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76-495: Virgil Gheorghiu may refer to: Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu (1916–1992), novelist Virgil Gheorghiu (poet) (1908–1977), poet and pianist who was immortalised in the work of Geo Bogza [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

152-489: A category. Meanwhile, Koruga is writing a book , "The 25th Hour", about Johann Moritz and the ordeal awaiting mankind. In the end, Traian takes his own life in an American-Polish concentration camp , while Johann is forced by the Americans to choose between either enlisting in the army, just as World War III is about to start, or to be interned in a camp (as well as his family) as a citizen from an enemy country. The book

228-545: A harsher Second Jewish Law. Imrédy's political opponents, however, forced his resignation in February 1939 by presenting documents showing that his grandfather was a Jew. Nevertheless, the new government of Count Pál Teleki approved the Second Jewish Law, which cut the quotas on Jews permitted in the professions and in business. Furthermore, the new law defined Jews by race instead of just religion, thus altering

304-802: A location near Kamenets-Podolski , where in one of the first acts of mass-killing of Jews during World War II, Nazi mobile killing units shot all but two thousand of these individuals . Bárdossy then passed the Third Jewish Law in August 1941, prohibiting marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews. Six months after the mass murder at Kamianets-Podilskyi in January 1942, Hungarian troops massacred 3,000 Serbian and Jewish hostages near Novi Sad , Yugoslavia. Worried about Hungary's increasing reliance on Germany, Admiral Horthy forced Bárdossy to resign and replaced him with Miklós Kállay ,

380-568: A new Government of National Unity ( Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya ) controlled by the Germans. Horthy was taken to Germany as a prisoner but survived the war and spent his last years exiled in Portugal, dying in 1957. In cooperation with the Nazis, Szálasi attempted to resume deportations of Jews, but Germany's rapidly disintegrating communications largely prevented this from happening. Nonetheless,

456-646: A newspaper and leaflets, 500 communist activists were arrested and the party's leaders Ferenc Rózsa and Zoltán Schönherz were executed. The Hungarian underground opposition contributed little to the military defeat of Nazism. In July 1943 the Smallholders Party adopted Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky 's policy of working more closely with the Hungarian Social Democratic Party and the Communists and on 31 July demanded from

532-594: A population of 1,025,508 which comprised 36.6% Hungarians, 19% Germans, 16% Serbs and 28.4% others. Nearly one year later the Novi Sad raid was conducted initially targeting Partisan resistance, while between 1944–45, it was followed by the purges by the Partisan movement. Following the two Vienna awards, a number of counties that had been lost in whole or part by the Treaty of Trianon were restored to Hungary. As

608-593: A population of 869,299 (86.5% of which were Hungarians ). Between 5 and 10 November, Hungarian armed forces occupied the newly transferred territories. In March 1939, the Czecho-Slovak Republic was dissolved, Germany invaded it , and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established. On 14 March, Slovakia declared itself to be an independent state. On 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected

684-506: A provisional government was formed in Hungary under acting prime minister Béla Miklós . Szálasi and Miklós each claimed to be the legitimate head of government. The Germans and pro-German Hungarians loyal to Szálasi fought on. The Soviets and Romanians completed the encirclement of Budapest on 29 December 1944. The battle for the city turned into the Siege of Budapest . While Kállay himself

760-741: A result of hardships and poor treatment. Overall, between 100,000 and 170,000 Hungarian ethnic Germans were transported to the Soviet Union. The remaining German and Hungarian units within Budapest surrendered on 13 February 1945. Although the German forces in Hungary were generally defeated, the Germans had one more surprise for the Soviets. On 6 March 1945, the Germans launched the Lake Balaton Offensive , attempting to hold on to

836-527: A result, some previously county of temporary united administration – in Hungarian közigazgatásilag egyelőre egyesített vármegye (k.e.e. vm.) – were de-merged and restored to their pre-1920 boundaries. The region of Sub-Carpathia was planned to be granted a special autonomous status with the intention that (eventually) it would be self-governed by the Ruthenian minority. This was prepared and billed in

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912-568: A running battle from 1 January to 16 February 1945. On 20 January 1945, representatives of the Miklós provisional government signed an armistice in Moscow. In January 1945, 32,000 ethnic Germans from within Hungary were arrested and transported to the Soviet Union as forced laborers. In some villages, the entire adult population were taken to labor camps in the Donets Basin . Many died there as

988-399: A strong political machine, his efforts to achieve his vision and reforms were frustrated by a parliament composed mostly of István Bethlen 's supporters and by Hungary's creditors, who forced Gömbös to follow conventional policies in dealing with the economic and financial crisis. The result of the 1935 elections gave Gömbös more solid support in parliament . He succeeded in gaining control of

1064-552: A time—with the Germans. A few pro-German Hungarian units fought on until the end of the war. Units such as the Szent László Infantry Division ended the war in southern Austria . On 8 May 1945 at 4:10 p.m., the 259th Infantry Regiment of the 65th Infantry Division (commanded by Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart ) of the United States Army was authorized to accept the surrender of

1140-564: A total population of 2,578,100. Regarding demographics, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians , while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians . While according to the Romanian estimations in 1940 prior to the Second Vienna Award , about 1,300,000 people or 50% of the population was Romanian and according to the Hungarian estimations in 1940 shortly following

1216-541: A trade agreement with Germany (21 February 1934) that led to fast expansion of the economy, drawing Hungary out of the Great Depression but making the country dependent on the German economy for both raw materials and export revenues. Gömbös advocated a number of social reforms, one-party government , revision of the Treaty of Trianon , and Hungary's withdrawal from the League of Nations . Although he assembled

1292-607: A veteran conservative of Bethlen's government. Kállay continued Bárdossy's policy of supporting Germany against the Red Army while also initiating negotiations with the Allies. Hungarian participation in Operation Barbarossa during 1941 was limited in part because the country had no real large army before 1939, and time to train and equip troops had been short. But by 1942, tens of thousands of Hungarians were fighting on

1368-518: Is interned as a citizen of an enemy country. The Hungarian government sends its foreign residents as Hungarian " voluntary workers to Nazi Germany ". Later, "Moritz János" is "rescued" by a Nazi officer who determines he is a perfect Aryan specimen, and forces him into service in the Waffen SS as a model for German propaganda. Imprisoned after the war, he is severely beaten by his Russian captors, then put on trial by Allied forces because of his work for

1444-625: The Battle of Uman , fought between 3 and 8 August, the Karpat Group's mechanized corps acted as one half of a pincer that encircled the 6th Soviet Army and the 12th Soviet Army. This action resulted in the capture or destruction of twenty Soviet divisions. In July 1941 the Hungarian government transferred responsibility for 18,000 Jews from Carpato-Ruthenian Hungary to the German armed forces . These Jews, without Hungarian citizenship, were sent to

1520-593: The Committee of Liberation of the Hungarian National Uprising  [ hu ; tr ] on 11 November 1944. Although immediately weakened by the arrest and execution of its leaders, with General János Kiss among them, it called for an armed uprising against the German forces which took the form of limited isolated partisan actions and attacks on German military installations. During the first months of Arrow Cross rule, resistors infiltrated

1596-768: The Hungarian Third Army . But success was costly and, unable to replace lost armor and heavy artillery munitions, the Hungarian Second Army was defeated on 1 December 1944. The remnants of the Second Army were incorporated into the Third Army. In October 1944, the Hungarian First Army was attached to the German 1st Panzer Army , participating defensively against the Red Army's advance toward Budapest . On 28 December 1944,

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1672-682: The Kingdom of Hungary was a member of the Axis powers . In the 1930s, the Kingdom of Hungary relied on increased trade with Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to pull itself out of the Great Depression . Hungarian politics and foreign policy had become more stridently nationalistic by 1938, and Hungary adopted an irredentist policy similar to Germany's, attempting to incorporate ethnic Hungarian areas in neighboring countries into Hungary. Hungary benefited territorially from its relationship with

1748-567: The Luftwaffe bombed Belgrade without warning. The German army invaded Yugoslavia and quickly crushed Yugoslavian armed resistance. Horthy dispatched the Hungarian Third Army to occupy Vojvodina . Hungary did not immediately participate in the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Axis invasion began on 22 June 1941, but Hitler did not directly ask for Hungarian assistance. Nonetheless, many Hungarian officials argued for participation in

1824-780: The Munich Agreement caused the dissolution of the Czechoslovak Republic and the creation of the Czecho-Slovak Republic (also known as the "Second Czechoslovak Republic"). Some autonomy was granted to Slovakia and to Carpathian Ruthenia in the new republic. On 5 October, about 500 members of the Hungarian Ragged Guard infiltrated Slovakia and Ruthenia as " guerrillas ". On 9 October, the Kingdom of Hungary started talks with

1900-529: The Second Vienna Award , about 1,150,000 people or 48% of the population was Romanian. The establishment of Hungarian rule met sometimes insurgency, most notable cases are the Ip and Treznea incidents in Northern Transylvania. After invading Yugoslavia on 11 April 1941, Hungary annexed sections of Baranja , Bačka , Međimurje , and Prekmurje . The returned territories – 11,417 km – had

1976-555: The Tripartite Pact . In December 1940 Teleki also signed an ephemeral Treaty of Eternal Friendship with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which was led by a regent , Prince Paul , who was also under German pressure. On 25 March 1941, Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact on behalf of Yugoslavia. Two days later, a Yugoslavian coup d'état removed Prince Paul, replaced him with pro- British King Peter , and threatened

2052-519: The 1st Hungarian Cavalry Division (1st Huszár Division, Hungarian : Huszár Hadosztály ) and of the 1st Hungarian Armoured Division, then in the area of present-day Austria. Surrender and movement across the Enns River had to be completed prior to midnight. In the town of Landsberg in Bavaria , a Hungarian garrison stood in parade formation to surrender as Americans forces advanced through

2128-719: The Arab culture, before writing the biography of Muhammad . The book was translated from Romanian to French and to Persian in Iran and in Urdu in Pakistan; unfortunately, this book was never translated into English. Its Hindi translation was being printed in India and was expected to be available by January 2020, with the Hindi title saying "A prophet you do not know". Between 1942 and 1943, during

2204-732: The Arrow Cross launched a reign of terror against the Jews of Budapest. Thousands were tortured, raped and murdered in the last months of the war, their property looted or destroyed. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved thousands of Budapest's Jews using Swedish protective passports. He was ultimately taken prisoner by the Soviets and died some years later in a labor camp. Other foreign diplomats such as Nuncio Angelo Rotta , Giorgio Perlasca , Carl Lutz , Friedrich Born , Harald Feller , Angel Sanz Briz and George Mandel-Mantello also organized false papers and safehouses for Jews in Budapest. Of

2280-722: The Arrow Cross. After two years of war against the Soviet Union , Prime Minister Miklós Kállay began peace negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom in autumn of 1943, and 1944 Horthy secretly started peace talks with the Soviet Union and attempted to create the National Centrist-Governance ( Nemzeti Középkormány ) through the series of secret negotiations with the Hungarian Front (an anti-German rebel group) to push back

2356-565: The Axis' last source of oil. It was their final operation of the war and it quickly failed. By 19 March 1945, Soviet troops had recaptured all the territory lost during the 13-day German offensive. After the failed offensive, the Germans in Hungary were eliminated. Most of what remained of the Hungarian Third Army was destroyed about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Budapest between 16 and 25 March 1945. From 26 March and 15 April,

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2432-477: The Axis. Settlements were negotiated regarding territorial disputes with the Czechoslovak Republic , the Slovak Republic , and the Kingdom of Romania . On November 20, 1940, Hungary became the fourth member to join the Axis powers when it signed the Tripartite Pact. The following year, Hungarian forces participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia and the invasion of the Soviet Union . Their participation

2508-624: The Czecho-Slovak Republic over Magyar-populated regions of southern Slovakia and southern Ruthenia. On 11 October, the Hungarian guards were defeated by Czecho-Slovak troops at Berehovo and Borzsava in Ruthenia. The Hungarians suffered approximately 350 casualties and, by 29 October, the talks were deadlocked. On 2 November 1938, the First Vienna Award transferred to Hungary parts of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia, an area amounting to 11,927 km and

2584-630: The German occupation in March 1944 joined forces in May 1944 in the Communist-inspired Hungarian Front  [ hu ] (Magyar Front). They demanded a "new struggle of liberation" against the German occupation forces and their collaborators and called for the creation of a new democratic Hungary after the war. The representatives of the Hungarian Front, being informed by Horthy of plans for an armistice on 11 October, founded

2660-504: The Germans pulled them from the front. While Kállay was prime minister, the Jews endured increased economic and political repression , although many, particularly those in Budapest, were temporarily protected from the final solution . For most of the war, the Hungarian Jews lived an uneasy existence. They were deprived of most freedoms, but were not subjected to physical harm, and Horthy tried to contain anti-Semitic groups such as

2736-611: The Hungarian Government to support the policies and goals of Nazi Germany. In 1935, a Hungarian fascist party, the Arrow Cross Party , led by Ferenc Szálasi , was founded. Gömbös' successor, Kálmán Darányi , attempted to appease both Nazis and Hungarian antisemites by passing the First Jewish Law, which set quotas limiting Jews to 20% of positions in several professions. The law satisfied neither

2812-809: The Hungarian Parliament, but in the end, after the outbreak of the Second World War it never passed through. However, in the corresponding territory the Governorate of Subcarpathia was formed which was divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung ( Hungarian : Ungi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), Bereg ( Hungarian : Beregi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) and Máramaros ( Hungarian : Máramarosi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages. On 20 November 1940, under pressure from Germany, Hungarian prime minister Pál Teleki signed

2888-479: The Hungarian village of Abda for being too weak to continue after a savage beating. In autumn of 1941 anti-German demonstrations took place in Hungary. On 15 March 1942, the anniversary of the outbreak of the 1848–49 War of Independence , a crowd of 8,000 people gathered at the Sándor Petőfi monument in Budapest to demand an "independent democratic Hungary". The underground Hungarian Communist Party published

2964-648: The Kállay government, and in September 1943, the German General Staff prepared a project to invade and occupy Hungary. In March 1944, German forces occupied Hungary . When Soviet forces began threatening Hungary, an armistice was signed between Hungary and the USSR by Regent Miklós Horthy . Soon afterward, Horthy's son was kidnapped by German commandos and Horthy was forced to revoke the armistice. The Regent

3040-474: The Nazis nor Hungary's own radicals, and when Darányi resigned in May 1938 Béla Imrédy was appointed prime minister. Imrédy's attempts to improve Hungary's diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom initially made him very unpopular with Germany and Italy. Aware of Germany's Anschluss with Austria in March, he realized that he could not afford to alienate Germany and Italy on a long-term basis: in

3116-527: The Nazis. Meanwhile, Traian, son of the priest Koruga who employed Moritz in their Romanian village, is a famous novelist and minor diplomat whose first internment comes when he is picked up as an enemy alien by the Yugoslavs . Once imprisoned, the two heroes begin an odyssey of torture and despair. Traian Koruga is deeply unsettled because what he sees as the machinism and inhumanity of the "Western technical society", where individuals are treated as members of

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3192-452: The Romanian Orthodox Church in France. He is buried in the Passy Cemetery , in Paris. Gheorghiu's best-known book depicts the plight of a naive Romanian young farmhand, Johann Moritz, under German, Soviet and American occupation of Central Europe. Johann is sent to a labor camp by a police captain who covets his wife, Suzanna. At first, he is tagged as "Jacob Moritz", a Jew. Then, he and fellow Jewish prisoners escape to Hungary , where he

3268-410: The Soviet Union. The Hungarian army ignored Horthy's orders, fighting desperately to keep the Soviets out. The Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and, by kidnapping his son Miklós Horthy Jr. , forced Horthy to abrogate the armistice, depose the Lakatos government, and name the leader of the Arrow Cross Party , Ferenc Szálasi , as prime minister. Horthy resigned and Szálasi became prime minister of

3344-455: The Soviets and Bulgarians launched the Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive and more Hungarian remnants were destroyed as part of Army Group South fighting alongside the 2nd Panzer Army . By the start of April, the Germans, with the Arrow Cross in tow, had completely vacated Hungarian soil. Officially, Soviet operations in Hungary ended on 4 April 1945, when the last German troops were expelled. Some pro-fascist Hungarians such as Szálasi escaped—for

3420-410: The USSR (see below). Eighty percent of them—28,000 to 32,000 people—never returned; they died either on the battlefield or in captivity. Approximately half of the 6,000 Jewish forced laborers working in the copper mines in Bor , Yugoslavia (now Serbia ) were executed by the Germans during the death march from Bor to Győr in August–October 1944, including the 35-year-old poet Miklós Radnóti , shot at

3496-474: The anti-fascist general Géza Lakatos . Under the Lakatos regime, acting interior minister Béla Horváth ordered gendarmes to prevent the deportation of Hungarian citizens. The Germans were unhappy with the situation but could not do a great deal about it. Horthy's actions thus bought the Jews of Budapest a few months of time. In September 1944, Soviet forces crossed the Hungarian border. On 15 October, Horthy announced that Hungary had asked for an armistice with

3572-504: The approximately 800,000 Jews residing within Hungary's expanded borders of 1941, only 200,000 (about 25%) survived the Holocaust . An estimated 28,000 Hungarian Roma were also killed as part of the Porajmos . Soon Hungary itself became a battlefield. Szálasi promised a Greater Hungary and prosperity for the peasants, but in reality Hungary was crumbling and its armies were slowly being destroyed. As an integral part of German general Maximilian Fretter-Pico 's Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico ,

3648-502: The area very late in the war. A few Hungarian soldiers ended the war in Denmark in some of the last territory not yet occupied by the Allies. This is a list of battles and other combat operations in World War II in which Hungarian forces took part. On 19 March 1944 German troops occupied Hungary, prime minister Miklós Kállay was deposed and soon mass deportations of Jews to German death camps in occupied Poland began. SS- Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann went to Hungary to oversee

3724-433: The autumn of 1938 his foreign policy became very much pro-German and pro-Italian. Intent on amassing a powerbase in Hungarian right wing politics, Imrédy started to suppress political rivals, so the increasingly influential Arrow Cross Party was harassed, and eventually banned by Imrédy's administration. As Imrédy drifted further to the right, he proposed that the government be reorganized along totalitarian lines and drafted

3800-520: The capital Budapest . Most Jews in Hungary were protected from deportation to German extermination camps for the first few years of the war, although they were subject to a prolonged period of oppression by anti-Jewish laws that imposed limits on their participation in public and economic life. From the start of the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, Jews and Roma were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp . Hungary's borders were returned to their pre-1938 lines after its surrender. In Hungary ,

3876-408: The conditions in the concentration camps led the admiral to resist his policies. In early July 1944, Horthy stopped the deportations, and after the failed attempt on Hitler's life, the Germans backed off from pressing Horthy's regime to continue further, large-scale deportations, although some smaller groups continued to be deported by train. In late August, Horthy refused Eichmann's request to restart

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3952-411: The death, the bewildered Hungarian troops, fighting without antitank weaponry or armored support, harassed by partisan groups and Soviet air attacks, and having to endure the Russian winter weather, tried in vain to retreat. Most of the survivors were taken prisoner by the Soviet army, and total casualties numbered more than 100,000 men. The Hungarian army ceased to exist as an effective fighting force, and

4028-415: The deportations. Himmler ordered Eichmann to leave Budapest. The forced labor service system was introduced in Hungary in 1939. The system affected primarily the Jewish population, but many people belonging to minorities, sectarians, leftists and Roma were also inducted. Thirty-five thousand to 40,000 forced laborers, mostly Jews or of Jewish origin, served in the Hungarian Second Army , which fought in

4104-401: The eastern front in the Royal Hungarian Army . During the Battle of Stalingrad , the Hungarian Second Army suffered terrible losses. The Soviet breakthrough at the Don River sliced directly through the Hungarian units. Shortly after the fall of Stalingrad in January 1943, the Soviets crushed the Hungarian Second Army at the Battle of Voronezh . Ignoring German orders to stand and fight to

4180-413: The government an end to hostilities and joining the Allies even at the price of armed conflict with Germany. At the beginning of August 1943 a programme of action was formally concluded with the Social Democrats and on 11 September they issued a joint declaration against the war on the side of Germany. Various opposition groups deprived of their leaders most of whom had been arrested by the Gestapo after

4256-427: The independence of Carpatho-Ukraine and, between 14 and 18 March, Hungarian armed forces occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and ousted the government of Avgustyn Voloshyn . By contrast, Hungary recognized the German puppet state of Slovakia led by the Clerical Fascist Jozef Tiso but on 23 March 1939, Hungarian attacks on Slovakia on the east claiming a border dispute, led to a localized armed conflict between

4332-500: The joint effect of the Great Depression and the Treaty of Trianon resulted in shifting the political mood of the country towards the right . In 1932, the regent Miklós Horthy appointed a new prime minister, Gyula Gömbös . Gömbös was identified with the Hungarian National Defence Association ( Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet , or MOVE). He led Hungarian international policy towards closer cooperation with Germany, and started an effort to assimilate minorities in Hungary. Gömbös signed

4408-437: The large-scale deportations. Between 15 May and 9 July, Hungarian authorities deported 437,402 Jews. All but 15,000 of these Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau , and 90% of those were immediately killed. It has been estimated that one-third of the murdered victims at Auschwitz were Hungarian. Sztojay, unlike previous prime ministers, answered mostly to Berlin and was thus able to act independently of Horthy. However, reports of

4484-412: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgil_Gheorghiu&oldid=990813411 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu Virgil Gheorghiu

4560-472: The management's pro-German far-right endeavors. Berlin was already suspicious of the Kállay's government, and in September 1943, the German General Staff prepared a project to invade and occupy Hungary. At the request of the Allies, there were no connections made with the Soviets. Aware of Kállay's deceit and fearing that Hungary might conclude a separate peace, in March 1944 Hitler launched Operation Margarethe and ordered German troops to occupy Hungary. Horthy

4636-492: The ministries of finance, industry, and defense and in replacing several key military officers with his supporters. In October 1936, he died due to kidney problems without realizing his goals. Hungary used its relationship with Germany to attempt to revise the Treaty of Trianon. In 1938, Hungary openly repudiated the treaty's restrictions on its armed forces. Adolf Hitler gave promises to return lost territories and threats of military intervention and economic pressure to encourage

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4712-418: The reformed Hungarian Second Army enjoyed a modest level of combat success. From 6 to 29 October 1944 during the Battle of Debrecen , Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico managed to achieve a major win on the battlefield. Avoiding encirclement itself, it encircled and severely mauled three Soviet tank corps serving under the Mobile Group of Issa Pliyev . Earlier in the same battle, Mobile Group Pliyev had sliced through

4788-465: The regime of General Ion Antonescu , Gheorghiu served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania as an embassy secretary. He went into exile when Soviet troops entered Romania in August 1944. Arrested at the end of World War II by American troops, he eventually settled in France in 1948. A year later, he published the novel Ora 25 (in French: La vingt-cinquième heure ; in English: The Twenty-Fifth Hour ), written during his captivity. Gheorghiu

4864-403: The status of those who had formerly converted from Judaism to Christianity . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought to peacefully enforce the claims of Hungarians on territories Hungary had lost with the signing of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon . Two significant territorial awards were made. These awards were known as the First Vienna Award and the Second Vienna Award . In October 1938,

4940-444: The success of the planned German invasion of the Soviet Union . Hitler asked the Hungarians to support his invasion of Yugoslavia. He promised to return some territory to Hungary in exchange for military cooperation. On 3 April 1941, unable to prevent Hungary's participation in the war alongside Germany, Teleki committed suicide. The right-wing radical László Bárdossy succeeded him as prime minister. Three days after Teleki's death,

5016-402: The two countries. The Slovak–Hungarian War , also known as the "Little War", ended with Hungary gaining the easternmost strip of Slovakia, 1697 km . In September 1940, with troops massing on both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border, war was averted by the Second Vienna Award . This award transferred to Hungary the northern half of Transylvania , with a total area of 43,492 km and

5092-429: The war in order to encourage Hitler not to favour Romania in the event of border revisions in Transylvania. On 26 June 1941, unidentified airplanes bombed Košice (Kassa). Although Hungarian authorities assumed Soviet responsibility, some speculation exists that this was a false-flag attack instigated by Germany (possibly in cooperation with Romania) to give Hungary a casus belli for joining Operation Barbarossa and

5168-461: The war, although it is plausible that Soviet bombers mistook Kassa for nearby Prešov in Slovakia. Hungary declared war against the Soviets on 27 June 1941, less than 24 hours after the Košice bombing raid. On 1 July 1941, under German instruction, the Hungarian Carpathian Group ( Karpat Group ) attacked the 12th Soviet Army . Attached to the German 17th Army , the Karpat Group advanced far into Soviet Ukraine , and later into southern Russia . At

5244-407: Was born in Valea Albă, a village in Războieni Commune, Neamț County , in Romania . His father was an Orthodox priest in Petricani . A top student, he attended high school in Chișinău from 1928 to June 1936, after which he studied philosophy and theology at the University of Bucharest and at Heidelberg University . He traveled and stayed in Saudi Arabia to learn the Arabic language and

5320-493: Was confined to a castle, in essence, placed under house arrest . Döme Sztójay , an avid supporter of the Nazis, became the new prime minister. Sztójay governed with the aid of a German military governor, Edmund Veesenmayer . The Hungarian populace was not happy with their nation effectively reduced to a German protectorate, but Berlin threatened to occupy Hungary with Slovak , Croat , and Romanian troops if they did not comply. The threat of these ancestral enemies on Hungarian soil

5396-438: Was in the Dachau Concentration Camp at the time, the Sovereignty Movement (Függetlenségi Mozgalom) he supported, fought alongside the Soviets. Famous people from the group were Szent-Györgyi Albert biochemist (who was proposed to be the prime minister) and Várnai Zseni revolutionary writer. During the fight, most of what remained of the Hungarian First Army was destroyed about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Budapest in

5472-402: Was noted by German observers for its particular cruelty, with occupied peoples subjected to arbitrary violence. Hungarian volunteers were sometimes referred to as engaging in "murder tourism." After two years of war against the Soviet Union , Prime Minister Miklós Kállay began peace negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom in autumn of 1943. Berlin was already suspicious of

5548-893: Was ordained a priest of the Romanian Orthodox Church at the Saint Archangels Church  [ fr ] in Paris on May 23, 1963. In 1966, Patriarch Justinian elevated him to the rank of iconom stavrofor  [ ro ] and in 1970 he was named archpresbyter of the Patriarchate of Constantinople at the Orthodox Center of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Chambésy , Switzerland. In 1971 Gheorghiu became Patriarch of

5624-536: Was published in French translation in 1949 and was not published in Romania until 1991 (first time published in Romania by Editura Omegapres, Bucharest, 1991). In 1967, Carlo Ponti produced a film based on Gheorghiu's book. The movie was directed by Henri Verneuil , with Anthony Quinn as Johann, Virna Lisi as Suzanna, and Serge Reggiani as Traian. Hungary during World War II During World War II ,

5700-486: Was seen as far worse than German control. Hungary kept entire divisions on the Romanian border while the troops of both nations were fighting and dying together in the Russian winter. As the Soviets pushed westward, Sztojay's government mustered new armies. The Hungarian troops again suffered terrible losses, but now had a motive to protect their homeland from Soviet occupation. In August 1944, Horthy replaced Sztójay with

5776-424: Was then deposed from power, while Hungarian fascist leader Ferenc Szálasi established a new government, with German backing. In 1945, Hungarian and German forces in Hungary were defeated by advancing Soviet armies. Approximately 300,000 Hungarian soldiers and more than 600,000 civilians died during World War II, including between 450,000 and 606,000 Jews and 28,000 Roma . Many cities were damaged, most notably

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