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53-452: Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University . It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day and Clarence Day , grandsons of Benjamin Day , and became a department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and operationally autonomous. As of 2020, Yale University Press publishes approximately 300 new hardcover and 150 new paperback books annually and has

106-557: A backlist of about 5,000 books in print. Its books have won five National Book Awards , two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes . The press maintains offices in New Haven, Connecticut and London, England . Yale is the only American university press with a full-scale publishing operation in Europe. It was a co-founder of the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Harvard University Press . TriLiteral

159-409: A loss and are subsidized by their owners; others are required to break even. Demand has fallen as library budgets are cut and the online sales of used books undercut the new book market. Many presses are experimenting with electronic publishing. Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press are the two oldest and largest university presses in the world. They have scores of branches around

212-552: A plan to focus increasingly on scholarly books rather than the commercial successes it had become known for, prompting a public debate about the role of university presses. In New Zealand , several universities operate scholarly presses. Auckland University Press has been operating since 1966 and Victoria University Press since the 1970s. In 2023, the Association of University Presses (AUP) has over 150 member presses. Growth has been sporadic, with 14 presses established in

265-593: A press based on the European model. In Nigeria for example, scholarly presses have played a central role in shaping and encouraging intellectual efforts and gaining international attention for scholarly production. However, the established European presses, especially Oxford University Press, have dominated the market, allowing a narrow niche for new local presses such as Ibadan University Press, now University Press Plc . In England , Cambridge University Press traces its founding to 1534, when King Henry VIII granted

318-430: A profit to serve the public, but the material available to the public should not be limited to what commercial enterprises find profitable. Netflix , for example, offers subscribers access to thousands of movies and television shows but routinely stops offering content for which the demand is too low. That doesn't happen with libraries. Without controlled digital lending, out-of-print books become essentially unavailable to

371-687: A result of the lawsuit, more than 500,000 books were made unavailable from loaning in full through CDL. The Internet Archive appealed to restore full CDL access to the affected books. On September 11, 2023, the Internet Archive filed a notice which appealed the ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . On December 15, 2023, the Internet Archive filed its opening brief in its appeal. Shortly afterwards, several other organizations filed friend of

424-739: Is awarded the David C. Horn Prize of $ 10,000, publication of his/her manuscript by Yale University Press, and a staged reading at Yale Rep. The Yale Drama Series and David C. Horn Prize are funded by the David Charles Horn Foundation. In 2007, Yale University Press acquired the Anchor Bible Series , a collection of more than 115 volumes of biblical scholarship, from the Doubleday Publishing Group . New and backlist titles are now published under

477-602: Is the second-oldest publishing house in Australia. Other Australian universities followed suit in following decades, including the University of Western Australia Press (1935), University of Queensland Press (1948) and Sydney University Press (1962). In the later part of the 20th century some of these presses closed down or were taken over by larger international presses. Some survived and built strong reputations for publishing literature, poetry and serious non-fiction. In

530-695: The COVID-19 pandemic , the Internet Archive opened the National Emergency Library , removing the waitlists used in Open Library and expanding access to these books for all readers. More than one user could borrow a book at the same time. Two months later, on June 1, the National Emergency Library (NEL) was met with a lawsuit from four book publishers. Two weeks after that, on June 16, the Internet Archive closed

583-714: The Mellon Foundation , the Chicago Digital Distribution Center (CDDC) has been offering digital printing services and the BiblioVault digital repository services to book publishers. In 2009, the CDC enabled the sales of electronic books directly to individuals and provided digital delivery services for the University of Michigan Press among others. The Chicago Distribution Center has also partnered with an additional 15 presses including

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636-478: The University of Illinois Press specializes in labor history , MIT Press publishes linguistics and architecture titles, Northwestern University Press publishes in continental philosophy , poetry , and the performing arts , and the Catholic University of America Press publishes works that deal with Catholic theology, philosophy, and church history. The Distribution Services Division provides

689-507: The University of Missouri Press , West Virginia University Press , and publications of the Getty Foundation . Financially, university presses have come under growing pressure. Only a few presses, such as Oxford, Harvard, Princeton, and Yale have endowments; the others depend upon sales, fundraising, and subventions (subsidies) from their sponsoring institutions. Subsidies vary but typically range from $ 150,000 to $ 500,000. Because

742-591: The "Open-Access Toolkit", published by the OAPEN Foundation, defines as follows: These are university presses established since the 1990s, often explicitly to publish open access books. In many other respects, they are run like a university press. However, as with library publishing ... NUPs are often library-led, albeit with an academic-led steering group or editorial board. Examples of NUPs include ANU Press (Australia), Amherst College Press (USA), University of Michigan Press (USA), UCL Press (UK), and

795-580: The 1940s, 11 in the 1950s; and 19 in the 1960s. Since 1970, 16 universities have opened presses and several have closed. Today, the largest university press in the United States is the University of Chicago Press . University presses tend to develop specialized areas of expertise, such as regional studies. For instance, Yale University Press publishes many art books, the Chicago , Duke , and Indiana University Presses publish many academic journals,

848-508: The 1950s and 1960s. The Edinburgh University Press became the leading Scottish academic publisher. It was especially famous for publishing major books on the history and literature of Scotland, and by enlisting others in Scotland. In Australia , the University of Melbourne was the first to establish its own press: Melbourne University Press , set up to sell books and stationery in 1922, began publishing academic monographs soon after and

901-487: The 1960s, a typical hardcover monograph would sell 1,660 copies in the five years after publication. By 1984, that average had declined to 1,003 and in after 2000 typical sales of monographs for all presses are below 500. University libraries are under heavy pressure to purchase very expensive subscriptions to commercial science journals, even as their overall budgets are static. By 1997 scientific journals were thirty times more expensive than they were in 1970. In May 2012,

954-495: The 21st century several Australian universities have revived their presses or established new ones. Their business models and publishing approaches vary considerably. Some publish chiefly for general readers while others publish only scholarly books. Several have experimented with Open Access publishing and/or electronic-only publishing. Some supplement their publishing income by offering distribution services or operating bookshops. In January 2019 Melbourne University Press announced

1007-732: The Anchor Yale Bible Series name. Yale University Press is publishing the Future of American Democracy Series, which "aims to examine, sustain, and renew the historic vision of American democracy in a series of books by some of America's foremost thinkers", in partnership with the Future of American Democracy Foundation . The Lamar Series in Western History (formerly the Yale Western Americana series)

1060-577: The Archive's argument that their use was "transformative" in the sense of copyright law. He further stated that "Even full enforcement of a one-to-one owned-to-loaned ratio, however, would not excuse IA's reproduction of the Works in Suit". Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle declared their intention to appeal the ruling. While Judge Koeltl issued a summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs and against

1113-426: The Internet Archive held a press conference with comments from several people who implied that the issues in this case were much broader than the 127 books specifically named in the suit. All presenters agreed that book publishers need to make money to pay their expenses including authors. The question is whether the National Emergency Library (NEL) actually harmed the publishers. Lila Bailey, Senior Policy Counsel for

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1166-405: The Internet Archive was not abiding by CDL, as it had acknowledged that its partner libraries were not always withdrawing their physical copies from their shelves. By June 2022, both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case, each favoring their respective sides, which Judge John G. Koeltl approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022. No summary judgment

1219-431: The Internet Archive's actual CDL practices sometimes violated their claims, lending out more copies than they physically had. Judge John G. Koeltl ruled on March 24, 2023, granting the publishers' request. He held that the Internet Archive's scanning and lending of complete copies constituted copyright infringement and that the Internet Archive's fair use defense failed all four factors of the "fair use test". He rejected

1272-679: The Internet Archive, noted that: In the past, publishers stood against microfilm and photocopiers, crying harm. They said they would be harmed by interlibrary loan. They lobbied for decades against libraries being allowed to provide access for the blind and print disabled. They were wrong. It took years, but eventually, the law affirmed each of these things, and the public benefitted. With this lawsuit, publishers have repeated those same claims of massive harm from controlled digital lending. ... When asked under oath, their own executives admitted this. ... [They even] instructed their own 950 dollar per hour expert not to even try to measure economic harm. ... On

1325-545: The NEL, and the prior Open Library CDL system resumed after the 12 weeks of NEL usage. On June 1, 2020, Hachette Book Group and other publishers, including Penguin Random House , HarperCollins , and Wiley , filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive for the National Emergency Library. The plaintiffs argued that the practice of CDL was illegal and not protected by the doctrine of fair use. Furthermore, they argued that

1378-548: The Press published a revised edition of Ludwig von Mises 's Human Action . In the May 5, 1964 issue of National Review , Henry Hazlitt wrote the story "Mangling a Masterpiece", accusing Yale University Press of intentionally typesetting the new edition in an amateurish fashion, due to the Press's differing ideological beliefs. In August 2009, officials at the Press ignited a controversy when they decided to expunge reproductions of

1431-523: The United States in the late 19th century. Cornell University started one in 1869 but had to close it down, only restarting operations in 1930; Johns Hopkins University Press has been in continuous operation since 1878. The University of Pennsylvania Press (1890), University of Chicago Press (1891), Columbia University Press (1893), University of California Press (1893), and Northwestern University Press (1893) followed. The biggest growth came after 1945 as higher education expanded rapidly. There

1484-562: The University of Chicago Press's warehousing, customer service, and related services. The Chicago Distribution Center (CDC) began providing distribution services in 1991, when the University of Tennessee Press became its first client. Currently the CDC serves nearly 100 publishers including Stanford University Press , University of Minnesota Press , University of Iowa Press , Temple University Press , Northwestern University Press , and many others. Since 2001, with development funding from

1537-741: The University of Huddersfield Press (UK). Hachette v. Internet Archive Hachette Book Group, Inc. v. Internet Archive , No. 20-cv-4160 (JGK), 664 F.Supp.3d 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2023), WL 2623787 (S.D.N.Y. 2023), is a case in which the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York determined that the Internet Archive , a registered library, committed copyright infringement by scanning and lending complete copies of books through controlled digital lending mechanisms. Stemming from

1590-424: The University of Missouri System announced that it would close the University of Missouri Press so that it might focus more efficiently on “strategic priorities.” Friends of the press from around the country rallied to its support, arguing that by publishing over 2,000 scholarly books the press made a major contribution to scholarship. A few months later the university reversed its decision. In 2014, Peter Berkery,

1643-481: The base of potential sales. Oxford University Press opened a South African office in 1915 to distribute its books in the region. The first South African university press was established in 1922 at Witwatersrand University . Several other South African universities established presses during the 20th century and, as of 2015, four were actively publishing. As new universities opened in Africa after 1960, some developed

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1696-859: The cartoons involved in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy , along with all other images of Muhammad, from a scholarly book entitled The Cartoons that Shook the World , by professor Jytte Klausen . Yale University Press joined The Association of American Publishers trade organization in the Hachette v. Internet Archive lawsuit which resulted in the removal of access to over 500,000 books from global readers. University press Because scholarly books are mostly unprofitable, university presses may also publish textbooks and reference works, which tend to have larger audiences and sell more copies. Most university presses operate at

1749-563: The court briefs. The oral argument phase of the appeal occurred on June 28, 2024. On September 4, 2024, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court rulings. The court stated "On the one hand, eBook licensing fees may impose a burden on libraries and reduce access to creative work. On the other hand, authors have a right to be compensated in connection with the copying and distribution of their original creations. Congress balanced these 'competing claims upon

1802-458: The creation of the National Emergency Library (NEL) during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic , publishing companies Hachette Book Group , Penguin Random House , HarperCollins , and Wiley alleged that the Internet Archive's Open Library and National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement. The case primarily concerns the fair use of controlled digital lending (CDL) of complete copies of certain books. The case does not concern

1855-572: The decision but it was upheld by the appellate court in September 2024. In December 2020, Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020". The Internet Archive is a non-profit organization and legally a library; it is governed by copyright laws specific to libraries. It is based in San Francisco , California ; the Archive maintains Open Library , a digital library index and lending system. As many of

1908-405: The defendant, he did not assess damages. Instead, he directed the parties to brief the court on how they thought the case should be resolved in a way that comports with the judge's decision. The deadline for this was extended several times; the final extension was granted on July 28, extending the deadline to August 11, 2023, with Judge Keoltl writing, "No further extensions." On August 11, 2023,

1961-439: The display of short passages, limited page views, search results, books out of copyright or out of print, or books without an ebook version currently for sale. On March 25, 2023, the court ruled on the case. In August 2023, the parties reached a negotiated judgment, including a permanent injunction barring the Internet Archive from lending complete copies through CDL of some of the plaintiffs' books. The Internet Archive appealed

2014-586: The executive director of the Association of University Presses stated: In the late 2010s, a number of universities began launching initiatives, often under the aegis of their libraries, to "support the creation, dissemination, and curation of scholarly, creative, and/or educational works" in a way that emulated the approach of traditional university presses while also taking into account the changing landscape of scholarly publishing. These initiatives have collectively been dubbed "new university presses", which

2067-492: The intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it—not Congress—gets to determine the scope of copyright law". As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed

2120-572: The lawsuit as a threat to all libraries. In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources". Shortly before oral arguments,

2173-494: The lectures, which are hosted by Yale University, have been edited into book form by the Yale University Press. On September 22, 2000, Yale University Press announced a new Yale Nota Bene imprint that would "feature reprints of best-selling and classic Yale Press titles encompassing works of history, religion, science, current affairs, reference and biography, in addition to fiction, poetry and drama." In 1963,

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2226-445: The other hand, when we invited economists from Northeastern University and the University of Copenhagen to look at the sales and library lending data produced in this case, they came to a singular conclusion: The Internet Archive's digital lending had no measurable effect on the market whatsoever. Bailey's conclusion was supported by other speakers. Harvard Law School Professor Lawrence Lessig said that book publishers need to make

2279-415: The parties reached a negotiated judgment. The agreement prescribes a permanent injunction preventing Internet Archive from loaning the plaintiffs' books in full through CDL, except those for which no e-book is currently available for sale from the publisher, as well as an undisclosed payment to the plaintiffs. The agreement also preserves the right for the Internet Archive to appeal the previous ruling. As

2332-576: The public interest' in the Copyright Act. We must uphold that balance here." The Association of American Publishers released a press statement that said, "In celebrating the opinion, we also thank the thousands of public libraries across the country that serve their communities everyday [ sic ] through lawful eBook licenses. We hope the opinion will prove educational to the defendant and anyone else who finds public laws inconvenient to their own interests." The AAP has been critical of

2385-514: The subsidies are often not indexed to inflation, university press operating budgets can face a functional squeeze as inflation chips away at the value of the subsidy. Operating models vary, but host universities generally cover fixed costs like labor and fixed assets , while looking to the press to cover variable costs from the sale of books and other revenue. Sales of academic books have been declining, however, especially as University libraries cut back their purchases. At Princeton University Press in

2438-482: The university a "letters patent", giving it the right to print its own books, and its active publishing program to 1584. Oxford University began publishing books the following year in 1585 and acquired a charter in 1632. In Scotland Archie Turnbull (1923-2003) served as the long-time director of the Edinburgh University Press , 1952-87. The British university presses had strong expansion in

2491-437: The vast majority of humanity. "We need access to our past, not just the part of our past that is economically or commercially viable." An expert report filed with the court by Northeastern Econ Prof. Imke Reimers also reported that "sales in the first five years after an edition's publication account for up to 90% of lifetime sales." On the other side, University of Chicago computer science professor Ian Foster reported that

2544-519: The works in the Internet Archive are under copyright, the Archive used a controlled digital lending (CDL) system, a practice that relies upon digital rights management (DRM) to prevent unauthorized downloading or copying of copyrighted works. Open Library can generate digitized material ( ebooks ) from print copy. The Open Library CDL system ensured that only one digital copy is in use for each print copy or otherwise authorized ebook copy available. However, on March 24, 2020, following shutdowns caused by

2597-584: The world, especially throughout the Commonwealth of Nations . In the United States , colonial colleges required printers to publish university catalogs, ceremonial materials, and a limited number of scholarly publications. Following the 17th-century work of Harvard College printer Samuel Green , William Hilliard of Cambridge, Massachusetts , began publishing materials under the name "University Press" in 1802. Modern university presses emerged in

2650-491: Was a leveling off after 1970. By the time of independence in 1947, India had a well-established system of universities, and several leading ones developed a university press. The main areas of activity include monographs by professors, research papers and theses, and textbooks for undergraduate use. However, the basic problem faced by scholarly publishers in India is the use of multiple languages , which splintered and reduced

2703-516: Was established in 1962 to publish works that enhance the understanding of human affairs in the American West and contribute to a wider understanding of why the West matters in the political, social, and cultural life of America. The Dwight H. Terry Lectureship was established in 1905 to encourage the consideration of religion in the context of modern science, psychology, and philosophy. Many of

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2756-665: Was issued, and instead a first hearing was held on March 20, 2023. Over the course of the hearing, Koeltl appeared unmoved by the IA's fair use claims and unconvinced that the publishers' market for library e-books was not impacted by their practice. The 127 publishers' books in the suit are also available as ebooks from the publishers. The Internet Archive said afterwards it would appeal this ruling, but otherwise would continue other digital book services which have been previously cleared under case law, such as books for reading-impaired users. Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina, chairman of

2809-536: Was sold to LSC Communications in 2018. Since its inception in 1919, the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition has published the first collection of poetry by new poets. The first winner was Howard Buck ; the 2011 winner was Katherine Larson . Yale University Press and Yale Repertory Theatre jointly sponsor the Yale Drama Series, a playwriting competition. The winner of the annual competition

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