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66-533: Over the last few years, the Zope community has spawned several additional web frameworks with disparate aims and principles, but sharing philosophy, people, and source code. Zope 2 is still the most widespread of these frameworks, largely thanks to the Plone content management system , which runs on Zope 2. BlueBream (earlier called Zope 3) is less widespread but underlies several large sites, including Launchpad . Grok

132-511: A change. This is intended to increase a web page's interactivity, speed, maintainability, and usability . Due to the complexity of Ajax programming in JavaScript, there are numerous Ajax frameworks that exclusively deal with Ajax support. Some Ajax frameworks are even embedded as a part of larger frameworks. For example, the jQuery JavaScript library is included in Ruby on Rails. With

198-645: A commercial setting, the benefit of localization is access to more markets. In the early 1980s, Lotus 1-2-3 took two years to separate program code and text and lost the market lead in Europe over Microsoft Multiplan . MicroPro found that using an Austrian translator for the West German market caused its WordStar documentation to, an executive said, not "have the tone it should have had". However, there are considerable costs involved, which go far beyond engineering. Further, business operations must adapt to manage

264-550: A conversion between languages can be easily automated. The Common Locale Data Repository by Unicode provides a collection of such differences. Its data is used by major operating systems , including Microsoft Windows , macOS and Debian , and by major Internet companies or projects such as Google and the Wikimedia Foundation . Examples of such differences include: Different countries have different economic conventions, including variations in: In particular,

330-422: A database schema. Other features web frameworks may provide include transactional support and database migration tools . A framework's URL mapping or routing facility is the mechanism by which the framework interprets URLs. Some frameworks, such as Drupal and Django, match the provided URL against pre-determined patterns using regular expressions , while some others use rewriting techniques to translate

396-560: A few, creating Zope 2 products involves copying a lot of boilerplate code – "magic" code – that just has to be there, and the built-in management interface is difficult to modify or replace. Zope 3 was a rewrite of the software that attempts to address these shortcomings while retaining the advantages of Zope that led to its popularity. BlueBream is based on a component architecture that makes it easy to mix software components of various origins written in Python . Although originally intended as

462-543: A lot of confusion. In response, in January 2010, Zope 3 was renamed "BlueBream". "Zope" and "blue bream" are names of a kind of fish, Ballerus ballerus . The Zope Foundation is an organization that promotes the development of the Zope platform by supporting the community that develops and maintains the relevant software components. The community includes both open source software, documentation and web infrastructure contributors, as well as business and organization consumers of

528-584: A new internationalized software, the first step of internationalization is to split each potentially locale-dependent part (whether code, text or data) into a separate module. Each module can then either rely on a standard library/dependency or be independently replaced as needed for each locale. The current prevailing practice is for applications to place text in resource files which are loaded during program execution as needed. These strings, stored in resource files, are relatively easy to translate. Programs are often built to reference resource libraries depending on

594-450: A push-based architecture also called "action-based". These frameworks use actions that do the required processing, and then "push" the data to the view layer to render the results. An alternative to this is pull-based architecture, sometimes also called "component-based". These frameworks start with the view layer, which can then "pull" results from multiple controllers as needed. In this architecture, multiple controllers can be involved with

660-581: A replacement for Zope 2, the Zope Component Architecture has instead been backported to Zope 2, starting with Zope 2.8. Many Zope platforms such as Plone are going through the same type of piece-by-piece rewriting. The first production release of the new software, Zope X3 3.0.0, was released on November 6, 2004. The Zope 3 project started in February 2001 as an effort to develop a new version of Zope as an almost complete rewrite, with

726-480: A single view. In three-tier organization , applications are structured around three physical tiers: client, application, and database. The database is normally an RDBMS . The application contains the business logic, running on a server and communicates with the client using HTTP . The client on web applications is a web browser that runs HTML generated by the application layer. The term should not be confused with MVC, where, unlike in three-tier architecture, it

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792-451: A single, monolithic application server. BlueBream includes separate packages for interfaces, component architecture, HTTP server, publisher, Zope Object Database (ZODB), Zope Page Templates, I18N , security policy, and so on. The component architecture is used to glue these together. The component architecture is configured using a ZCML (Zope Configuration Markup Language), an XML based configuration file language. The Zope 3 project pioneered

858-444: A sort of Semantic Web ontology , based on concepts from Resource Description Framework (RDF). Internationalization and localization In computing , internationalization and localization ( American ) or internationalisation and localisation ( British ), often abbreviated i18n and l10n respectively, are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional peculiarities and technical requirements of

924-462: A specific user application, such as content management systems (CMS), some mobile development tools and some portal tools. Web frameworks must function according to the architectural rules of browsers and protocols such as HTTP , which is stateless . Webpages are served up by a server and can then be modified by the browser using JavaScript . Either approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Server-side page changes typically require that

990-530: A standard way to build and deploy web applications on the World Wide Web . Web frameworks aim to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development . For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks, and session management, and they often promote code reuse . Although they often target development of dynamic web sites , they are also applicable to static websites . As

1056-434: A target locale . Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components. Localization (which is potentially performed multiple times, for different locales) uses

1122-400: Is a developer task, which enables a product to be used with multiple scripts and cultures (globalization) and separates user interface resources in a localizable format (localizability, abbreviated to L12y ). Hewlett-Packard and HP-UX created a system called "National Language Support" or "Native Language Support" (NLS) to produce localizable software. Some vendors, including IBM use

1188-840: Is also finding uptake in other Zope 3 and Zope 2 based projects. In late 2017, development began on Zope 4. Zope 4 is a successor to Zope 2.13, making many changes that are not backwards compatible with Zope 2. Zope 5 was released in 2020. As mentioned previously, Zope page templates are themselves XHTML documents, which means they can be viewed and edited using normal HTML editors or XHTML compliant tools (a big advantage compared to other template languages used for Web applications). Templates can also be checked for XHTML compliance so you can be fairly confident that they will automatically expand into proper XHTML. However, these page templates are not meant to be rendered as is. Instead they are marked up with additional elements and attributes in special XML namespaces (see below). This additional information

1254-411: Is considered a good practice to keep business logic away from the controller, the "middle layer". Frameworks are built to support the construction of internet applications based on a single programming language, ranging in focus from general purpose tools such as Zend Framework and Ruby on Rails, which augment the capabilities of a specific language, to native-language programmable packages built around

1320-478: Is considered to be a defining principle of a framework, and benefits the code by enforcing a common flow for a team which everyone can customize in similar ways. For example, some popular "microframeworks" such as Ruby's Sinatra (which inspired Express.js ) allow for "middleware" hooks prior to and after HTTP requests. These middleware functions can be anything, and allow the user to define logging, authentication and session management, and redirecting. Web caching

1386-409: Is difficult to maintain the parallel versions of texts throughout the life of the product. For instance, if a message displayed to the user is modified, all of the translated versions must be changed. Independent software vendor such as Microsoft may provides reference software localization guidelines for developers. The software localization language may be different from written language . In

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1452-452: Is discouraged by many leading Zope developers. ZPT is a technology that addresses the shortcomings of DTML. ZPT templates can be either well-formed XML documents or HTML documents, in which all special markup is presented as attributes in the TAL ( Template Attribute Language ) namespace. ZPT offers a very limited set of tools for conditional inclusion and repetition of XML elements. Consequently,

1518-435: Is often used internally and then converted into a local time zone for display purposes. Different countries have different legal requirements, meaning for example: Localization also may take into account differences in culture, such as: To internationalize a product, it is important to look at a variety of markets that the product will foreseeably enter. Details such as field length for street addresses, unique format for

1584-415: Is simply a shorter form of the longer traversal to "/page/science/physics". Ajax , shorthand for " Asynchronous JavaScript and XML ", is a web development technique for creating web applications. The intent is to make web pages feel more responsive by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes, so that the entire web page does not have to be reloaded each time the user requests

1650-528: Is the caching of web documents in order to reduce bandwidth usage, server load , and perceived " lag ". A web cache stores copies of documents passing through it; subsequent requests may be satisfied from the cache if certain conditions are met. Some application frameworks provide mechanisms for caching documents and bypassing various stages of the page's preparation, such as database access or template interpretation. Some web frameworks come with authentication and authorization frameworks, that enable

1716-467: Is used to describe how the page template should ultimately be processed. Here are some basic examples. To conditionally include a particular element, like a div element, simply add the tal:condition attribute to the element as follows: To control what appears inside an element, use the tal:content attribute like this: Finally, to introduce or replace values of attributes use the tal:attributes attribute as below. You can use Python to alter

1782-627: The model–view–controller (MVC) pattern . Many frameworks follow the MVC architectural pattern to separate the data model into business rules (the "controller") and the user interface (the "view"). This is generally considered a good practice as it modularizes code , promotes code reuse , and allows multiple interfaces to be applied. In web applications, this permits different views to be presented, for example serving different web pages for mobile vs. desktop browsers, or providing machine-readable web service interfaces. Most MVC frameworks follow

1848-693: The web server to identify the users of the application, and restrict access to functions based on some defined criteria. Drupal is one example that provides role-based access to pages, and provides a web-based interface for creating users and assigning them roles. Many web frameworks create a unified API to a database backend, enabling web applications to work with a variety of databases with no code changes, and allowing programmers to work with higher-level concepts. Additionally, some object-oriented frameworks contain mapping tools to provide object-relational mapping , which maps objects to tuples . Some frameworks minimize web application configuration through

1914-434: The 1970s or 1980s) and l10n for localization , due to the length of the words. Some writers have the latter term capitalized ( L10n ) to help distinguish the two. Some companies, like IBM and Oracle , use the term globalization , g11n , for the combination of internationalization and localization. Microsoft defines internationalization as a combination of world-readiness and localization. World-readiness

1980-547: The CGI interface typically had adverse effects on the server load however, because each request started a separate process . More recent implementations utilize persistent processes amongst other techniques to reduce the footprint in the server's resources and offer a general performance boost. In 1995, fully integrated server/language development environments first emerged and new web-specific languages were introduced, such as ColdFusion , PHP , and Active Server Pages . Although

2046-546: The Internet. In 1997, the company became independently owned and private. The company's software engineers are led by CTO Jim Fulton. PythonLabs, creators of Python, became part of the company in 2000 (Python founder Guido van Rossum left Zope Corp in 2003). What is now known as Zope 2 began with the merging of three separate software products – Bobo, Document Template, and BoboPOS – into the Principia application server. At

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2112-513: The United States and Europe differ in most of these cases. Other areas often follow one of these. Specific third-party services, such as online maps, weather reports, or payment service providers , might not be available worldwide from the same carriers, or at all. Time zones vary across the world, and this must be taken into account if a product originally only interacted with people in a single time zone. For internationalization, UTC

2178-594: The Zope developers of the Zope 2 web application server . It was created under the name "Zope 3", but the existence of two incompatible frameworks with the same name caused much confusion, and Zope 3 was renamed "BlueBream" in January 2010. BlueBream is distributed under the terms of the Zope Public License and is thus free software . Zope 2 has proven itself as a useful framework for Web applications development, but its use revealed some shortcomings. To name

2244-404: The adaptation of the business process logic or the inclusion of individual cultural (behavioral) aspects. Already in the 1990s, companies such as Bull used machine translation ( Systran ) on a large scale, for all their translation activity: human translators handled pre-editing (making the input machine-readable) and post-editing . Both in re-engineering an existing software or designing

2310-401: The address, ability to make the postal code field optional to address countries that do not have postal codes or the state field for countries that do not have states, plus the introduction of new registration flows that adhere to local laws are just some of the examples that make internationalization a complex project. A broader approach takes into account cultural factors regarding for example

2376-478: The application to select the relevant language resource file at runtime. The code required to manage data entry verification and many other locale-sensitive data types also must support differing locale requirements. Modern development systems and operating systems include sophisticated libraries for international support of these types, see also Standard locale data above. Many localization issues (e.g. writing direction, text sorting) require more profound changes in

2442-404: The behest of its largest investor, Opticality Ventures, Principia was re-released as free software under the name Zope in 1998. Bobo, and therefore Zope, was the first Web object publishing solution. In November 2004, Zope 3 was released. Zope 3 is a complete rewrite that preserves only the original ZODB object database. It is directly intended for enterprise Web application development using

2508-402: The design aspects to consider when internationalizing a product are "data encoding, data and documentation, software construction, hardware device support, and user interaction"; while the key design areas to consider when making a fully internationalized product from scratch are "user interaction, algorithm design and data formats, software services, and documentation". Translation is typically

2574-535: The design of the World Wide Web was not inherently dynamic, early hypertext consisted of hand-coded HTML text files that were published on web servers . Any modifications to published pages needed to be performed by the pages' author. In 1993, the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) standard was introduced for interfacing external applications with web servers, to provide a dynamic web page that reflected user inputs. Original implementations of

2640-421: The development of rich media Ajax applications much more akin to that of developing desktop applications. Some frameworks provide tools for creating and providing web services. These utilities may offer similar tools as the rest of the web application. A number of newer Web 2.0 RESTful frameworks are now providing resource-oriented architecture (ROA) infrastructure for building collections of resources in

2706-548: The file system, but ZODB is the most common solution. Zope provides two mechanisms for HTML templating: Document Template Markup Language (DTML) and Zope Page Templates (ZPT). DTML is a tag-based language that allows implementation of simple scripting in the templates. DTML has provisions for variable inclusion, conditions, and loops. However, DTML can be problematic: DTML tags interspersed with HTML form non-valid HTML documents, and its use requires care when including logic into templates, to retain code readability. The use of DTML

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2772-406: The framework, which resulted in a large amount of mixin base classes and special attributes. BlueBream uses a model/view architecture, separating the presentation code from the problem domain code. Views and models are linked together by the component architecture. The libraries underlying BlueBream have been evolving into a collection of useful libraries for web application development rather than

2838-516: The functionality of explicitly declared interfaces to the Python language . The first production release of the software, Zope X3, was released on November 6, 2004. In January 2010 Zope 3 was renamed BlueBream. The goal of the project was to enable programmers to use Zope in order to expose arbitrary Python objects as model objects to the web without the need to make these objects fulfill particular behavior requirements. In Zope 2 there had been many behavior requirements to allow objects to participate in

2904-459: The goal to retain the successful features of Zope 2 while trying to fix some of its shortcomings. The goal was to create a more developer-friendly and flexible platform for programming web applications than Zope 2 is. The project began with the development of a component architecture , which allows the structuring of code into small, composable units with introspectable interfaces. The interfaces are supported by an interface package in order to provide

2970-483: The href at runtime. This is a very cursory explanation of Zope Page Templates. The behavior of Zope Page Templates is almost completely described by a template language , fixed on TAL, TALES, and METAL specifications: Web framework A web framework ( WF ) or web application framework ( WAF ) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources , and web APIs . Web frameworks provide

3036-562: The increased interest in developing " Web 2.0 " rich web applications , the complexity of programming directly in Ajax and JavaScript has become so apparent that compiler technology has stepped in, to allow developers to code in high-level languages such as Java, Python and Ruby. The first of these compilers was Morfik followed by Google Web Toolkit , with ports to Python and Ruby in the form of Pyjs and RubyJS following some time after. These compilers and their associated widget set libraries make

3102-415: The infrastructure or flexibility provided by internationalization (which is ideally performed only once before localization, or as an integral part of ongoing development). The terms are frequently abbreviated to the numeronyms i18n (where 18 stands for the number of letters between the first i and the last n in the word internationalization , a usage coined at Digital Equipment Corporation in

3168-421: The most time-consuming component of language localization . This may involve: Computer software can encounter differences above and beyond straightforward translation of words and phrases, because computer programs can generate content dynamically. These differences may need to be taken into account by the internationalization process in preparation for translation. Many of these differences are so regular that

3234-459: The newest development paradigms. Zope 3 is, however, not compatible with Zope 2, so Zope 2 applications do not run on Zope 3. It was originally intended to introduce a backwards-compatibility layer so that Zope 2 software would run on Zope 3. Instead a module known as Five introduced the new Zope 3 paradigms into Zope 2, although full compatibility isn't possible that way either. The existence of two incompatible Web frameworks called Zope has caused

3300-796: The others. Such persons typically understand foreign languages and cultures and have some technical background. Specialized technical writers are required to construct a culturally appropriate syntax for potentially complicated concepts, coupled with engineering resources to deploy and test the localization elements. Once properly internationalized, software can rely on more decentralized models for localization: free and open source software usually rely on self-localization by end-users and volunteers, sometimes organized in teams. The GNOME project , for example, has volunteer translation teams for over 100 languages. MediaWiki supports over 500 languages, of which 100 are mostly complete as of September 2023 . When translating existing text to other languages, it

3366-417: The page be refreshed, but allow any language to be used and more computing power to be utilized. Client-side changes allow the page to be updated in small chunks which feels like a desktop application, but are limited to JavaScript and run in the user's browser, which may have limited computing power. Some mix of the two is typically used. Applications which make heavy use of JavaScript and only refresh parts of

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3432-448: The page, are called single-page applications and typically make use of a client-side JavaScript web framework to organize the code. Examples include Backbone.js , AngularJS , Angular , Ember.js , ReactJS , jQuery UI , Svelte , and Vue.js . Frameworks typically set the control flow of a program and allow the user of the framework to "hook into" that flow by exposing various events. This " inversion of control " design pattern

3498-536: The practice of sprints for open source software development. Sprints are intensive development sessions when programmers, often from different countries, gather in one room and work together for a couple of days or even several weeks. During the sprints various practices drawn from agile software development are used, such as pair programming and test-driven development . Besides the goal of developing software, sprints are also useful for geographically separated developers to meet in person and attracting new people to

3564-447: The production, storage and distribution of multiple discrete localized products, which are often being sold in completely different currencies, regulatory environments and tax regimes. Finally, sales, marketing and technical support must also facilitate their operations in the new languages, to support customers for the localized products. Particularly for relatively small language populations, it may never be economically viable to offer

3630-446: The project. They also serve as a way for the participants to learn from each other. BlueBream is considered a stable framework, used on production projects worldwide, most notably Launchpad . As a result of the development of Zope 3 / BlueBream, there are now many independent Python packages used and developed as a part of BlueBream, and although many of these are usable outside of BlueBream, many are not. The Zope Toolkit (ZTK) project

3696-405: The provided URL into one that the underlying engine will recognize. Another technique is that of graph traversal such as used by Zope , where a URL is decomposed in steps that traverse an object graph (of models and views). A URL mapping system that uses pattern matching or rewriting to route and handle requests allows for shorter more " friendly URLs " to be used, increasing the simplicity of

3762-420: The selected locale data. The storage for translatable and translated strings is sometimes called a message catalog as the strings are called messages. The catalog generally comprises a set of files in a specific localization format and a standard library to handle said format. One software library and format that aids this is gettext . Thus to get an application to support multiple languages one would design

3828-550: The site and allowing for better indexing by search engines. For example, a URL that ends with "/page.cgi?cat=science&topic=physics" could be changed to simply "/page/science/physics". This makes the URL easier for people to remember, read and write, and provides search engines with better information about the structural layout of the site. A graph traversal approach also tends to result in the creation of friendly URLs. A shorter URL such as "/page/science" tends to exist by default as that

3894-539: The software platform. It manages the zope.org websites, an infrastructure for open source collaboration. A Zope website is usually composed of objects in a Zope Object Database , not files on a file system , as is usual with most web servers . This allows users to harness the advantages of object technologies, such as encapsulation . Zope maps URLs to objects using the containment hierarchy of such objects; methods are considered to be contained in their objects as well. Data can be stored in other databases as well, or on

3960-402: The software than text translation. For example, OpenOffice.org achieves this with compilation switches. A globalization method includes, after planning, three implementation steps: internationalization, localization and quality assurance. To some degree (e.g. for quality assurance ), development teams include someone who handles the basic/central stages of the process which then enables all

4026-508: The templates are usually quite simple, with most logic implemented in Python code. One significant advantage of ZPT templates is that they can be edited in most graphical HTML editors. ZPT also offers direct support for internationalization . Zope 2 underlies the Plone content management system , as well as the ERP5 open source enterprise resource planning system. BlueBream is a rewrite by

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4092-434: The term National Language Version (NLV) for localized versions of software products supporting only one specific locale. The term implies the existence of other alike NLV versions of the software for different markets; this terminology is not used where no internationalization and localization was undertaken and a software product only supports one language and locale in any version. According to Software without frontiers ,

4158-483: The use of introspection and/or following well-known conventions. For example, many Java frameworks use Hibernate as a persistence layer, which can generate a database schema at runtime capable of persisting the necessary information. This allows the application designer to design business objects without needing to explicitly define a database schema. Frameworks such as Ruby on Rails can also work in reverse, that is, define properties of model objects at runtime based on

4224-475: The vast majority of languages for creating dynamic web pages have libraries to help with common tasks, web applications often require specific libraries for particular tasks, such as creating HTML (for example, Jakarta Faces ). In the late 1990s, mature, "full stack" frameworks began to appear, that often gathered multiple libraries useful for web development into a single cohesive software stack for web developers to use. Most web frameworks are based on

4290-486: Was started as a more programmer-friendly framework, "Zope 3 for cavemen", and in 2009 Pyramid gained popularity in the Zope community as a minimalistic framework based on Zope principles. The Zope Corporation was formed in 1995 in Fredericksburg, Virginia under the name Digital Creations, as a joint venture with InfiNet (a joint newspaper chain venture). The company developed a classified advertisement engine for

4356-752: Was started to clarify which packages were usable outside BlueBream, and to improve the re-usability of the packages. Thus the Zope Toolkit is a base for the Zope frameworks. Zope 2.12 is the first release of a web framework that builds on Zope Toolkit, and Grok and BlueBream were set to have releases based on the ZTK during 2010. In 2006 the Grok project was started by a number of Zope 3 developers who wanted to make Zope 3 technology more agile in use and more accessible to newcomers. Grok has since then seen regular releases and its core technology (Martian, grokcore.component)

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