A bridge–tunnel is a persistent, unbroken road or rail connection across water that uses a combination of bridges and tunnels , and sometimes causeways , and does not involve intermittent connections such as drawbridges or ferries .
22-737: The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge is a bridge–tunnel complex across the south fork of the Yangtze River near the river mouth in Shanghai. The tunnel connects the Pudong District of Shanghai on the south bank of the river with Changxing Island , while the bridge connects Changxing Island with Chongming Island . In combination with the Chongqi Bridge (opened in December 2011), which connects Chongming Island to
44-444: A 7.8 km (4.8 mi) bridge, an artificial island in the middle of the Øresund strait, and a 4 km (2.5 mi) tunnel nearest to Denmark . A bridge could not be built there for two reasons: height restrictions imposed by adjacent Copenhagen International Airport (the route's path passes the ends of some of the runways; the minimum practical height for a bridge would have interfered with airplanes using those runways) and
66-438: A mountain range, including Tate's Cairn and Lion Rock to the north, and Victoria Harbour to the south. Kowloon comprises the following districts : The name 'Kowloon' ( Chinese : 九龍 ; lit. 'nine dragons') alludes to eight mountains and a Chinese emperor: Kowloon Peak , Tung Shan , Tate's Cairn , Temple Hill , Unicorn Ridge , Lion Rock , Beacon Hill , Crow's Nest and Emperor Bing of Song . It
88-605: A tunnel is generally more costly to construct than a bridge. However, navigational considerations at some locations may limit the use of high bridges or drawbridge spans when crossing shipping channels , necessitating the use of a tunnel. Examples of such tunnels include the Downtown Tunnel and Midtown Tunnel under the Elizabeth River between Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia in the United States ,
110-606: Is connected to Hong Kong Island by two road-only tunnels (the Cross-Harbour Tunnel and the Western Harbour Crossing ), three MTR railway tunnels ( Tsuen Wan line , Tung Chung line / Airport Express and East Rail ) and one combined road and MTR rail link tunnel ( Eastern Harbour Tunnel , containing the Tseung Kwan O line and road traffic in separate parallel conduits). No bridges connect
132-528: Is one of the three areas of Hong Kong , along with Hong Kong Island and the New Territories . It is the smallest, second most populous and most densely populated of the divisions. Kowloon is located directly north of Hong Kong Island across Victoria Harbour . It is bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait to the east, Mei Foo Sun Chuen , Butterfly Valley and Stonecutter's Island to the west,
154-645: The George Massey Tunnel in Greater Vancouver , Canada , and the Cross-Harbour Tunnel under Victoria Harbour between the twin cities of Victoria and Kowloon in Hong Kong . In other instances, when longer distances are involved, a bridge–tunnel may be less costly and easier to ventilate than a single, lengthy tunnel. This situation may occur when more economical drawbridges are not allowed for one reason or another. For example, in
176-596: The Kowloon Wharf , but because of the close proximity of Kowloon's built-up area to Kai Tak Airport , building construction was limited by flight paths. As a result, compared to Hong Kong Island, Kowloon had a much lower skyline. After World War II , Kowloon became extremely congested when slums for refugees from the newly established People's Republic of China gave way to public housing estates , mixed with private residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The area of reclaimed land now known as West Kowloon
198-608: The New Territories . Statutorily, "Kowloon" is only the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island, but in common use, New Kowloon is not regarded as part of the New Territories, but as an integral part of the Kowloon urban area whether north or south of Boundary Street. Large-scale development of Kowloon began in the early 20th century, with the construction of the Kowloon-Canton Railway and
220-761: The U.S. state of Virginia , such crossings include the Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel and the Monitor–Merrimac Memorial Bridge–Tunnel , both of which cross the harbor at Hampton Roads , and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel , a 37-kilometer-long (23 mi) structure (including approach highways) that crosses the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay with a combination of bridges and tunnels across two widely separated shipping channels, using four artificial islands built in
242-504: The bay as portals. Tunnels had to be used instead of drawbridges because the waterways they cross are critical to military naval operations ( Naval Station Norfolk is nearby, and Chesapeake Bay provides access to the Potomac River and thus to Washington, DC ) and could not afford to be blocked off by a bridge collapse in the event of disaster or war. Another example is the Øresund Bridge , connecting Sweden and Denmark . It has
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#1732773239014264-643: The bay—which is the longest underwater tunnel for cars in the world. Drawbridges were impractical here because Tokyo Bay is too active a sea lane. The longest crossing on the Yangtze River in China is a tunnel-bridge-bridge complex, consisting of the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel , Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge (one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world ), Chongming–Qidong Yangtze River Bridge and connecting viaducts at
286-429: The middle to allow the passage of ships. The total length is 16.63 kilometres (10.33 mi), of which 6.66 kilometres (4.14 mi) is road and 9.97 kilometres (6.20 mi) bridge. The overall shape of the bridge is not linear but slightly sigmoid (S-shaped). The central cable-stayed span is about 730 metres (2,395 ft), the longest span of any bridge in Shanghai, and the tenth longest cable-stayed span in
308-607: The north bank of the Yangtze, the bridge–tunnel complex forms the final crossing of the Yangtze before it empties into the East China Sea . The bridge and tunnel were built from 2005 to 2009 at a cost of 12.6 billion yuan (US$ 1.84 billion), and opened on 31 October 2009. Their combined length is 25.5 km (15.8 mi), forming part of the G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway . The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel starts on
330-646: The perennial threat of ice (a bridge's columns would have encouraged ice dams which could block the strait). The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line is a bridge–tunnel combination across Tokyo Bay in Japan . It connects the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture with the city of Kisarazu in Chiba Prefecture . With an overall length of 14 km (8.7 mi), it includes a 4.4 km (2.7 mi) bridge and 9.6 km (6.0 mi) tunnel underneath
352-581: The river's mouth in Shanghai . This fixed link carries the G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway from the north bank to the south bank via two islands and is about 65 km (40 mi) in total length. Kowloon Kowloon ( / ˌ k aʊ ˈ l uː n / ) is an urban area in Hong Kong comprising the Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon . It has a population of 2,019,533 and a population density of 43,033/km (111,450/sq mi) in 2006. It
374-408: The south bank of the Yangtze at Wuhaogou , Pudong and ends in the south of Changxing Island . It is 8.9 kilometres (5.5 mi) in length, and has two stacked levels. The upper level is for a motorway, and has three lanes in each direction, with a designed speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). The lower level is reserved for a future Shanghai Metro line, Chongming Line . The tunnelling
396-584: The world. The span arrangement is 92+258+730+258+72 m. The bridge has three road lanes in each direction, with a designed speed of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Room on both flanks of the bridge is reserved for a future metro line, line 19 , so total deck width is 35.3 m (115.8 ft). Bridge%E2%80%93tunnel Bridge–tunnels are a form of fixed link or fixed crossing which replaces ferry service. Fixed links are often, but not necessarily, intercontinental links between continents or transoceanic links to offshore islands. For water crossings,
418-585: Was also spelt 'Kawloong' in some 19th-century sources. The part of Kowloon south of Boundary Street , together with Stonecutters Island , was ceded by Qing China to the United Kingdom under the Convention of Peking of 1860. For many years the area remained largely undeveloped, used by the British mainly for tiger-hunting expeditions. The part of Kowloon north of Boundary Street ( New Kowloon )
440-411: Was completed using four tunnel boring machines , the largest of which was 15.43 metres (50.6 ft) in diameter, 135 metres (443 ft) long, and weighed 2,300t. The Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge starts at the tunnel exit, crosses Changxing Island at ground level, then crosses to Chongming Island, ending at Chenjia Town. It consists of two long viaducts with a higher cable-stayed section in
462-585: Was leased by the British as part of the New Territories under the 1898 Second Convention of Peking for 99 years. Within New Kowloon is Kowloon City, an area of Hong Kong where the Kowloon Walled City used to be located. The Kowloon Walled City itself was demolished in 1993. The same area was called Kwun Fu Cheung ( 官富場 ) during the Song dynasty (960–1279). "New Kowloon" has remained part of
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#1732773239014484-904: Was once home to a dockyard for the Royal Navy . The 1911 census recorded a population of 7,306, with most being Hakka . The invasion of China by Japan in 1937 caused the population of Kowloon to grow drastically. Between 1937 and 1939, 750,000 refugees arrived in Kowloon and nearby areas, with many not having residence. As of 2011 , 2,108,419 people lived in Kowloon. About 94.2% of Kowloon's residents are of Han Chinese ethnicity. The largest ethnic minority groups are Indonesians (1.8%), Filipinos (1.5%), Indians (0.5%), Nepalese (0.4%), and British (0.3%). Around 86% of Kowloon's residents use Cantonese as their usual language, while 2.3% use English and 1.2% use Mandarin . Kowloon comprises these localities of Hong Kong: Lists of primary and secondary schools in Kowloon by district: Kowloon
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