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56-408: The year of Yao Xiang's birth is a matter of dispute. It is recorded that he was 27 years old when he died in 357, meaning that he was born in 331. However, his younger brother, Yao Yizhong's 24th son, Yao Chang, was recorded to be 64 years old when he died in 393, indicating that Yao Chang was born earlier than he was. Thus, there had likely been an error by historians when recording his age. Yao Xiang

112-481: A broad mind, just like Sun Ce , but in valor and martial prowess he surpasses even the latter". Not long after his defeat at Luoyang, Yao Xiang invaded Former Qin's Pingyang County . He placed the county's Administrator, Fu Chan (苻產), under siege at Fort Xiongnu (匈奴堡). Qin's Prince of Jin, Fu Liu attempted to help Fu Chan, but was driven back by Yao Xiang. Eventually, Yao Xiang captured Fort Xiongnu, executed Fu Chan and slaughtered his soldiers. Yao Xiang also received

168-693: A busy street in Yecheng. Later Zhao was at its final end. However, wars continued. Liu Xian, after briefly submitting to Ran Min, proclaimed himself emperor. The western provinces were taken over by Fu Jiàn , who established Former Qin . The southern provinces largely switched their allegiance to Jin. Meanwhile, Former Yan, which had already captured Youzhou (modern Beijing , Tianjin , and northern Hebei ) and moved its capital to Jicheng (modern Beijing ), continued to advance south. Ran Min, having captured Xiangguo in early 352 and executed Liu Xian, decided to head north to face Former Yan's army , against

224-692: A famous warlord during the fall of the Han dynasty , had been discovered. However, some historians cast their doubts that the mausoleum is that of Cao Cao's. One in particularly is Hu Juezhao (胡觉照), a history professor at the Xi'an Municipal Party Committee School, who claimed in an interview in 2010 that the mausoleum actually belongs to Yao Xiang. Ran Min Ran Min ( simplified Chinese : 冉闵 ; traditional Chinese : 冉閔 ; pinyin : Rǎn Mǐn ; died 352), also known as Shi Min (石閔), posthumously honored by

280-520: A general he turned out to be. For example, in 339, when the Jin general Yu Liang considered launching a major campaign against Later Zhao, Shi Hu chose to react, and he had his general Kui An command five generals, one of whom was Shi Min, to attack Jin's northern regions. (Shi Min's later ally Li Nong was one of the other generals, while Shi Hu's son Shi Jian the Prince of Yiyang was another.) Shi Min

336-458: A general was in 338, when Shi Hu unsuccessfully tried to destroy the rival state Former Yan but saw his army collapse after sieging the Former Yan capital Jicheng (棘城, in modern Jinzhou , Liaoning ) for about 20 days but failing to capture it. The only army group that remained intact was the one commanded by Shi Min. During the remainder of Shi Hu's reign, Shi Min was often referred to as

392-584: A letter to Emperor Mu of Jin 's court with a mixed message, appearing to invite Jin to send forces north and agreeing to submit, but the letter could also be read as a defiant challenge. Jin did not react, although it began to also seek allegiance of the generals in the former territory of Later Zhao southern provinces. Ran Min's brief reign was characterized by rash decisions and massive executions. He would often react violently to advisors who suggested ideas different from his own, including killing them, and then regret those violent reactions after he realized that he

448-661: A surprise attack on Yao Xiang, but Wei Jing was defeated and killed instead. With both of his assassination plots having failed, Yin Hao decided to move Yao Xiang somewhere far from him. He had his general, Liu Qi (劉啟) stationed at Qiao and ordered Xiang to move from Qiao to Litai (蠡台) in Liang state . Meanwhile, Yao Xiang became increasingly worried as he noticed that Wei Jing's sons and brothers were constantly visiting Yin Hao's base in Shouchun. Yao Xiang sent his advisor Quan Yi to discuss

504-496: A threat to Qin in Longxi, refused. Instead, Fu Sheng sent his own envoys to confer Yao Xiang with ranks and titles. Fu Sheng hoped that this would put Yao Xiang at ease, allowing him to attack Yao Xiang while his guard was down. However, Yao Xiang rejected his ranks and titles. He beheaded Fu Sheng's envoys and burned their seals and books before sending them back to Fu Sheng. He then attacked and plundered Hedong Commandery , where he

560-463: A title of empress dowager . He appointed his wife Lady Dong an empress , and his oldest son Ran Zhi a crown prince. His other sons and his ally Li Nong were made princes, Li Nong's sons were given titles of dukes. He proclaimed a general amnesty, hoping to have the generals who became independent abide by his edicts, but few of them accepted, though most Han generals outwardly did not defy him either. For unknown reasons, he soon killed Li. He sent

616-586: Is now mostly known for his order to execute all of the Wu Hu , particularly the Jie. Then he fought with Hu armies in Jizhou and led several millions of migrants of different races to flee; on the way they attacked each other and only 2-3/10 people were able to go back to their homelands. Ying River The Ying River ( simplified Chinese : 颍 河 ; traditional Chinese : 潁 河 ; pinyin : Yǐng Hé )

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672-826: Is the largest tributary of the Huai River with its origin in Henan Province, People's Republic of China. From Zhoukou City in Henan, the river flows through Fuyang City in Anhui Province then empties into the Huai River at Zhengyang . Seriously polluted along its entire length, in 2007 the Ying River's water quality was rated as below Grade 5 by the Chinese Environmental Protection Agency. The Sha River (沙河)

728-663: The Former Yan as Heavenly King Wudao of (Ran) Wei ((冉)魏武悼天王), courtesy name Yongzeng (永曾), nickname Jinu (棘奴), was a military leader during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China and the only emperor of the short-lived state Ran Wei (冉魏). He was known for ordering the culling of the Jie and other barbarians , during which 200,000 people, both Han and non-Han people, were killed between 349 and 350. Ran Min's father Ran Liang (冉良), who later changed his name to Ran Zhan (冉瞻),

784-760: The Guanzhong region from Former Qin. Yao Xiang camped at Xingcheng (杏城, in present-day Yan'an , Shaanxi), where he sent Yao Lan (姚蘭) to attack Fucheng as well as Yao Yisheng (姚益生) and Wang Qinlu (王欽盧) to get the surrender of the Qiang people. However, they were defeated by Fu Fei (苻飛), and Yao Lan was taken prisoner. Fu Sheng responded by sending his generals, Deng Qiang and Fu Huangmei (苻黃眉), to defeat Yao Xiang. Yao Xiang initially refused to come out of Xingcheng and stuck to his defenses, but he soon became tempted to march out. A Buddhist monk named Zhitong (智通) warned him against this, but Xiang said, "Two roosters cannot perch on

840-499: The Huai River and camped at Xuyi , where he gathered thousands of refugees and officials under his wing. He instructed his followers to farm and start silkworm cultivation while he sent envoys to Jiankang denouncing Yin Hao and apologising for actions. In response, the Jin court positioned Xie Shang at Liyang , in hopes that his friendship with Xiang would be enough to win him back. The following year, Yao Xiang submitted to Former Yan and

896-627: The Qiang chieftain Yao Yizhong and the Di chieftain Pu Hong against Shi Min and Li Nong. Shi Jian then tried to have the general Sun Fudu (孫伏都), a fellow ethnic Jie, attack Shi Min, but Shi Min quickly defeated him, and Shi Jian, trying to absolve himself, then ordered Shi Min to execute Sun. Shi Min, however, began to realize that Shi Jian was behind Sun's attack, and he decided that he needed to disarm

952-473: The Yi River , and Yao Xiang was forced to break off his siege in order to face him. Yao Xiang sent Huan Wen a letter that read, "I see you have brought the royal troops. I am now obliged to return to the rightful authority. If you would please order your army to draw back somewhat, we will gladly bow and pay our obeisance at the side of the road." Huan Wen, however, rejected him, replying, "I have come to recover

1008-518: The Central Plains and pay respect to the imperial tombs, so for that, I have no business with you. Those who wish to present themselves will do so in person, not send another in his place." The two fought at the river, and in the end, Huan Wen emerged victorious. Yao Xiang lost several thousands of his men, so he retreated with his army to the north of Luoyang. Despite this, Xiang's defeat did not encourage many to surrender to Huan Wen. Yao Xiang

1064-480: The Huai River to train troops and strengthen Jin's frontier for the future. Meanwhile, Yin Hao began to worry about Yao Xiang's growing influence and was eager to get rid of him. Yin Hao had Yao Xiang's younger brothers imprisoned before sending assassins against him. However, the assassins all thought highly of Yao Xiang and instead revealed the plot to him. Soon, Yin Hao sent a general named Wei Jing (魏憬) to launch

1120-450: The Jie people, who knew that he was not a Jie but ethnically Chinese. He ordered that all non-Chinese not be allowed to carry arms, and most non-Chinese fled Yecheng after that. Shi Min put Shi Jian under house arrest with no outside communication. As the non-Chinese tribes continued fleeing Yecheng, Shi Min realized that he would not be able to use the Hu (胡 Barbarians), so he issued an order to

1176-423: The Jin official Xie Shang at Shouchun . Despite Xiang wearing a headscarf, Xie Shang easily recognised who he was, and the two quickly became close friends. At the time of Yao Xiang's entry into the Jin dynasty, the Jin commander, Yin Hao, was carrying out his northern campaign. Yin Hao's target at the time was to capture the city of Xuchang from the warlord, Zhang Yu. In July 352, Yao Xiang and Xie Shang attacked

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1232-460: The Prince of Pengcheng, was unhappy about the situation, and a number of generals who were unimpressed with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang, including Shi Min, suggested that he march to the capital Yecheng and overthrow them. Shi Zun did so – and also promised to create Shi Min crown prince if they were victorious. In summer 349, Shi Zun defeated Shi Shi's forces and deposed and killed him, along with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang Chai. Shi Zun claimed

1288-616: The Xianbei soldiers. However Ran Min's famous horse Zhu Long ("Red Dragon") suddenly died, and he fell off and was captured. Former Yan's forces delivered him to Murong Jun, and he insulted Murong Jun. Murong Jun had him whipped 300 times and then executed, although was soon fearful that his spirit was causing a drought, and therefore honored him with the posthumous name Daowu. Ran Min's wife Empress Dong and her son Ran Zhi would hold out for several more months, but eventually surrendered later that year, ending Ran Wei's brief existence. Ran Min

1344-447: The advice of several officials who felt that his army needed a rest. Former Yan's general Murong Ke , Murong Jun's brother, pretended to lose several skirmishes and then retreat, tricking Ran Min and his Chinese infantry into the open field, and then used his elite Xianbei cavalry to surround Ran Min's infantry, inflicting great losses. Ran Min himself wielded two weapons, one in each hand, and fought fiercely, inflicting many casualties on

1400-519: The capital after Shi Min had left it. However, Shi Jian's eunuchs reported that to Shi Min and Li Nong, and they quickly returned to Yecheng and executed Shi Jian, also killing 38 of Shi Hu's grandsons and the rest of the Shi clan. Shi Min, restoring his father's original family name of Ran (冉), then took the throne as the emperor of a new state, Wei (魏, note different character from the state name declared previously). Ran Min honored his mother Lady Wang with

1456-853: The city. In response, Former Qin's Heavenly King, Fu Jiàn , sent Fu Xiong and Fu Jing (苻靚) to repel them and receive Zhang Yu. Xie Shang was defeated at Chengqiao (誠橋; near Xuchang) at the Ying River , causing him to retreat to Huainan . After hearing of Xie Shang's defeat, Yao Xiang abandoned his baggages to escort him to safety at Que Slope (芍陂; south of present-day Shou County , Anhui ). Once at Que, Xie Shang left all matters in Yao Xiang's hands. The defeat forced Yin Hao's return to Shouchun and led to Xie Shang's demotion. In 353, Yao Xiang believed that Former Qin and Former Yan had both grown strong, and to attack them would only result in defeat. Instead, he decided to set up military agricultural farms along

1512-481: The city. Troop commanders in various parts of the state received a rescript from Shi Min to kill the Hus (胡); as a result half of the people with high noses and bushy beards were killed. Among the 200,000 people who died in the massacre many were in fact ethnic Chinese who had high big noses, deep-set eyes and thick full beards, which in combination were considered to be the indicators of non-Hanness. In 350, Shi Jian, still

1568-457: The control of the government. Shi Jian could not endure Shi Min's hold on power, and he sent his brother Shi Bao, the Prince of Leping, and the generals Li Song (李松) and Zhang Cai (張才) against Shi Min, but after they were defeated Shi Jian pretended as if they had acted independently and executed them all. Another brother of his, Shi Zhi the Prince of Xinxing, then rose in the old capital Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xintai , Hebei ), in alliance with

1624-427: The counties of Fagan (發乾; present-day Guan County, Shandong ), Yangping (陽平; present-day Shen County , Shandong) and Yuancheng (元城; present-day Daming County , Hebei ) before stopping at Que'ao Crossing (碻磝, in present-day Chiping District , Shandong) to hand out appointments. He then continued his journey, encountering Former Qin forces and suffering a defeat at Matian (麻田, east of present-day Luoyang, Henan ) along

1680-408: The coup against Shi Shi had to be remembered. Shi Zun hesitated, and meanwhile, Shi Jian, one of the princes attending the meeting, quickly reported the news to Shi Min, who acted quickly and surrounded the palace, capturing and executing Shi Zun, Empress Dowager Zheng, Shi Zun's wife Empress Zhang , Shi Yan, and several key officials loyal to Shi Zun. He made Shi Jian emperor, but he and Li Nong seized

1736-453: The end for Later Zhao, so Yizhong decided to submit to the Jin dynasty. After their submission was accepted, Yao Xiang was appointed General Who Pacifies the North and a few other positions. In 352, Yao Yizhong died, and before his death, he advised his sons to join Jin in the south now that the Shi clan had been destroyed. Yao Xiang succeeded his father but kept his death a secret. He attacked

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1792-457: The ethnic Chinese according to which each civil servant who killed one Hu (胡) and brought his head to him would be promoted in rank by three degrees, and a military officer would be transferred to the service at his Supreme Command. Shi Min himself led Chinese in killing the Hu (胡) people without regard for sex or age; during the day tens of thousands of heads were severed. In total over 200 thousand people were killed; their bodies were dumped outside

1848-537: The imperial title. However, he did not appoint Shi Min crown prince as promised, but rather appointed another nephew Shi Yan (石衍) crown prince. Further, while he gave Shi Min important posts, he did not allow him to have control of the government, as Shi Min wished. Shi Min became disgruntled. In winter 349, in fear of Shi Min, Shi Zun summoned a meeting of the princes before his mother, Empress Dowager Zheng , announcing that he would execute Shi Min. Empress Dowager Zheng opposed, reasoning that Shi Min's contributions during

1904-492: The issue with Yin Hao. The two men's meeting only confirmed their side's suspicion for one another and sowed further distrust. Yin Hao marched north again in winter of 353, with Yao Xiang served as his vanguard. However, Yao Xiang now had the intention to break away from Jin. When Yin Hao's army were close by, Yao Xiang pretended to flee north during the night while setting up ambushes for pursuing Jin forces. When Yin Hao heard about Yao Xiang's actions, he chased after Yao Xiang all

1960-444: The nominal head of the state, changed the name of his state from Zhao to Wei (衛) and the imperial clan name from Shi to Li (李), under pressure from Shi Min. Many key officials fled to Shi Zhi. Local generals throughout the empire effectively became independent, waiting for the conflict to be resolved. As Shi Min's troops were busy against Shi Zhi's, Shi Jian made one final attempt against Shi Min, ordering general Zhang Shen (張沈) to attack

2016-444: The same branch. I trust that Heaven will not abandon the virtuous, and will instead save our people. My plan is decided." Meanwhile, Deng Qiang knew that Yao Xiang was flustered by his recent defeats to Huan Wen and Zhang Ping. He proposed a plan to Fu Huangmei in which he would lead his troops straight into Xingcheng, making loud noises with their drums and wildly waving their flags to lure Yao Xiang out. Deng Qiang did so and Yao Xiang

2072-512: The surrender of Qin's Inspector of Bingzhou, Yin Chi (尹赤), who used to be one of Yao Xiang's subordinate. Yao Xiang then sent an envoy to Qin's emperor, Fu Sheng , demanding permission to cross his territory in order to return to Yao Xiang's homeland in Longxi . Fu Sheng at first considered agreeing to Yao Xiang's proposal, but at the advice of his cousin, Fu Jiān , who feared that Yao Xiang may become

2128-481: The three forces approached, Ran Min went out to give battle. Yao Xiang, Shi Kun and Yue Wan attacked Ran Min from three sides while Shi Zhi came out to attack from behind. Ran Min suffered a terrible defeat but managed to escape. Though Yao Xiang was victorious, he did not fulfill his promise, so Yizhong punished him with a hundred floggings. Shi Zhi died later that same year after his subordinate, Liu Xian , assassinated him and defected to Ran Min. Shi Zhi's death marked

2184-548: The warlord Zhou Cheng (周成). He planned to establish a base in the Hedong region (河東; around present-day Shanxi ) before pressing on to conquer Guandong . However, he was unable to capture Luoyang even after a month of siege. His Chief Clerk Wang Liang (王亮) advised him to retreat, but he refused, refuting his argument by claiming that Luoyang would make a valuable stronghold. Not long after, Wang Liang died, and Yao Xiang became remorseful of his death. Soon enough, Huan Wen arrived at

2240-615: The way to Shansang (山桑; in present-day Mengcheng County , Anhui ). Yao Xiang's ambushes devastated Yin Hao's army as they killed and captured thousands of their forces. Yin Hao was forced to abandon his supplies and weapon before retreating to Qiao, allowing Yao Xiang to claim them for himself. Yao Xiang then left his brother Yao Yi (姚益) to guard Shansang while he returned south to Huainan. Yin Hao sent Liu Qi and Wang Binzhi (王彬之) to attack Shansang, but Yao Xiang turned back from Huainan to attack them. After killing Liu and Wang, Yao Xiang marched to Que Slope and captured it. Soon, Yao Xiang crossed

2296-630: The way. At Matian, Yao Xiang's horse was shot, so Yao Chang gave his horse to Xiang to allow him to escape. Fortunately for the two, reinforcements arrived in time to save them. Yao Xiang's group finally arrived in Jin at Xingyang , where only then he commenced the traditional mourning ritual for his father. Yao Xiang sent five of his younger brothers to the Jin capital of Jiankang as hostages. The court accepted them and stationed Yao Xiang at Qiao (譙; present-day Bozhou , Anhui). The southlands were almost immediately charmed by Yao Xiang's personality and respected him greatly. Around this time, Yao Xiang visited

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2352-442: Was able to capture Xiangling County (襄陵: in present-day Sui County , Henan). Qin's Grand General, Zhang Ping campaigned and eventually defeated Yao Xiang, prompting Yao Xiang to seek peace with Zhang Ping. The two men were able to befriend each other in the process, to the point that they swore an oath of brotherhood. In the end, they agreed to withdraw their army from one another. In the summer of 357, Yao Xiang intended to conquer

2408-588: Was able to deal Ran a major defeat. At this time, the Xiongnu soldiers in Yecheng rebelled, captured Ran Yin, and surrendered to Shi Zhi, who executed Ran Yin. Ran Min was thought to be dead, but when he appeared in Yecheng, the city was calmed. Shi Zhi had his general Liu Xian besiege Yecheng, but Ran Min defeated Liu in battle and awed him so much that Liu agreed that once he returned to Xiangguo, he would kill Shi Zhi and surrender. He did so and sent Shi Zhi's head to Ran Min, and Ran Min had Shi Zhi's head burned on

2464-442: Was appointed Inspector of Yuzhou and Duke of Danyang by Murong Jun. Later, a refugee leader named Guo Chang (郭敞) rebelled against Jin and captured Tangyi Commandery (堂邑, north of modern day Luhe District , Nanjing ) along with its Interior Minister, Liu Shi (劉仕). Guo surrendered the commandery to Yao Xiang, which caused the Jin court to panic as this left Jiankang exposed to Xiang. The capital's defenses were tightened, and Xie Shang

2520-631: Was badly defeated. Later that year, Yao Yizhong was appointed the Prime Minister of the Right. As Yizhong looked to establish an heir, many of his subordinates and followers pushed for Yao Xiang. Yizhong declined, as Yao Xiang was not the eldest son. However, support for Yao Xiang continued to grow, so Yizhong eventually accepted their demand. Yao Xiang was later appointed by the Zhao ruler, Shi Zhi , as Commissioner Bearing Credentials. In 351, Shi Zhi

2576-478: Was besieged by Ran Min in Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai , Hebei ). Yao Yizhong sent Yao Xiang to lift the siege, but not before telling his son to swear that he would capture Ran Min for massacring the Shi clan. Yao Xiang arrived in Xiangguo with assistance from Shi Kun (石琨) and Former Yan's general Yue Wan . Yao Xiang defeated Ran Min's general Hu Mu (胡睦) at Zhanglu (長蘆, in present-day Cangzhou , Hebei ). As

2632-506: Was defeated at first, but managed to regather his scattered troops and continued the assault. Gao eventually died of natural causes, allowing Xiang to overcome his leaderless army. Xiang then advanced to Xuchang and occupied the city. The next year in 356, Huan Wen was appointed by Jin as Grand Commander of the Expeditionary Force to campaign against Yao Xiang. At the same time, Yao Xiang led his army to capture Luoyang from

2688-436: Was eight chi five cun tall (6 ft 8 In) and even in his youth, he was very popular among the gentry and common people for his talents and hospitality. His first recorded military action was in 350 amidst the aftermath of Ran Min's takeover of the Zhao government. He fought against Yizhong's former colleague, the Di leader Pu Hong , over the strategic location of Guanyou (關右, west of present-day Tongguan County , Shaanxi ) but

2744-543: Was from Wei Commandery (魏郡, roughly modern Anyang , Northern Henan ) and was a descendant of an aristocratic family, but one who must have, in the serious famines circa 310, joined a group of refugees known as the Qihuo led by Chen Wu (陳午). When Later Zhao's founder Shi Le defeated Chen in 311, he captured the 11-year-old Ran Zhan as well, and for reasons unknown, he had his nephew Shi Hu adopt Ran Zhan as his son and change his name accordingly to Shi Zhan. Ran Min's mother

2800-535: Was given a ducal funeral by Fu Sheng, while his father Yao Yizhong, whose coffin he carried around, was given one for a prince. Yao Chang would become an important general in Former Qin but following Qin's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Feishui and his fall out with Fu Jiān, he would establish his state of Later Qin in 384, posthumously naming his brother 'Prince Wu of Wei'. In 2008, the mausoleum of Cao Cao ,

2856-444: Was immediately provoked. Yao Xiang quickly brought his army out to fight, and Deng Qiang feigned a retreat. Yao Xiang pursued him until they reached Sanyuan, where they were met with Qin forces under Fu Huangmei and Fu Jiān. Yao Xiang was badly defeated, and he attempted to flee on his horse, Limeigua (黧眉騧). However, his horse fell, and this time he was killed. Yao Chang took over Yao Xiang's army and surrendered to Former Qin. Yao Xiang

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2912-457: Was moved from Liyang to the capital region to defend the Yangtze. In 355, Yao Xiang declared himself Grand Chanyu and Grand General. Many of Xiang's followers were northerners, and because of this, they urged him to march north so that they could return home. Yao Xiang agreed, and along the way, he fought with the Jin general Gao Ji (高季) at Waihuang (外黃, east of modern day Qi County , Henan). He

2968-614: Was named Wang (王). It is not known when he was born, but he would have been known as Shi Min. A Shi Zhan was mentioned to have died in battle when Shi Hu was defeated by Han-Zhao 's emperor Liu Yao in 328, but it is not clear whether this Shi Zhan was Shi Min's father. In the Book of Jin , Shi Min was described as over 1.9 meters tall and possessed unusual physical strength. As Shi Min grew in age, Shi Hu became impressed by his bravery in battle and battlefield tactics, and he treated Shi Min as his own son. The first mention in history of him as

3024-632: Was reputed to be brave and kind to the people, and wherever he was present, families would often rush to join him. While Yao Xiang fled, more than 5,000 men in Luoyang abandoned their families to join him during the night, and when rumours of Yao Xiang's death circulated, the men and women of Xuchang and Luoyang mourned him. Huan Wen gave chase but was unable to capture Yao Xiang. However, one of Yao Xiang's officer, Yang Liang (楊亮), turned back and surrendered to Huan. Huan Wen asked him what kind of man Yao Xiang was, to which he said, "Yao Xiang has divine wisdom and

3080-457: Was successful in his task, and the five generals together inflicted heavy damages, thwarting Yu's plans. For his accomplishments, Shi Min was created the Duke of Wuxing. After Shi Hu's death in 349, his youngest son and crown prince Shi Shi became emperor, but the government was controlled by Shi Shi's mother Empress Dowager Liu and the official Zhang Chai . Shi Shi's older brother Shi Zun ,

3136-550: Was wrong. He also backtracked on his initial policy against the Hu, as he intended to win back their support. He appointed his son, Ran Yin as the Grand Chanyu, tasked with managing the tribes, and executed his official, Wei Xiao (韋謏) for suggesting he continue his hostile treatment towards the Hu. In spring 351, Ran Min set a siege of the Shi Zhi's capital Xiangguo. Shi Zhi sought aid from Former Yan's prince Murong Jun and

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