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46-459: [REDACTED] Look up zapotec in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Zapotec ( English: / ˈ s ɒ p oʊ ˌ t ɛ k / ) or zapoteca may refer to: Cultures and languages [ edit ] Zapotec civilization , a historical indigenous pre-Columbian civilization and archaeological culture of central Mexico Zapotec languages ,

92-531: A language family called Oto-manguean , an ancient family of Mesoamerican languages . It is estimated that today's Oto-manguean languages branched off from a common root at around 1500 BC. The Manguean languages probably split off first, followed by the Oto-pamean branch while the divergence of Mixtecan and Zapotecan languages happened later still. The Zapotecan group includes the Zapotec languages and

138-489: A tone language , which means that the meaning of a word is often determined by voice pitch (tonemes), essential for understanding the meaning of different words. The Zapotec languages features up to 4 distinct tonemes: high, low, rising and falling. Between Monte Alban phases 1 and 2 there was a considerable expansion of the population of the Valley of Oaxaca. As the population grew, so did the degree of social differentiation,

184-471: A centralization of smaller dispersed populations congregated in a central city to meet an external threat. The Zapotec state formed at Monte Albán began to expand during the late Monte Alban 1 phase (400–100 BC) and throughout the Monte Alban ;2 phase (100 BC – AD 200). During Monte Alban 1c (roughly 200 BC) to Monte Alban 2 (200 BC – AD 100), Zapotec rulers seized control of

230-487: A dam and a canal on the south-eastern flank of the mountain. As this would not have been enough to support all the population of Monte Albán, it is assumed that there were many other irrigation systems. Likewise, crops grown in the valley were not enough to sustain the rapid population growth in the Monte Albán I phase. Therefore, crops were grown on the foothills where the soil is a less fertile and artificial irrigation

276-511: A face-saving offer. Larger polities unwilling to lose their autonomy may have to be subdued militarily. During the expansion of Monte Alban 2 state, we think we see both colonization and conquest". The 1450s saw the Aztec forces invaded the Valley of Oaxaca in a bid to extend hegomony over the area. The area would be conquered by the Aztecs in 1458. In 1486, the Aztec would establish a fort on

322-551: A field season in Lovelock, Nevada with influencing her to get into the field of hieroglyphics. She received her B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1969, and went on to receive her M.A. in 1971 and her Ph.D in 1974, both from Harvard University . She did her dissertation under her mentor, Tatiana Proskouriakoff , and Gordon R. Willey , Jeremy A. Sabloff , and Evon Z. Vogt . Her book, Emblem and State in

368-506: A group of closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages Zapotec peoples , contemporary indigenous peoples of Mexico Zapotecan languages , a group of related Oto-Manguean languages (including Zapotec languages), of central Mesoamerica Zapotec language (Jalisco) , an extinct language from Jalisco state in Mexico, unrelated (despite its name) to the group of Zapotec languages. Other uses [ edit ] Zapoteca (plant) ,

414-420: A legume genus See also [ edit ] Emil Zátopek , athlete from Czechoslovakia Zátopek (film) , a 2021 Czech film about him Lukáš Zátopek , Czech ice hockey player Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Zapotec . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

460-414: A pearl, and small animal bones, likely from birds, dated to 700 AD. Each of these materials symbolized different religious concepts. As it was not easily attainable, jade was valued, and worked jade even more so because the elite were the primary artists. Obsidian blades are associated with sacrifice , as they were commonly used in bloodletting rituals. Shells and pearl represent the underworld, being from

506-533: A predecessor of those developed by the Maya , Mixtec and Aztec civilizations. There is debate as to whether Olmec symbols, dated to 650 BC, are actually a form of writing preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC. In the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan , there were Zapotec and Mixtec artisans who fashioned jewelry for the Aztec rulers ( tlatoanis ), including Moctezuma II . However, relations with central Mexico go back much further, as suggested by

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552-671: Is a Latin American archaeologist and professor in the Department of Anthropology , College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor . She also holds the position of Curator of Latin American Archaeology, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology. Marcus has published extensively in the field of Latin American archaeological research . Her focus has been primarily on

598-400: Is also referred to by archeologists as “The Conquest Slab”. Marcus and Flannery write about the subsequent dramatic expansion of the Monte Albán state, noting when there is "a great disparity in populations between the core of a state and its periphery, it may only be necessary for the former to send colonists to the latter. Small polities, seeing that resistance would be futile, may accept

644-552: Is somewhat cruder than that of the later Classic Maya and this has led epigraphers to believe that the script was also less phonetic than the largely syllabic Mayan script . The earliest known artifact with Zapotec writing is a Danzante ("dancer") stone, officially known as Monument 3, found in San José Mogote , Oaxaca . It has a relief of what appears to be a dead and bloodied captive with two glyphic signs between his legs, possibly his name. First dated to 500–600 BC, this

690-616: Is that the Zapotec settled in the Oaxaca valley after founding the Toltec empire, and were descendants of the people of Chicomoztoc . These legends were not transcribed until after the Spanish conquest. According to historical and contemporary Zapotec legends, their ancestors emerged from the earth, from caves, or turned into people from trees or jaguars. Their governing elite believed that they descended from supernatural beings who lived among

736-487: Is well suited for agriculture and is considered one of the cradles of maize . It is estimated that at the time of the emergence of Zapotec civilization, the valley soil were unaffected by the erosion seen today, as the oak and pine forests covering the surrounding mountains had not yet been decimated by logging. There is a dry season from November until May but along the rivers it is possible to plant and harvest crops twice. The mountains are traversed from north-west to south by

782-739: The Zapotec , Maya , and coastal Andean civilizations of Central and South America. Much of her fieldwork has been concentrated in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico . She is known for her "Dynamic model", four-tiered hierarchy, and her use of interdisciplinary study. Joyce Marcus was born in California . She credits receiving a copy of An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs by S.G. Morley from Dr. Robert F. Heizer in 1969 after

828-875: The American Museum of Natural History in New York, the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, the Cotson Institute of Archaeology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. In 1997, Marcus was elected to the National Academy of Sciences , and in 2005, she became the first archaeologist elected to the council. In 2005, the University of Michigan awarded her

874-543: The Atoyac River which provides water for a small strip of land bordering the river, when it periodically floods. To provide water for crops elsewhere in the valley away from the river, the Zapotecs used canal irrigation. By using water from small streams, the Zapotecs were able to bring water to Monte Albán, situated 400 meters above the valley floor. Archaeologists found remains of a small irrigation system consisting of

920-543: The Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization , is the published version of her dissertation. Marcus has spent her entire teaching career at the University of Michigan, from 1973 to the present, though she has been invited to guest lecture all over the world. She became a curator for Latin American Archaeology for the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology in 1978. She has also consulted for

966-1072: The National Endowment for the Humanities , the Ford Foundation , the Bowditch Fund at Harvard University, Dumbarton Oaks , the American Association for University Women, the National Science Foundation , and the University of Michigan. William J. Folan invited her to record the Maya monuments at Calakmul, Campeche and surrounding areas in 1983-1984. She has done research at Dumbarton Oaks Center for Pre-Columbian Studies in Washington, DC. Marcus often works and publishes with her husband Kent V. Flannery . Marcus and Flannery directed

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1012-957: The Robert L. Carneiro Distinguished University Professor of Social Evolution. Marcus is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , American Philosophical Society , and Institute of Andean Studies. She is a member of the American Anthropological Association , the Society for American Archaeology , the American Society for Ethnohistory, the Midwest Andeanist Society, and the Midwest Mesoamerican Society. She has received funding from

1058-513: The Spaniards so they would avoid the same fate. The Zapotec sent a delegation to seek an alliance with the Spainards. On November 25, 1521, Francisco de Orozco arrived in Valley of Oaxaca, with both the Zapotecs and Mixtecs in the area soon submitting to the rule of Hernan Cortes . According to historian William B. Taylor, "Peaceful conquest spared the Valley of Oaxaca the loss of life and

1104-559: The Teotihuacan Feathered Serpent , Butterfly God, and rain god; and the Nahuatl god of spring Xipe Totec. It is believed that the Zapotec used human sacrifice in some of their rituals. There are several legends of the origin of the Zapotec. One of them is that they were the original people of the valley of Oaxaca and were born from rocks, or descended from big cats such as pumas, jaguars and ocelots. Another

1150-502: The Y-shaped Central Valleys of Oaxaca in the late 6th century BC. The three valleys were divided among three differently-sized societies, separated by 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi) "no-man's-land" in the middle. The city of Oaxaca much later developed in that area. Archaeological evidence, such as burned temples and sacrificed war captives, suggests that the three societies competed against each other. At

1196-501: The Zapotec empire peaked during the Monte Alban ;2 phase. The Zapotec conquered or colonized settlements far beyond The Valley of Oaxaca. Most notably, their influence is visible in the sudden change in style of ceramics made in regions outside the valley. These regions' unique styles were suddenly replaced with Zapotec-style pottery, indicating their integration into the Zapotec empire. Archaeologist Alfonso Caso , one of

1242-458: The archaeological remains of a Zapotec neighborhood within Teotihuacan and a Teotihuacan style "guest house" in Monte Albán. Other important pre-Columbian Zapotec sites include Lambityeco , Dainzú , Mitla , Yagul , San José Mogote , El Palmillo and Zaachila . The Zapotecs were a sedentary culture living in villages and towns, in houses constructed with stone and mortar. They recorded

1288-401: The centralization of political power, and ceremonial activity. During Monte Alban 1-2 the valley appears to have been fragmented into several independent states, as manifested in regional centers of power. By Monte Alban phase 3, the fragmentation between the city and the valleys resulted in a swell in the population and urban development of Monte Albán itself. The Central Valleys of Oaxaca ,

1334-714: The closely related Chatino . Zapotec languages are spoken in parts of the Northern Sierra, the Central Valleys as well as in parts of the Southern Sierra, in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and along parts of the Pacific Coast. Due to decades of out-migration, Zapotec is also spoken in parts of Mexico City and Los Angeles, CA. There are 7 distinct Zapotec languages and over 100 dialects. Zapotec is

1380-626: The clouds, and that upon death they would return to the clouds. The name by which Zapotecs are known today results from this belief. The Zapotecs of the Central Valleys call themselves "Be'ena' Za'a" - The Cloud People. The Zapotec used dedication rituals to sanctify their living spaces and structures. Excavation of Mound III at the Cuilapan Temple Pyramid in Oaxaca revealed a dedication cache containing many jade beads, two jade earspools, three obsidian blades, shells, stones,

1426-425: The cradle of Zapotec civilization, are three broad valleys—Etla in the west, Ocotlán in the south and Mitla in the east—that join at an altitude of about 4500 feet above sea level in the center of what today is the state of Oaxaca . They are located about 200 km south of Mexico City. Mountains surround the valley with The Sierra Norte in the north and the mountains of Tlacolula in the southeast. The environment

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1472-542: The end of the Rosario phase (700–500 BC), the valley's largest settlement San José Mogote , and a nearby settlement in the Etla Valley, lost most of their population. During the same period, a new large settlement developed in the "no-man's-land" on top of a mountain overlooking the three valleys; it was later called Monte Albán . Early Monte Albán pottery is similar to pottery from San José Mogote, which suggests that

1518-413: The first to conduct excavations in Monte Albán in the 1930s, argued that a building on the main plaza of Monte Albán is further evidence for the dramatic expansion of the Zapotec state: What today is called building J is shaped like an arrowhead, unlike other monumental buildings. It displays more than 40 carved stones with hieroglyphic writing . Archaeologists interpreted the glyphs to represent

1564-409: The god of light; and Pitao Cozobi, the god of maize. Zapotec deities were predominantly associated with fertility or agriculture. Both male and female deities are represented, differentiated by costume. Males are depicted wearing breechclouts with or without capes, while females are depicted wearing skirts. There is some evidence of worship of deities not directly associated with Zapotec culture, such as

1610-497: The grave social and psychological dislocations experienced by the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico." However, de Orozco did meet with some resistance in Antequera , which would be subdued by the end of 1521. Despite submitting to Spanish rule, the Zapotecs would also suffer oppression from the Spanish as well, with many Zapotec cities being destroyed and the population being subjected to forced labor and cultural assimilation. Despite

1656-469: The hill of Huaxyácac (now called El Fortín), which would use to enforce the collection of tribute payments in Oaxaca. The last battle between the Aztecs and the Zapotecs occurred between 1497–1502, under the Aztec ruler Ahuizotl . At the time of Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , when news arrived that the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniards, King Cosijoeza ordered his people not to confront

1702-449: The impact which came from the Spanish colonization, the Zapotec people were to maintain their cultural heritage and traditions. The name Zapotec is an exonym ; they were referred to by Nahuatl speakers as tzapotēcah (singular tzapotēcatl ), which means "inhabitants of the place of sapote ". The Zapotec referred to themselves by some variant of the term Be'ena'a , which means "The Cloud People". The Zapotec languages belong to

1748-425: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zapotec&oldid=1218787448 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Zapotec civilization Zapotec civilization originated in

1794-464: The newer city was populated by people who had left San José Mogote. Although there is no direct evidence in the early phases of Monte Albán's history, walls and fortifications around the site during the archaeological phase Monte Alban 2 (ca. 100 BC–200 AD) suggest that the city was constructed in response to a military threat. American archaeologists Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery liken this process to what happened in ancient Greece - synoikism :

1840-419: The ocean, and the small bird bones represent the sky and its relation to the balanced cosmos . These artifacts are significant due to their placement in a structure used for ritual and associated with power. This cache is a form of dedication ritual, dedicating the Cuilapan Temple Pyramid to these ideas of power, sacrifice, and the relationship between underworld and cosmos. Joyce Marcus Joyce Marcus

1886-426: The principal events in their history by means of hieroglyphics , and in warfare they made use of a cotton armour. The well-known ruins of Mitla have been attributed to them. The various regions often employed different hunting methods most notable is the "deer catapult" described by Vésquez Dévlla as a young tree bent over with the help of the hunting party, held down by vines. The deer will wander into and trigger

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1932-435: The provinces controlled by the Zapotec. Each glyph group also depicts a head, with an elaborate head dress, carved into the slabs. These are assumed to represent the rulers of the provinces. Heads turned upside down are believed to represent the rulers killed and whose provinces were taken by force, while the upright ones may represent those who did not resist annexation and had their lives spared. For this reason, building J

1978-528: The provinces outside the valley of Oaxaca, because none of the surrounding provinces could compete with them politically and militarily. By 200 AD, the Zapotec had extended their influence, from Quiotepec in the North to Ocelotepec and Chiltepec in the South. Monte Albán had become the largest city in what are today the southern Mexican highlands, and retained this status until approximately 700 AD. The expansion of

2024-406: The trap. at which point the deer would be ensnared and flung into the canopy killed by impacting with trees or in the case of a canyon the deer will be flung into the canyon side. At Monte Albán archaeologists have found extended text in a glyphic script. Some signs can be recognized as calendar information but the script as such remains undeciphered. Read in columns from top to bottom, its execution

2070-472: Was initially considered the earliest writing in Mesoamerica. However, doubts have been expressed as to this dating as the monument may have been reused. The Zapotec script appears to have gone out of use in the late Classic period. Like most Mesoamerican religious systems, the Zapotec religion was polytheistic. Some known deities were Cocijo , the rain god (similar to the Aztec god Tlaloc ); Coquihani,

2116-431: Was needed. Innovation of farming enabled the Zapotec to pay tribute to the Spanish conquerors and create enough surplus to feed themselves despite natural disasters and disease. The Zapotecs developed a calendar and a logosyllabic system of writing that used a separate glyph to represent each of the syllables of the language. This writing system is thought to be one of the first writing systems of Mesoamerica and

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