The kilometre per hour ( SI symbol: km/h ; non-SI abbreviations: kph , km/hr ) is a unit of speed , expressing the number of kilometres travelled in one hour .
31-516: Z28 may refer to: German destroyer Z28 , one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine New South Wales Z28 class locomotive , an amalgamation under one class of two former classes Z28, a model of the mid-size American automobile Chevrolet Camaro "Z28", a song from the 2009 Static-X album Cult of Static [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
62-430: A designed speed of 36 knots (67 km/h ; 41 mph ). Z28 carried a maximum of 804 metric tons (791 long tons) of fuel oil which gave a range of 2,900 nautical miles (5,400 km; 3,300 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Her crew consisted of 11 officers and 321 sailors. Z28 carried four 15 cm TbtsK C/36 guns in single mounts with gun shields , two guns each superimposed fore and aft of
93-527: A refit. In early March 1943, she was one of the escorts of the battleship Scharnhorst on her voyage to Bogen Bay, the only one not to sustain weather damage. While sailing from Altafjord to Harstad with the destroyer Z4 Richard Beitzen on 2 April, Z28 ran aground. She sailed to Trondheim for repairs and was slightly damaged during an air raid on the docks there on 24 July. The ship then returned to Deschimag's dockyard in Bremen for complete repairs. She
124-631: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages German destroyer Z28 Z28 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine (Germany Navy) during World War II. Built as a flotilla leader with fewer guns than her sister ships , she was completed in 1941. The ship spent most of the first few years of her service in Norwegian waters , escorting convoys and laying minefields . Z28 ran aground in early 1943 and spent
155-627: Is km/h and this is the generally preferred form". Abbreviations for "kilometres per hour" did not appear in the English language until the late nineteenth century. The kilometre , a unit of length , first appeared in English in 1810, and the compound unit of speed "kilometers per hour" was in use in the US by 1866. "Kilometres per hour" did not begin to be abbreviated in print until many years later, with several different abbreviations existing near-contemporaneously. With no central authority to dictate
186-653: Is more commonly pronounced "kays" or "kays an hour". In military usage, "klicks" is used, though written as km/h. In 1879, four years after the signing of the Treaty of the Metre , the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) proposed a range of symbols for the various metric units then under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). Among these were
217-541: The Baltic States . Z28 also bombarded Soviet positions herself on multiple occasions until she was damaged by bombs during one such mission in October. Her repairs took until February 1945 and, not long afterwards, she was sunk in port by British bombers on 6 March with heavy loss of life. Z28 had an overall length of 127 meters (416 ft 8 in) and was 121.90 meters (399 ft 11 in) long at
248-542: The Polish Corridor as part of Operation Hannibal . After repeating the mission on 4 March, the ship was sunk with heavy casualties in the latter port two days later by the Royal Air Force after being hit by two bombs amidships . 54°30′N 19°40′E / 54.500°N 19.667°E / 54.500; 19.667 Kilometres per hour Although the metre was formally defined in 1799,
279-507: The superstructure . To accommodate the flotilla commander and his staff, one gun was repositioned from atop the aft superstructure to the upper forward position and the aft superstructure enlarged. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2 cm C/30 guns in single mounts. The Type 36A ships carried eight above-water 53.3-centimeter (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. A pair of reload torpedoes
310-537: The 23rd. She engaged Soviet positions in Sworbe , on the Estonian island of Saaremaa , on the 22nd and 24th. During the latter mission, she was damaged by Soviet aircraft, killing nine crewmen and wounding many others, and sailed for Swinemünde for repairs. They were completed on 25 February 1945 and Z28 escorted the ocean liner Deutschland from Gotenhafen to Sassnitz two days later as it evacuated Germans from
341-597: The SI unit metres per second ( "m/s" , "m s " or "m·s " ). SI is also the preferred system of measure in academia and in education. During the early years of the motor car, each country developed its own system of road signs. In 1968 the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals was drawn up under the auspices of the United Nations Economic and Social Council to harmonise road signs across
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#1732780741583372-506: The entire group to abandon the operation. She participated in Operation Zarin , a minelaying mission off the coast of the island of Novaya Zemlya from 24 to 28 September, together with Admiral Hipper , and her sisters Z23 , Z29 , and Z30 . On 1 October, Z28 escorted Admiral Hipper from Altafjord to Bogen Bay and then Tirpitz and Admiral Scheer to Trondheim on the 24th. She continued on to Kiel , Germany, to begin
403-405: The globe including academic publishers and legal authorities. The SI explicitly states that unit symbols are not abbreviations and are to be written using a very specific set of rules. M. Danloux-Dumesnils provides the following justification for this distinction: It has already been stated that, according to Maxwell, when we write down the result of a measurement, the numerical value multiplies
434-642: The operation was canceled and the ships returned to port. On 30 July and 1 August Z28 and three other destroyers of the flotilla sailed into the Gulf of Riga to bombard Soviet positions inland. On 5 August, they escorted the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen as she engaged targets on the island of Oesel , Estonia, and in Latvia on 19–20 August. Z28 and the destroyer Z36 escorted the troopship MV Monte Rosa , laden with refugees, from Baltischport , Estonia, to Gotenhafen , Germany, on 16 September. Four days later,
465-565: The preliminaries of Operation Rösselsprung , an attempt to intercept Convoy PQ 17 in July. Admiral Scheer and her sister Lützow formed one group in Narvik with Z28 and four of her sisters while the battleship Tirpitz and Admiral Hipper composed another. While en route to the rendezvous at the Altafjord , Lützow and three destroyers of Tirpitz ' s escort ran aground , forcing
496-503: The rest of the year under repair. The ship briefly returned to Norway at the beginning of 1944, but was transferred to the Baltic shortly afterwards to support minelaying operations in the Gulf of Finland . That was her primary focus through July and then she began escorting German cruisers as they bombarded Soviet troops ashore in addition to German convoys evacuating people from Finland and
527-449: The rules for abbreviations, various publishing houses and standards bodies have their own rules that dictate whether to use upper-case letters, lower-case letters, periods and so on, reflecting both changes in fashion and the image of the publishing house concerned, In contrast to the "symbols" designated for use with the SI system, news organisations such as Reuters and The Economist require "kph". In informal Australian usage, km/h
558-448: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z28&oldid=1104894010 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
589-450: The ship helped to evacuate 23,172 people from Reval in the face of the advancing Soviets. The following day, the ship, together with the destroyer Z25 , ferried 370 people from Baltischport to Libau. On 22 August, she escorted ships loaded with evacuees from the Sea of Åland to Gotenhafen. Z28 resumed her shore bombardment missions on 10 October, attacking targets at Memel on that date and
620-610: The shorthand for "kilometres per hour" on official documents. Another EU directive, published in 1975, regulates the layout of speedometers within the European Union, and requires the text "km/h" in all languages, even where that is not the natural abbreviation for the local version of "kilometres per hour". Examples include: In 1988 the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration promulgated
651-579: The term "kilometres per hour" did not come into immediate use – the myriametre ( 10,000 metres ) and myriametre per hour were preferred to kilometres and kilometres per hour. In 1802 the term " myriamètres par heure " appeared in French literature. The Dutch on the other hand adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the mijl ( Dutch mile ). The SI representations, classified as symbols, are "km/h", " km h " and " km·h ". Several other abbreviations of "kilometres per hour" have been used since
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#1732780741583682-657: The term was introduced and many are still in use today; for example, dictionaries list "kph", "kmph" and "km/hr" as English abbreviations. While these forms remain widely used, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures uses "km/h" in describing the definition and use of the International System of Units. The entries for "kph" and "kmph" in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary state that "the correct scientific unit
713-445: The unit. Hence the name of the unit can be replaced by a kind of algebraic symbol, which is shorter and easier to use in formulae. This symbol is not merely an abbreviation but a symbol which, like chemical symbols, must be used in a precise and prescribed manner. SI, and hence the use of "km/h" (or "km h " or "km·h " ) has now been adopted around the world in many areas related to health and safety and in metrology in addition to
744-733: The use of the symbol "km" for "kilometre". In 1948, as part of its preparatory work for the SI , the CGPM adopted symbols for many units of measure that did not have universally agreed symbols, one of which was the symbol "h" for "hours". At the same time the CGPM formalised the rules for combining units – quotients could be written in one of three formats resulting in "km/h" , "km h " and "km·h " being valid representations of "kilometres per hour". The SI standards, which were MKS-based rather than CGS-based , were published in 1960 and have since then have been adopted by many authorities around
775-470: The waterline . The ship had a beam of 12 meters (39 ft 4 in), and a maximum draft of 4.38 meters (14 ft 4 in). She displaced 2,596 long tons (2,638 t) at standard load and 3,519 long tons (3,575 t) at deep load . The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft , were designed to produce 70,000 PS (51,000 kW ; 69,000 shp ) using steam provided by six Wagner water-tube boilers for
806-515: The world. Many countries have since signed the convention and adopted its proposals. Speed limits signs that are either directly authorised by the convention or have been influenced by the convention are shown below: In 1972 the EU published a directive (overhauled in 1979 to take British and Irish interests into account) that required member states to abandon CGS-based units in favour of SI. The use of SI implicitly required that member states use "km/h" as
837-628: Was Korvettenkapitän (Lieutenant Commander) Hans Erdmenger . While working up from late 1941 to early 1942, she was based in Aarhus , Denmark , and patrolled the Skagerrak and Kattegat . The ship was transferred to Norway in April where she escorted convoys; with her sister Z30 and a pair of torpedo boats , she escorted the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer and the replenishment oiler Dithmarschen to Narvik on 9 May. Z28 took part in
868-568: Was based in Kristiansand , Norway, for anti-contraband patrols from 7 January 1944 and was now assigned to the 6. Zerstörerflotille (6th Destroyer Flotilla). On 12–13 February, Z28 and two other destroyers from the flotilla laid a minefield in the Skagerrak. Shortly afterwards, the 6th Flotilla was transferred to the Gulf of Finland to support minelaying operations there, Z28 arriving at Reval , Estonia , on 21 February. The flotilla
899-404: Was increased to ten each 3.7 cm and 2 cm guns. A FuMO 63 Hohentwiel radar was installed in 1944–1945 in lieu of the aft searchlight . Z28 was ordered from AG Weser ( Deschimag ) on 23 April 1938. The ship was laid down at Deschimag's Bremen shipyard as yard number W962 on 30 November 1939, launched on 20 August 1940, and commissioned on 9 August 1941. Her first commander
930-479: Was initially tasked to escort convoys between Libau , Latvia , and Reval, but laid its first minefield in Narva Bay on 12 March while bombarding Soviet positions on the eastern shore of the bay. They were primarily tasked as minelayers through July. In preparation for Operation Tanne West , the occupation of Åland in case of Finnish surrender, the flotilla escorted Lützow to the island of Utö on 28 June, but
961-450: Was provided for each mount. They had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines . A system of passive hydrophones designated as 'GHG' ( Gruppenhorchgerät ) was fitted to detect submarines . A S-Gerät sonar was also probably fitted. The ship was equipped with a FuMO 24/25 radar set above the bridge . During 1942–1943, Z28 ' s anti-aircraft armament