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76-613: Xerxes de Oliveira is a drum and bass producer from São Paulo , Brazil. He uses several pseudonyms including XRS , XRS Land , Friendtornik , and Kapitel 06 . He is well known in the Brazilian drum and bass scene due to the large number of live PAs he has performed throughout Brazil. Most of his work has been released on Sambaloco , although he has also released material on the UK's V Recordings imprint (often in collaboration with DJ Marky ). This article on an electronic musician

152-408: A "rising zoomer affinity" for the genre in the 2020s. Purple Sneakers described a "drum n' bass Renaissance" occurring at the time of the publication of their articles in 2023. Drum and bass incorporates a number of scenes and styles, from the highly electronic, industrial sounds of techstep to the use of conventional, acoustic instrumentation that characterise the more jazz-influenced end of

228-508: A boycott of the single amongst a group of DJs that were dubbed as the "Jungle Committee". Labels such as Ibiza, 3rd Party and Kemet were prolific in their releases. Having previously been confined to pirate radio, legal stations woke up to jungle from 1994. London's Kiss 100 launched its Givin' It Up show in early 1994 and featured DJs on rotation including Kenny Ken Jumpin Jack Frost, DJ Randall, DJ Rap, and Mickey Finn. A year later,

304-498: A club music genre from Detroit, contains synth and basslines similar to drum and bass. Drum and bass is dominated by a small group of record labels. These are mainly run by DJ-producers, such as London Elektricity 's Hospital Records , Andy C and Scott Bourne's RAM , Goldie 's Metalheadz , Fabio and Sarah Sandy's Creative Source Records, DJ Dextrous 's King of the Jungle Records, Subversive Recordings and State of

380-641: A computer, a variety of tracks for personal listening. Additionally, there are many albums containing unmixed tracks, suited for home or car listening. Although this practice has declined in popularity, DJs are often accompanied by one or more MCs , drawing on the genre's roots in hip hop and reggae / ragga . MCs do not generally receive the same level of recognition as producer/DJs, and some events are specifically marketed as being MC-free. There are relatively few well-known drum and bass MCs, mainly based in London and Bristol, including Stevie Hyper D (deceased),

456-439: A drum and bass-influenced breakbeat track. Many mixing points begin or end with a " drop ". The drop is the point in a track where a switch of rhythm or bassline occurs and usually follows a recognisable build section and breakdown . Sometimes, the drop is used to switch between tracks, layering components of different tracks, as the two records may be simply ambient breakdowns at this point. Some DJs prefer to combine breakbeats,

532-511: A drum solo that has since become known as the " Amen break ", which, after being extensively used in early hip hop music, went on to become the basis for the rhythms used in drum and bass. Kevin Saunderson released a series of bass-heavy, minimal techno cuts as Reese/The Reese Project in the late '80s, which were hugely influential in drum and bass. One of his more famous basslines (Reese – "Just Want Another Chance", Incognito Records, 1988)

608-412: A hard-hitting emotional impact, with the drums complementing the bass to deliver a pulsating, powerful experience. Consequently, drum and bass parties are often advertised as featuring uncommonly loud and bass-heavy sound systems. There are however many albums specifically designed for personal listening. The DJ mix is a particularly popular form of release, with a popular DJ or producer mixing live, or on

684-400: A high-tempo 4/4 dance track could be classified as techno or gabber . The complex syncopation of the drum tracks' breakbeat is another facet of production on which producers can spend a very large amount of time. The Amen break is generally acknowledged to have been the most-used (and often considered the most powerful) break in drum and bass. The genre places great importance on

760-407: A less reggae-influenced sound and a darker, grittier, and more sinister soundscape. Hip-hop and jazz -influenced tracks dominated the clubs in this period. Dillinja , Roni Size , Die , Hype , Zinc , Alex Reece and Krust were instrumental in the transition of the jungle sound to drum and bass. By the end of 1998, the genre's sound had changed forms significantly from the sound heard earlier in

836-411: A liquidator. This left many labels short on sales, as Nu Urban were one of the main distributors for the vinyl market in the drum and bass scene. Despite its roots in the UK, which is still treated as the "home" of drum and bass, the style has firmly established itself around the world. There are strong scenes in other English-speaking countries including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and

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912-532: A long-standing drum and bass show on Radio 1. Radio 1 also had the One in the Jungle show. The BBC's Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra used to feature the genre heavily, with DJ Bailey (show axed as of 29 August 2012) and Crissy Criss (show axed as of August 2014) as its advocates. The network also organises a week-long tour of the UK each year called Xtra Bass . London pirate radio stations have been instrumental in

988-465: A more difficult exercise. Some drops are so popular that the DJ will "rewind" or "reload" or "lift up" the record by spinning it back and restarting it at the build. The drop is often a key point from the point of view of the dance floor, since the drum breaks often fade out to leave an ambient intro playing. When the beats re-commence they are often more complex and accompanied by a heavier bassline, encouraging

1064-620: A popular subgenre that came out of hardstep , with influences of various kinds of sound experiments, most importantly the bass line . Popular tracks of this subgenre include "Dred Bass" by Dead Dred, "Super Sharp Shooter" by DJ Zinc , "This Style" by Shy FX , "R.I.P" ( DJ Hype Remix) by Remarc and DJ Zinc's remix of the Fugees ' " Ready or Not ". The genre would later regain popularity in the early 2000s with new productions by artists such as Shimon & Andy C , Bad Company , DJ Hazard and Pendulum . The post- Thatcherite United Kingdom of

1140-628: A very important influence on drum and bass). Darkcore , a direct influence on drum and bass, was combined with influences of drum and bass itself leading to the creation of darkstep . There is considerable crossover from the extreme edges of drum and bass, breakcore, darkcore, digital hardcore and raggacore with fluid boundaries. Intelligent dance music (IDM) is a form of art music based on DnB and other electronic dance musics, exploring their boundaries using ideas from science, technology, contemporary classical music and progressive rock, often creating un-danceable, art gallery style music. Ghettotech ,

1216-590: A wave of new artists (Carlito & Addiction, Solid State/ DJ Dextrous , Subject 13 and Fellowship being amongst the early pioneers to champion the sound) incorporating new ideas and techniques, supporting continual evolution of the genre. As of 2014, drum and bass makes frequent appearances in mainstream media and popular culture including in television , as well as being a major reference point for subsequent genres such as grime and dubstep , and producing successful artists including Chase & Status , Netsky , Metrik , and Pendulum . In 2021, Pitchfork noted

1292-520: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Drum and bass Drum and bass (commonly abbreviated as DnB , D&B , or D'n'B ) is a genre of electronic dance music characterised by fast breakbeats (typically 165–185 beats per minute ) with heavy bass and sub-bass lines, samples , and synthesizers . The genre grew out of the UK's jungle scene in the 1990s. The popularity of drum and bass at its commercial peak ran parallel to several other UK dance styles. A major influence

1368-476: Is dominated by a relatively small group of record labels. Major international music labels had shown very little interest in the drum and bass scene until BMG Rights Management acquired RAM in February 2016. Since then, the genre has seen a significant growth in exposure. Whilst the origin of drum and bass music is in the UK, the genre has evolved considerably with many other prominent fanbases located all over

1444-535: Is electric, acoustic or a double bass , are less common. Atmospheric pads and samples may be added over the fundamental drum and bass to provide different feels. These have included "light" elements such as ambient pads as found in ambient electronica and samples of jazz and world musics, or "dark" elements such as dissonant pads and sci-fi samples to induce anxiety in the dancer. Old-school DnB usually included an MC providing vocals. Some styles (such as jazz-influenced DnB) also include melodic instruments soloing over

1520-464: Is often used as a synonym for drum and bass, particularly in the United States. More commonly, jungle is viewed as the originating point for drum and bass, with the progressive changes brought by artists in the late 1990s serving as the point of diversion (some examples being Trace & Ed Rush , LTJ Bukem , Photek , Total Science , Goldie and Optical ). During this time, a false dichotomy

1596-478: Is the "Tramen", which combines the Amen break , a James Brown funk breakbeat (" Tighten Up " or "Samurai" break) and an Alex Reece drum and bass breakbeat. The relatively fast drum beat forms a canvas on which a producer can create tracks to appeal to almost any taste and often will form only a background to the other elements of the music. Syncopated breakbeats remain the most distinctive element as without these

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1672-461: Is where these different Black Atlantic genres converge. Reynolds noted the audience of the genre evolved alongside the music itself; going from a "sweaty, shirtless white teenager, grinning and gurning" to a "head nodding, stylishly dressed black twenty something with hooded-eyes, holding a spliff in one hand and a bottle of champagne in the other". Jungle also served as "a site for a battle between contesting notions of blackness". Jungle reached

1748-592: The Atari ST to create their tracks. Of equal importance is the TR-808 kick drum, an artificially down-pitched or elongated bass drum sound sampled from Roland 's classic TR-808 drum machine, and a sound which has been subject to an enormous amount of experimentation over the years. Many drum and bass tracks have featured more than one sampled breakbeat in them and a technique of switching between two breaks after each bar developed. A more recent commonly used break

1824-579: The Ragga Twins , Dynamite MC , MC Skibadee (deceased) and MC Tali . Many musicians have adapted drum and bass to live performances, which feature instruments such as drums (acoustic or electronic), samplers , synthesizers , turntables , bass (either upright or electric) and guitars (acoustic or electric). Samplers have also been used live by assigning samples to a specific drum pad or key on drum pads or synthesizers. MCs are frequently featured in live performances. Smaller scenes within

1900-572: The Rebel MC were arguably the first to bring the sound system influence solidly into releases. The track " We Are I.E. " by Lennie De-Ice is often credited as being the track that laid down the foundations for jungle with its ragga bassline. The infiltration of hardcore B-boys into the rave scene was catalyst for "the messy birth-pangs of Britain's very own equivalent to US hip hop: jungle." The UK B-boy's removal from American racial tensions made hip-hop's sample and beat-making more attractive than

1976-421: The bassline , in this case a deep sub-bass musical pattern which can be felt physically through powerful sound systems due to the low-range frequencies favoured. There has been considerable exploration of different timbres in the bass line region, particularly within techstep . The bass lines most notably originate from sampled sources or synthesizers . Bass lines performed with a bass instrument, whether it

2052-411: The electronic dance music scene perhaps lessened following the shifts from jungle to drum and bass, and through to so-called "intelligent drum and bass" and techstep. It still remains a fusion music style. Some tracks are illegally remixed and released on white label (technically bootleg), often to acclaim. For example, DJ Zinc 's remix of Fugees ' " Ready or Not ", also known as "Fugee Or Not",

2128-414: The "protest side of rap," and spurred on their interest in the rave scene. Alongside their 'sampladelic' taste, raving B-boys' use of MDMA fueled the more hyper sound that was passed down to jungle, even after the drug was left for marijuana. During 1992 and 1993, the phrases "jungle techno" and "hardcore jungle" proliferated to describe that shift of the music from breakbeat hardcore to jungle. The sound

2204-415: The 170–180 range. Recently, some producers have started to once again produce tracks with slower tempos (that is, in the 150-170 bpm range), but the mid-170s tempo is still a hallmark of the drum and bass sound. A track combining the same elements (broken beat, bass, production techniques) as a drum and bass track, but with a slower tempo (say 140 BPM), might not be drum and bass, but instead may qualify as

2280-494: The Art Recordings, Kasra's Critical Music , DJ Friction 's Shogun Audio, DJ Fresh 's Breakbeat Kaos , Ed Rush & Optical 's Virus Recordings, Futurebound 's Viper Recordings and DJ Hype , Pascal, NoCopyrightSounds and formerly DJ Zinc 's True Playaz (known as Real Playaz as of 2006). Prior to 2016, the major international music labels such as Sony Music and Universal had shown very little interest in

2356-554: The Shadows " by Origin Unknown , "Set Me Free" by Potential Bad Boy, " 28 Gun Bad Boy " by A Guy Called Gerald , "Crackman" by DJ Ron , "A London Sumtin" by Code 071, "Learning from My Brother" by Family of Intelligence, "Lion of Judah" by X Project , and "Be Free" by Noise Factory . Techniques and styles could be traced to such a vast group of influencers, each adding their own little elements. According to Simon Reynolds , jungle

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2432-418: The UK's nationwide broadcaster BBC Radio 1 finally gave jungle a platform on its One in the Jungle weekly show. Major labels such as Sony and BMG were signing deals with artists including A Guy Called Gerald , Kemet, and DJ Ron . Of these, Roni Size and 4hero would achieve wider commercial success as drum and bass artists, but continued to release more underground jungle tracks — the latter adopting

2508-457: The United States. Today, drum and bass is widely promoted using different methods such as video sharing services like YouTube and Dailymotion , blogs , radio , and television , the latter being the most uncommon method. More recently, music networking websites such as SoundCloud and Mixcloud have become powerful tools for artist recognition, providing a vast platform that enables quick responses to new tracks. Record labels have adopted

2584-474: The alias Tom & Jerry to continue to release rare groove sampling dancefloor-oriented jungle. The underground classic "Burial" by Leviticus would see a major release on FFRR Records . Jungle music, as a scene, was unable to decide whether it wanted to be recognised in the mainstream or if it wanted to avoid misrepresentation. This manifested in the cooperation of jungle artists and small record labels. Small record labels worked to provide more autonomy to

2660-720: The blackness of the music and its subculture, inverting the racist history of the term "jungle music". Notable releases include: "Burial" by Leviticus , "Dangerous" by DJ Ron , "Lover to Lover / Maximum Style" by Tom & Jerry , " Original Nuttah " by Shy FX , "All the Crew Big Up" by Roni Size & DJ Die , " Incredible / Sweet Love " by M-Beat, "The Helicopter Tune" by Deep Blue , "Super Sharp Shooter" by DJ Zinc , "Sovereign Melody / Lion Heart" by Dillinja , "Everyman" by Kenny Ken , "The Victory / Lovable" by DJ Dextrous , "Bad Ass" by Aphrodite , "The Lighter" by DJ SS , and "Tiger Style" by DJ Hype. The term "jungle"

2736-407: The boundaries of drum and bass further into the mainstream with artists such as Chase and Status and Sub Focus . Now defunct labels include Rob Playford 's Moving Shadow , running from 1990 until 2007, which played a pivotal role in the nineties drum and bass scene, releasing records by artists such as Omni Trio . Originally drum and bass was mostly sold in 12-inch vinyl single format. With

2812-510: The club scene enjoyed every second. The origin of the word jungle is one of discussion. Rebel MC is often noted for having popularised the term, and in Simon Reynolds ' book Energy Flash , MC Navigator is quoted as attributing the word to him. Others such as MC Five-O attribute it to MC Moose, whilst Rob Playford (of Moving Shadow ) attributes it to MC Mad P (of Top Buzz ). Some thought of this term as empowering, an assertion of

2888-534: The crowd to begin dancing. Drum and bass exhibits a full frequency response which can sometimes only be fully appreciated on sound systems which can handle very low frequencies, including sub-bass frequencies that are often felt more than heard. As befits its name, the bass element of the music is particularly pronounced, with the comparatively sparse arrangements of drum and bass tracks allowing room for basslines that are deeper than most other forms of dance music. Drum and bass tracks are meticulously designed to create

2964-452: The decade. Ragga jungle is a fusion genre that combines jungle with a heavy reggae influence. It would become a major subgenre during 1994 and 1995, with popular tracks such as "Incredible" by M-Beat featuring General Levy, " Original Nuttah " by UK Apachi and Shy FX , "Sound Murderer / RIP" by Remarc, "Limb by Limb" by Hitman featuring Cutty Ranks , and "Code Red / Champion DJ" by Conquering Lion . In 1995, jump-up would also become

3040-467: The development of drum and bass, with stations such as Kool FM (which continues to broadcast today having done so since 1991), Origin FM, Don FM (the only drum and bass pirate to have gained a temporary legal licence), Renegade Radio 107.2FM, Rude FM, Wax FM and Eruption among the most influential. As of 2014, despite higher profile stations such as 1Xtra scaling back their drum and bass specialist coverage,

3116-430: The drum and bass community have developed and the scene as a whole has become much more fractured into specific subgenres, which have been grouped into "light" (influenced by ambient , jazz , and world music ) and "heavy" (influenced by industrial music , sci-fi , and anxiety ) styles, including: Born around the same time as jungle, breakcore and digital hardcore share many of the elements of drum and bass and to

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3192-573: The drum and bass scene, with the exception of some notable signings, including Pendulum 's In Silico LP to Warner. Roni Size's label played a big, if not the biggest, part in the creation of drum and bass with their dark, baseline sounds. V Recordings also played a large part of the development of drum and bass. BMG Rights Management acquired Ram Records in February 2016, making a strategic investment to help RAM Records (a London-based drum and bass record company co-owned by Andy C and his business partner Scott Bourne). RAM Records has been pushing

3268-427: The early 1990s had left many young people, particularly London's lower-class urban youth, disenfranchised and disillusioned with a seemingly crumbling societal structure. Jungle reflected these feelings, as it was a notably more dark, less euphoric style of music than many of the other styles popular at raves. The music was much more popular with black British youths than other rave styles, such as techno , even though it

3344-651: The emergence of drum and bass into mainstream music markets, more albums, compilations and DJ mixes started to be sold on CDs. As digital music became more popular, websites focused on electronic music, such as Beatport , began to sell drum and bass in digital format. The bulk of drum and bass vinyl records and CDs are distributed globally and regionally by a relatively small number of companies such as SRD (Southern Record Distributors), ST Holdings, & Nu Urban Music Limited. As of 11 September 2012, Nu Urban ceased trading and RSM Tenon were instructed to assist in convening statutory meetings of members and creditors to appoint

3420-686: The emerging drum-funk subgenre, with labels such as Scientific Wax, Bassbin Records and Paradox Music pushing for a more breaks orientated sound. Technicality and Bassbin events in London were spearheading this return to more traditional elements of jungle music. The UK is still the spiritual home and nucleus of jungle to this day. An event called Rupture gained popularity between 2007 and the present for hosting and promoting more traditional styled jungle/drum & bass music and artists. The event and subsequent label have promoted new producers such as Forest Drive West, Tim Reaper , Dead Man's Chest and Sully, and

3496-488: The ensuing years of the genre's development. A very obvious and strong influence on jungle and drum and bass, thanks to the British African-Caribbean sound system scene, is the original Jamaican dub and reggae sound, with pioneers like King Tubby , Peter Tosh , Sly & Robbie , Bill Laswell , Lee Perry , Mad Professor , Roots Radics , Bob Marley and Buju Banton heavily influencing

3572-495: The gang culture that had affected the UK's hip-hop scene and as a consequence of jungle's often aggressive or menacing sound and themes of violence (usually reflected in the choice of samples). However, this developed in tandem with the often positive reputation of the music as part of the wider rave scene and dancehall-based Jamaican music culture prevalent in London. By 1995, whether as a reaction to, or independently of this cultural schism, some jungle producers began to move away from

3648-643: The genre has made its way into UK top 10 charts with drum and bass inspired tracks from artists such as Rudimental and Sigma. Earlier in August 2014, before Crissy Criss' show was axed, the BBC held a whole prime time evening event dedicated to showcasing drum and bass by allowing four major labels to participate. Jungle (music) The breakbeat hardcore scene of the early 1990s was beginning to fragment by 1992/1993, with different influences becoming less common together in tracks. The piano and uplifting vocal style that

3724-507: The greater accessibility to sampling technology allowed young people to create music in their homes by incorporating their own sampling and experiences, rather than needing a grand recording studio. Characterised by the breakbeats and multi-tiered rhythms, Jungle drew support not only from British b-boys who got swept up into the rave scene, but also from reggae , dancehall , electro and rap fans alike. Simon Reynolds described it as causing fear and "for many ravers, too funky to dance" yet

3800-517: The heavier sampling and "hardcore noises" and create more bassline and breakbeat led tracks. Some tracks increasingly took their influence from reggae and this style would become known as hardcore jungle (later to become simply jungle ), whilst darkcore (with producers such as Goldie , Doc Scott , 4hero , and 2 Bad Mice ) were experimenting with sounds and creating a blueprint for drum and bass, especially noticeable by late 1993. By 1994, jungle had begun to gain mainstream popularity, and fans of

3876-490: The music (often referred to as junglists ) became a more recognisable part of youth subculture. The genre further developed, incorporating and fusing elements from a wide range of existing musical genres, including the raggamuffin sound, dancehall , MC chants, dub basslines, and increasingly complex, heavily edited breakbeat percussion. Despite the affiliation with the ecstasy -fuelled rave scene, jungle also inherited associations with violence and criminal activity, both from

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3952-458: The music artists in return for their business and jungle music was proliferated by pirate stations in underground networks and clubs. Whilst the media would in part feed off jungle music success, it also perpetuated negative stereotypes about the scene as being violent. The seminal 1994 documentary A London Some 'Ting Dis , chronicled the growing jungle scene and interviewed producers, DJs, and ravers to counter this perception. 1996 and 1997 saw

4028-439: The music. Jazz pioneer Miles Davis has been named as a possible influence. Blues artists such as Lead Belly , Robert Johnson , Charlie Patton , Muddy Waters and B. B. King have also been cited by producers as inspirations. Even modern avant-garde composers such as Henryk Gorecki have received mention. One of the most influential tracks in drum and bass history was "Amen Brother" by The Winstons , which contains

4104-473: The music. Drum and bass is usually between 160 and 180 BPM, in contrast to other breakbeat -based dance styles such as nu skool breaks , which maintain a slower pace at around 130–140 BPM. A general upward trend in tempo has been observed during the evolution of drum and bass. The earliest forms of drum and bass clocked in at around 130 bpm in 1990/1991, speeding up to around 155–165 BPM by 1993. Since around 1996, drum and bass tempos have predominantly stayed in

4180-668: The music. This influence has lessened with time, but is still evident, with many tracks containing ragga vocals. As a musical style built around funk or syncopated rock and roll breaks , James Brown , Al Green , Marvin Gaye , Ella Fitzgerald , Gladys Knight & the Pips , Billie Holiday , Aretha Franklin , Otis Redding , the Supremes , the Commodores , Jerry Lee Lewis , and even Michael Jackson acted as funk influences on

4256-453: The newly emerging sound. DJs at the Heaven nightclub on "Rage" nights used to play it as fast as their Technics record decks would go, pitching it up in the process. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the tradition of breakbeat use in hip hop production had influenced the sound of breakbeat hardcore , which in turn led to the emergence of jungle, drum and bass, and other genres that shared

4332-461: The otherness' to disassociate it from black people and the racist media narratives containing race, drugs, and violence with jungle music and the scene." The jungle scene had always been portrayed in a negative light due to its affiliation with the rave scene and especially because of the black people associated with the music. The security and drug incidents at jungle events typically seemed to attract more police attention than other EDM genres, though

4408-491: The peak of its popularity in 1994/1995. At this stage, the genre was achieving a number of UK top 40 hits, most notably " Incredible " by M-Beat featuring General Levy , and spawned a series of CD compilations such as Jungle Mania and Jungle Hits . Controversy raged over the success of "Incredible" when Levy reportedly made comments in the media that he was "running jungle at the moment". Although Levy always argued that his comments were misinterpreted, this did not fail to stop

4484-417: The ragga-influenced style and create what would become collectively labelled, for convenience, as drum and bass. As the genre became generally more polished and sophisticated technically, it began to expand its reach from pirate radio to commercial stations and gain widespread acceptance (circa 1995–1997). It also began to split into recognisable subgenres such as hardstep , jump up, ragga, techstep, and what

4560-492: The same trouble would happen in any other raves attended by predominately white audiences. With the emergence of drum and bass, the previous biases against jungle intensified while drum and bass's popularity grew rapidly in mainstream media. In her article, Toppin highlights the sonic marginalization that occurred during the late 1990s, with black jungle ravers declined entry at night clubs and DJs being shadow-banned from playing jungle at venues. This would lead to jungle's return to

4636-586: The same use of broken beats. Drum and bass shares many musical characteristics with hip-hop, though it is nowadays mostly stripped of lyrics. Grandmaster Flash , Roger Troutman , Afrika Bambaata , Run DMC , Mac Dre , Public Enemy , Schooly D , N.W.A , Kid Frost , Wu-Tang Clan , Dr. Dre , Mos Def , Beastie Boys and the Pharcyde are very often directly sampled, regardless of their general influence. Clearly, drum and bass has been influenced by other music genres, though influences from sources external to

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4712-465: The scene is very much thriving. As well as old heads and artists coming out of retirement, modern jungle is enjoyed by the younger generations who missed jungle the first time around. One of the scene's originators, Congo Natty , continued to release jungle music throughout the 2000s, culminating in the 2013 album Jungle Revolution . In 2018, Chase & Status capitalised on the current trend of jungle with their album RTRN II JUNGLE . The album

4788-401: The spectrum. The sounds of drum and bass are extremely varied due to the range of influences behind the music. Drum and bass could at one time be defined as a strictly electronic musical genre, with the only "live" element being the DJ's selection and mixing of records during a set. "Live" drum and bass using electric, electronic and acoustic instruments played by musicians on stage emerged over

4864-473: The underground at the end of the decade. A thriving underground movement producing and developing tracks in the style of the 1990s and some original (though mostly mainstream drum and bass) jungle producers have noticed this new enthusiasm for the original sound. Shy FX , for example, launched the Digital Soundboy label in 2005 to put out more jungle. The early to mid-2000s saw a jungle revival in

4940-462: The uninitiated, tracks from the extreme end of drum and bass may sound identical to breakcore thanks to speed, complexity, impact and maximum sonic density combined with musical experimentation. German drum and bass DJ The Panacea is also one of the leading digital hardcore artists. Raggacore resembles a faster version of the ragga-influenced jungle music of the 1990s, similar to breakcore but with more friendly dancehall beats (dancehall itself being

5016-481: The use of podcasts . Prior to the rise of the internet, drum and bass was commonly broadcast over pirate radio . The three highest-profile radio stations playing drum and bass shows are BBC Radio 1 with The Drum and Bass Show – formerly with Friction , who was replaced with René LaVice in 2017, simulcast in the US and Canada on Sirius XM, and DJ Hype on Kiss 100 in London. Fabio and Grooverider previously held

5092-502: The world. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a growing nightclub and overnight outdoor event culture gave birth to new genres in the rave scene including breakbeat hardcore , darkcore , and hardcore jungle , which combined sampled syncopated beats, or breakbeats, and other samples from a wide range of different musical genres and, occasionally, samples of music, dialogue and effects from films and television programmes. From as early as 1991, tracks were beginning to strip away some of

5168-425: Was "Britain's very own equivalent to US hip-hop. That said, you could equally make the case that jungle is a raved-up, digitised offshoot of Jamaican reggae . Musically, jungle's spatialised production, bass quake pressure and battery of extreme sonic effects, make it a sort of postmodern dub music on steroids." This is an example of the effects of the sonic diaspora and the wide influence musical genres have; Jungle

5244-527: Was championed at clubs such as AWOL, Roast, and Telepathy, by DJs such as DJ Ron , DJ Hype , DJ Randall , Mickey Finn, DJ Rap , and Kenny Ken , record labels Moving Shadow , V Recordings , Suburban Base , and Renk, and on pirate radio stations such as Kool FM (regarded as being the most instrumental station in the development of jungle) but also Don FM , Rush, and Rude FM. Tracks would span breakbeat styles, particularly with darkcore , with notable releases including "Darkage" by DJ Solo, " Valley of

5320-551: Was established between drum and bass and jungle, with the former for white ravers and the latter for black ravers. The sub-genre of drum and bass developed to be quicker, more industrial, less danceable yet was seen as more 'accessible and commercial' than jungle, as cited in an article by The Observer in 1996. In Black Music in Britain in the 21st Century , written by Julia Toppin in 2023, she explains, "the process of modifying jungle's name can be viewed as an 'act of resignifying

5396-654: Was eventually released with the Fugees' permission after talk of legal action, though ironically, the Fugees' version infringed Enya 's copyright to an earlier song. White labels, along with dubplates , played an important part in drum and bass musical culture. The Amen break was synonymous with early drum and bass productions but other samples have had a significant impact, including the Apache , Funky Drummer , "Soul Pride", "Scorpio" and " Think (About It) " breaks. Early pioneers often used Akai samplers and sequencers on

5472-473: Was heavily influenced by these other rave styles, including those from the United States. Jungle was also seen as "England's answer to hip-hop", aimed at breaking down racial boundaries and promoting unification through its multiculturalism by drawing from different cultures and attracting mixed crowds at raves. Jungle's rhythm-as-melody style overturned the dominance of melody-over-rhythm in the hierarchy of Western music, adding to its radical nature. Moreover,

5548-454: Was indeed sampled on Renegade's Terrorist and countless others since, being known simply as the 'Reese' bassline. He followed these up with equally influential (and bassline-heavy) tracks in the UK hardcore style as Tronik House in 1991–1992. Another Detroit artist who was important to the scene was Carl Craig . The sampled-up jazz break on Craig's Bug in the Bassbin was also influential on

5624-399: Was known at the time as intelligent. As more melodic and often jazz-influenced subgenres of drum and bass called atmospheric or intelligent ( Blame and Blu Mar Ten ) and jazzstep ( 4Hero , Roni Size ) gained mainstream appeal, additional subgenres emerged including techstep in 1996, drawing influence from techno . The emergence of related styles such as liquid funk in the 2000s brought

5700-411: Was prevalent in breakbeat hardcore started to lay down the foundations of 4-beat / happy hardcore , whilst tracks with dark-themed samples and industrial-style stabs had emerged from late 1992 and named darkcore . Reggae samples and reggae-influenced tracks had been a feature of many breakbeat hardcore tracks since 1990, particularly from producers such as Shut Up and Dance , however Ibiza Records, and

5776-624: Was the original Jamaican dub and reggae sound that influenced jungle 's bass-heavy sound. Another feature of the style is the complex syncopation of the drum tracks' breakbeat . Drum and bass subgenres include breakcore , ragga jungle , hardstep , darkstep , techstep , neurofunk , ambient drum and bass, liquid funk (also known as liquid drum and bass), jump up, drumfunk, sambass , and drill 'n' bass . Drum and bass has influenced other genres such as big beat , dubstep , trip hop and has been influenced by hip hop , house , ambient music , techno , jazz , rock and pop . Drum and bass

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