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15-653: Yunzhong Commandery was a historical commandery of China. Its territories were located between the Great Wall and Yin Mountains , and correspond to part of modern-day Hohhot , Baotou and Ulanqab prefectures in Inner Mongolia . The commandery was created during King Wuling of Zhao 's reign after a successful campaign against the Linhu (林胡) and Loufan (樓煩) peoples. After the establishment of Han dynasty ,

30-686: A chancellor ( xiàng ). Parallel to these, some Qin commanderies were continued, placed under a governor appointed directly by the central government. By the Eastern Han dynasty, the commanderies were subordinated to a new division , the province ( zhōu ). — establishing a three-tier system composed of provinces, commanderies, and counties . Based upon legendary accounts of the Yellow Emperor 's Nine Provinces which were geographic rather than formal political areas, there were initially 13 provinces and roughly 100 commanderies. China

45-610: Is used as the 61st indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China , while its original form 玉 , along with the left component variant ⺩ , are listed as its associated indexing components. The radical is also used as an independent Chinese character . It is one of the Kyōiku kanji or Kanji taught in elementary school in Japan . It

60-656: The circuit had been introduced, bringing back a three-tier system). In the Warring States period , the chief administrative officers of the areas were known as commandery administrators ( Chinese : 郡守 ; pinyin : jùnshǒu ; lit. 'defender of the jun'). In the Han dynasty , the position of junshou was renamed grand administrator ( 太守 ; tàishǒu ; 'grand defender'). Both terms are also translated as "governor". A grand administrator drew an annual salary of 2,000 dan ( 石 ) of grain according to

75-437: The major realms . Despite having smaller populations and ranking lower on the official hierarchies, the commanderies were larger and boasted greater military strength than the counties. As each state's territory gradually took shape in the 5th- to 3rd-century BCE Warring States period, the commanderies at the borders flourished. This gave rise to a two-tier administrative system, with counties subordinate to commanderies. Each of

90-634: The pinzhi ( 品秩 ; pǐnzhì ) system of administrative rank. Many former grand administrators were promoted to the posts of the Three Ducal Ministers or Nine Ministers later in their careers. Wang (Chinese title) When appearing at the left side of a Chinese character, the radical transforms into ⺩ consisting of four strokes. In the Kangxi Dictionary , there are 473 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical . The variant form of this radical, 王 ,

105-574: The administration were merged into one level, typically rendered in English as prefecture, marking the end of the commandery. Some Emperors to referred to this level of administration as a jun ("commandery"), but most used zhou ("province") and the political function was the same, regardless. By the end of the Tang dynasty the term jun saw no more use in China (and a new higher tier of administrative unit,

120-568: The basis for their own administrative divisions. During the Eastern Zhou 's Spring and Autumn period from the 8th to 5th centuries BCE, the larger and more powerful of the Zhou 's vassal states —including Qin , Jin and Wei —began annexing their smaller rivals. These new lands were not part of their original fiefs and were instead organized into counties ( xiàn ). Eventually, commanderies were developed as marchlands between

135-447: The commandery administered 11 counties, namely Yunzhong (雲中), Xianyang (咸陽), Taolin (陶林), Zhenling (楨陵), Duhe (犢和), Shaling (沙陵), Yuanyang (原陽), Shanan (沙南), Beiyu (北輿), Wuquan (武泉) and Yangshou (陽壽). The population totaled 38,303 households, or 173,270 people. During Eastern Han, 3 counties were abolished, while 3 new counties were added from Dingxiang Commandery . In 140 AD, the population was 5,351 households, or 26,430 households. Toward

150-522: The commandery became the frontier between Han and the Xiongnu . In early Han dynasty, the region saw frequent Xiongnu raids. However, from Emperor Wu 's reign onwards, it became an important base of military operations in the wars against the Xiongnu . In 127 BC, it was from Yunzhong that General Wei Qing led a 40,000-men strong cavalry force and conquered the modern Hetao and Ordos regions. In 2 AD,

165-496: The end Han dynasty, the area's population decreased sharply as residents fled from invading northern nomadic peoples, and the commandery was dissolved. Jun (country subdivision) A commandery ( Chinese : 郡 ; pinyin : jùn ) was a historical administrative division of China that was in use from the Eastern Zhou (c. 7th century BCE) until the early Tang dynasty (c. 7th century CE). Several neighboring countries adopted Chinese commanderies as

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180-662: The six former states who were unwilling to submit to Qin rule. As a result, Qin Shi Huangdi set up 36 commanderies in the Qin Empire, each subdivided into counties. This established the first two-tier administrative system known to exist in China. When the Han dynasty triumphed over Chu in 206 BCE, the Zhou feudal system was initially reinstated, with Emperor Gaozu recognizing nearly independent kings and granting large territories to his relatives. These two sets of kingdoms were placed under hereditary rulers assisted by

195-557: The states' territories was by now comparatively larger, hence there was no need for the military might of a commandery in the inner regions where counties were established. The border commanderies' military and strategic significance became more important than those of counties. Following the unification of China in 221 BCE under the Qin Empire , the Qin government still had to engage in military activity because there were rebels from among

210-528: Was greatly divided during the following five centuries, during the Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties period. The number of administrative units drastically increased due to intense warfare, fluid political boundaries, forced migrations, widespread population loss, and the loss of central government control in many areas particularly during the Sixteen Kingdoms . Although the legacy three-tier system

225-448: Was still in formal effect, rulers of various kingdoms had defined and re-defined provinces until they became increasingly sub-divided, blurring the distinction between provinces and commanderies and reflecting the chaos of China at the time. China was finally re-united by Emperor Wen of the Sui (581–618) in 589. As there were already over 100 provinces, the province and commandery levels of

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