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21-479: A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company . Main models include Copernican (1924), Model I (1925), Model II (1926), Model III (1957), Model IV (1957), Model V (1965), Model VI (1968), Spacemaster (1970), Cosmorana (1984), Skymaster ZKP2 (1977), and Skymaster ZKP3 (1993). The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built in 1924 by

42-502: A "typical" planetarium projector of the 1960s was the Universal Projection Planetarium type 23/6, made by VEB Carl Zeiss Jena in what was then East Germany . This model of Zeiss projector was a 13-foot (4.0 m)-long dumbbell-shaped object, with 29-inch (740 mm)-diameter spheres attached at each end representing the night sky for the northern and southern hemispheres. Connecting the two spheres

63-498: A blue tinge. An image of the Milky Way was created by using drum-type projectors that were studded with unfocused pinprick-sized holes based on photographic images of our galaxy. Specific projectors could imitate the light changes of such variable stars as Algol or Omicron Ceti , and other projectors could produce images of the constellations, of specific historical comets , compass points and other astronomical phenomena. When

84-420: A distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit. The Mark I

105-582: A fully digital projection system, in which a single projector with a fish eye lens, or a system of digital video or laser video projectors around the edge of the dome, are used to create any scene provided to it from a computer. This gives the operator tremendous flexibility in showing not only the modern night sky as visible from Earth , but any other image they wish (including the sky as visible from points far distant in space and time). While many projection systems maintain their large single or multiple projectors, other systems cater to portable planetariums, like

126-491: A particular star or planet dipped below the artificial horizon , a gravity-based mercury -filled shutter would be activated, blocking out the light. Since the release of the Evans & Sutherland Digistar in 1983, a single projector with a fish eye lens was able for the first time to show stars from points of view other than Earth's surface, travel through the stars, and accurately show celestial bodies from different times in

147-577: A single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for

168-631: The VEB Kombinate , or VEB Group, which integrated the VEBs much more closely than the largely administrative VVBs. Under this system, the term Kombinate was frequently dropped and the term VEB usually implied the group rather than the individual factory. The organisation of all state enterprises was the responsibility of the State Planning Commission . VEBs often had company sports teams, and played an important role in

189-525: The Carl Zeiss Jena company in Germany between 1923 and 1925, and have since grown more complex. Smaller projectors include a set of fixed stars, Sun, Moon, and planets, and various nebulae . Larger machines also include comets and a far greater selection of stars. Additional projectors can be added to show twilight around the outside of the screen (complete with city or country scenes) as well as

210-587: The Emerald planetariums LITE series, at 42lbs to 62lbs, and the Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc Digitarium Iota and Delta 3, at 20.6 and 33.5 lbs, respectively. Many planetariums use several, more conventional video projectors with special lenses, software and video servers instead of special planetarium projectors. Volkseigener Betrieb The Publicly Owned Enterprise ( German : Volkseigener Betrieb ; abbreviated VEB )

231-493: The Milky Way . Still others add coordinate lines and constellations , photographic slides, laser displays, and other images. The OMNIMAX movie system (now known as IMAX Dome) was originally designed to operate on planetarium screens. Companies that make (or have made) planetarium projectors include Carl Zeiss Jena (Germany), Spitz (US), Goto and Minolta (Japan), Evans & Sutherland (US), Emerald planetariums (Israel) and Ohira Tech (Japan). A good example of

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252-590: The East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line. The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification . As of 2011, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from

273-663: The Zeiss Works of Jena, Germany. Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome -covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines. The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923. It possessed

294-592: The first secretary of the factory party organisation ( Betriebsparteiorganisation ) of the SED , and the chairman of the factory trade union ( Betriebsgewerkschaftsleitung ). Subordinate to them were roles such as "Chief Accountant" and "Technical Director". VEBs were initially vertically integrated into units called Associations of Publicly Owned Enterprises ( Vereinigung Volkseigener Betriebe , VVBs). A VVB existed in most major industries to consolidate production and reduce waste. They had all been replaced by 1979 with

315-482: The northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects. Between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors. Therefore, the following table is highly incomplete. Retired in July 2018, will be reopened after upgrade in mid 2020. Tripoli, Libya Planetarium projector Modern planetarium projectors were first designed and built by

336-410: The past and future. In more recent years, planetaria — or dome theaters — have broadened their offerings to include wide-screen or "wraparound" films, fulldome video , and laser shows that combine music with laser-drawn patterns. The newest generation of planetariums such as Evans & Sutherland 's Digistar 7 , Global Immersion 's Fidelity or Sky-Skan 's DigitalSky Dark Matter , offer

357-474: The promotion of sports. In 1989, VEBs employed 79.9% of the East German workforce. After German reunification and the introduction of the market economy in 1990, the ownership of around 8,000 publicly owned enterprises passed to Treuhand , the trust agency which oversaw the privatization of GDR state property. An honorary name was frequently added to the firm's actual name, for example, VEB Kombinat Chemische Werke " Walter Ulbricht " Leuna . This

378-522: Was a framework that held nearly 150 individual projectors, including those dedicated to the planets, the Sun, and specific stars. Each globe held representations of almost 4,500 stars per hemisphere. The "stars" were created by tiny holes that were punched into copper foil, ranging from 0.023 to 0.452 mm in size, the larger holes letting more light get through and thereby creating brighter star images. Two glass plates held this foil between them to create what

399-459: Was called a "star field plate". Each globe was illuminated using a 1,500-watt lamp that was located in its center. A number of aspherical condenser lenses were placed within each globe to focus the light onto the plates. Twenty-three of the most prominent stars had their own projectors, designed to project a small disk instead of pinpoint of light, and were also colored: Betelgeuse and Antares would appear reddish, Rigel and Spica would each have

420-570: Was created in 1923–1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector. The Mark II was developed during the 1930s by Carl Zeiss AG in Jena. Following WWII division of Germany and the founding of Carl Zeiss (West Germany) in Oberkochen (while the original Jena plant was located in East Germany), each factory developed its own line of projectors. Marks III – VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957 to 1989. Meanwhile,

441-598: Was the main legal form of industrial enterprise in East Germany . These state-owned enterprise were all publicly owned and were formed after mass nationalisation between 1945 and the early 1960s, and the handing back in 1954 of some 33 enterprises previously taken by the Soviet Union as reparations . The managing director of a VEB was called a plant or works manager ( German : Werksleiter , Werksdirektor or Betriebsdirektor ). They were assisted by

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