiritual love, where they were metaphorically women reuniting with their beloved. (In its inversion of the conventional genders of worshipper and worshippee, Maulana Da’ud's Chandayan departs from this tradition.) Important works in Braj Bhasha are: Chandayan Chandayan
96-536: The 19th century. It is spoken today in its unique form in many districts of west Uttar Pradesh , often referred to as 'Central Braj Bhasha'. The language was historically used for Vaishnavite poetry dedicated to Krishna, whose life was associated with sites in the Braj region. There were also early prose works in terms of the hagiographical vārtā literature of the Vallabha sect . Braj is considered by scholars to be
108-654: The Ganges-Yamuna Doab in the following districts: It is also spoken in the western areas of Uttar Pradesh , mainly in Mathura district and southern areas of Palwal district In Madhya Pradesh it is spoken in the districts of : It is spoken in several villages of Mathura , specially in Vrindavan , Madhuvan , Kaman, Kosi Kalan , Chhata , Baldeo , and all other villages belongs to Braj Area with Bajna , Surir , Bhidauni , Most Braj literature
120-620: The city of Kashi. The book has now been translated into many languages, including English. Braj Bhasha Braj is a language within the Indo-Aryan language family spoken in the Braj region in Western Uttar Pradesh centered on Mathura . Along with Awadhi , it was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before gradually merging and contributing to the development of standardized Hindi in
132-459: The crown indicates that skeleton was probably of important person like chieftain or village head. Terracotta pottery, crudely crafted & not of fine quality, has also been found near the skeleton. A burial area is also exposed containing 21 pots of difference size & shape has also been found. Human bones & parts of skeletons were also found at the burial site. Presence of other burnt bones as well as that of cattle near burial area indicates
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#1732791537273144-462: The practice of animal sacrifice during funeral ceremony. Beads of various types were also found near burial site. Most of the potsherds found are sturdy red ware, with exception of one which is gray ware & few which are decorated. Three graffiti marks have been noticed on the potsherds. Preliminary observations indicate striking similarity with late Harappan period. Additionally storage jars, bowls and dish-on-stands has also been found. In one of
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