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55-558: Corona absent, stem leafless, ovules many, perianth tube present, flowers solitary or paired. Richard Anthony Salisbury in his original description in 1866, defined the Zephyrantheae as an 'Order' with two sections and a number of subgroups, such as Omphalissa . The composition has varied, given the considerable rearrangements of the Amaryllidaceae that have taken place. For instance Hickey and Clive (1997) describe

110-416: A petiole stalk. The leaves are flat and broad to cylindrical at the base and arise from the bulb. The emerging plant generally has two leaves, but the mature plant usually three, rarely four, and they are covered with a cutin containing cuticle , giving them a waxy appearance. Leaf colour is light green to blue-green. In the mature plant, the leaves extend higher than the flower stem, but in some species,

165-400: A central style . The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The fruit consists of a dry capsule that splits ( dehisces ) releasing numerous black seeds . The bulb lies dormant after the leaves and flower stem die back and has contractile roots that pull it down further into the soil. The flower stem and leaves form in the bulb, to emerge

220-402: A corolla length of around 50 mm, generally solitary but rarely in inflorescences of 2–4 flowers. They have wide greenish floral tubes with funnel-shaped bright yellow coronas. The six tepals sometimes differ in colour from the corona and may be cream coloured to pale yellow. The "paperwhite" form, including sections Jonquilla , Apodanthi and Narcissus , has a relatively long, narrow tube and

275-602: A cup- or trumpet-shaped corona . The flowers are generally white and yellow (also orange or pink in garden varieties), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona. Narcissi were well known in ancient civilisation , both medicinally and botanically, but were formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten sections with approximately 36 species. The number of species has varied, depending on how they are classified, due to similarity between species and hybridisation . The genus arose some time in

330-435: A few species contain methoxylated forms ( ethers ), e.g. N. bujei . Other ingredient include indole , isopentenoids and very small amounts of sesquiterpenes . Fragrance patterns can be correlated with pollinators , and fall into three main groups (see Pollination ). Genus valde intricatum et numerosissimis dubiis oppressum A genus that is very complex and burdened with numerous uncertainties The genus Narcissus

385-455: A fleshy racemose inflorescence (unbranched, with short floral stalks) with 2 to 15 or 20 flowers, such as N. papyraceus (see illustration, left) and N. tazetta (see Table I ). The flower arrangement on the inflorescence may be either with ( pedicellate ) or without ( sessile ) floral stalks. Prior to opening, the flower buds are enveloped and protected in a thin dry papery or membranous ( scarious ) spathe . The spathe consists of

440-425: A life of about four years. Once the leaves die back in summer, the roots also wither. After some years, the roots shorten, pulling the bulbs deeper into the ground ( contractile roots ). The bulbs develop from the inside, pushing the older layers outwards which become brown and dry, forming an outer shell, the tunic or skin. Up to 60 layers have been counted in some wild species. While the plant appears dormant above

495-467: A modified calyx, is also called a corona if it is shaped like a crown. Narcissus (plant) See text . Narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring flowering perennial plants of the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae . Various common names including daffodil , narcissus (plural narcissi ), and jonquil , are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by

550-450: A number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune, and as symbols of spring. The daffodil is the national flower of Wales and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The appearance of wild flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places. Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes , which die back after flowering to an underground storage bulb. They regrow in

605-445: A short, shallow, flaring corona. The flower is horizontal and fragrant. The "triandrus" form is seen in only two species, N. albimarginatus (a Moroccan endemic) and N. triandrus . It combines features of both the "daffodil" and "paperwhite" forms, with a well-developed, long, narrow tube and an extended bell-shaped corona of almost equal length. The flowers are pendent. There are six stamens in one to two rows ( whorls ), with

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660-493: A singular bract that is ribbed, and which remains wrapped around the base of the open flower. As the bud grows, the spathe splits longitudinally. Bracteoles are small or absent. The flowers of Narcissus are hermaphroditic (bisexual), have three parts (tripartite), and are sometimes fragrant (see Fragrances ). The flower symmetry is actinomorphic (radial) to slightly zygomorphic (bilateral) due to declinate-ascending stamens (curving downwards, then bent up at

715-458: A tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base, the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary. Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of N. serotinus (see Table I ) or the rudimentary structure in N. cavanillesii to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I). While

770-499: A visible seam, while others are rounded. The stems are upright and located at the centre of the leaves. In a few species such as N. hedraeanthus the stem is oblique. The stem is hollow in the upper portion but towards the bulb is more solid and filled with a spongy material. Narcissus plants have one to several basal leaves which are linear, ligulate or strap-shaped (long and narrow), sometimes channelled adaxially to semiterete , and may (pedicellate) or may not (sessile) have

825-454: A wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids , which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia . Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with

880-1054: Is green. In addition the corona of N. poeticus has a red crenulate margin (see Table I ). Flower diameter varies from 12 mm ( N. bulbocodium ) to over 125 mm ( N. nobilis = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis ). Flower orientation varies from pendent or deflexed (hanging down) as in N. triandrus (see illustration, left), through declinate-ascendant as in N. alpestris = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus , horizontal (patent, spreading) such as N. gaditanus or N. poeticus , erect as in N. cavanillesii , N. serotinus and N. rupicola ( Table I ), or intermediate between these positions (erecto-patent). The flowers of Narcissus demonstrate exceptional floral diversity and sexual polymorphism , primarily by corona size and floral tube length, associated with pollinator groups (see for instance Figs. 1 and 2 in Graham and Barrett ). Barrett and Harder (2005) describe three separate floral patterns; The predominant patterns are

935-407: Is often exserted (extending beyond the tube). The fruit consists of dehiscent loculicidal capsules (splitting between the locules) that are ellipsoid to subglobose (almost spherical) in shape and are papery to leathery in texture. The fruit contains numerous subglobose seeds which are round and swollen with a hard coat, sometimes with an attached elaiosome . The testa is black and

990-513: The Renaissance (see also Antiquity ). Mediaeval and Renaissance writers include Albert Magnus and William Turner , but it remained to Linnaeus to formally describe and name Narcissus as a genus in his Species Plantarum (1753) at which time there were six known species. De Jussieu (1789) grouped Narcissus into a "family", which he called Narcissi. This was renamed Amaryllideae by Jaume Saint-Hilaire in 1805, corresponding to

1045-494: The corona (see below). When the perianth consists of separate tepals the term apotepalous is used, or syntepalous if the tepals are fused to one another. The petals may be united to form a tubular corolla ( gamopetalous or sympetalous ). If either the petals or sepals are entirely absent, the perianth can be described as being monochlamydeous . Both sepals and petals may have stomata and veins, even if vestigial. In some taxa, for instance some magnolias and water lilies ,

1100-630: The genus Narcissus belongs to the Narcisseae tribe , one of 13 within the Amaryllidoideae subfamily . It is one of two sister clades corresponding to genera in the Narcisseae, being distinguished from Sternbergia by the presence of a paraperigonium , and is monophyletic . The infrageneric phylogeny of Narcissus still remains relatively unsettled, the taxonomy having proved complex and difficult to resolve, due to

1155-406: The pericarp dry. Most species have 12 ovules and 36 seeds, although some species such as N. bulbocodium have more, up to a maximum of 60. Seeds take five to six weeks to mature. The seeds of sections Jonquilla and Bulbocodium are wedge-shaped and matte black, while those of other sections are ovate and glossy black. A gust of wind or contact with a passing animal is sufficient to disperse

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1210-506: The 'daffodil' and 'paperwhite' forms, while the "triandrus" form is less common. Each corresponds to a different group of pollinators (See Pollination ). The "daffodil" form, which includes sections Pseudonarcissus and Bulbocodium , has a relatively short, broad or highly funnelform tube (funnel-like), which grades into an elongated corona, which is large and funnelform, forming a broad, cylindrical or trumpet-shaped perianth. Section Pseudonarcissus consists of relatively large flowers with

1265-661: The Gods after his death. The English word "daffodil" appears to be derived from " asphodel ", with which it was commonly compared. The species are native to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian Peninsula . Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to

1320-520: The Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is unknown, but it is often linked to a Greek word (ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. In some versions of the story, Narcissus is turned in to a flower by

1375-526: The Zephyrantheae as being one of ten tribes by which the Amaryllidaceae are divided, allocating Zephyranthes and Sternbergia to this tribe, while Traub (1952) included Habranthus . Other genera that have been placed in this tribe include Cooperia , Haylockia , Apodolirion , and Gethyllis . In his 1963 monograph on Amaryllidaceae, Traub lists six species, Rhodophiala , Haylockia , Pyrolirion , Zephyranthes , Habranthus and Sprekelia . Meerow et al. (1999) provides an account (Table 1) of

1430-543: The bulb. The plant stem usually bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of flowers ( umbel ). The flowers, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or rarely green, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral tube above the ovary , then an outer ring composed of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped corona . The flowers may hang down (pendant), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens surrounding

1485-428: The calyx may be green, known as sepaloid , it may also be brightly coloured, and is then described as petaloid . When the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals, they are also referred to as "petaloid", as in petaloid monocots or liliod monocots, orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals. The corolla and petals have a role in attracting pollinators , but this may be augmented by more specialised structures like

1540-448: The corolla or the outer edge of the stamens. It is often positioned where the corolla lobes arise from the corolla tube. There can be more than one corona in a flower. The milkweeds ( Asclepias spp.) have three very different coronas, which collectively form a flytrap pollination scheme. Some passionflowers ( Passiflora spp.) have as many as eight coronas arranged in concentric whorls. The pappus of Asteraceae , considered to be

1595-464: The diversity of the wild species, the ease with which natural hybridization occurs, and extensive cultivation and breeding accompanied by escape and naturalisation. Consequently, the number of accepted species has varied widely. De Candolle, in the first systematic taxonomy of Narcissus , arranged the species into named groups, and those names have largely endured for the various subdivisions since and bear his name as their authority. The situation

1650-557: The earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred primarily in the Netherlands . Today narcissi are popular as cut flowers and as ornamental plants in private and public gardens . The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars . For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering

1705-425: The female reproductive structure (or developing sporophyte ). In flowering plants , the perianth may be described as being either dichlamydeous / heterochlamydeous in which the calyx and corolla are clearly separate, or homochlamydeous , in which they are indistinguishable (and the sepals and petals are collectively referred to as tepals ). When the perianth is in two whorls, it is described as biseriate . While

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1760-438: The filaments separate from the corona, attached at the throat or base of the tube (epipetalous), often of two separate lengths, straight or declinate-ascending (curving downwards, then upwards). The anthers are basifixed (attached at their base). The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) and trilocular (three chambered) and there is a pistil with a minutely three lobed stigma and filiform (thread like) style , which

1815-437: The floral tube and the corona is marked by the insertion of the free tepals on the fused perianth. The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup-shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely is the corona a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as

1870-454: The following season. Most species are dormant from summer to late winter, flowering in the spring, though a few species are autumn flowering. The pale brown-skinned ovoid tunicate bulbs have a membranous tunic and a corky stem (base or basal) plate from which arise the adventitious root hairs in a ring around the edge, which grow up to 40 mm in length. Above the stem plate is the storage organ consisting of bulb scales, surrounding

1925-496: The following year from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5–80 centimetres (2.0–31.5 in) depending on the species. Dwarf species such as N. asturiensis have a maximum height of 5–8 centimetres (2.0–3.1 in), while Narcissus tazetta may grow as tall as 80 centimetres (31 in). The plants are scapose , having a single central leafless hollow flower stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, narrow, strap-shaped leaves arise from

1980-428: The ground the flower stalk which will start to grow in the following spring, develops within the bulb surrounded by two to three deciduous leaves and their sheaths. The flower stem lies in the axil of the second true leaf. The single leafless plant stem or scape, appearing from early to late spring depending on the species, bears from 1 to 20 blooms. Stem shape depends on the species, some are highly compressed with

2035-455: The hypanthial floral tube . The floral tube is formed by fusion of the basal segments of the tepals (proximally connate). Its shape is from an inverted cone ( obconic ) to funnel-shaped (funneliform) or cylindrical, and is surmounted by the more distal corona. Floral tubes can range from long and narrow sections Apodanthi and Jonquilla to rudimentary ( N. cavanillesii ). Surrounding the floral tube and corona and reflexed (bent back) from

2090-457: The leaves and plant stems. Fragrances are predominantly monoterpene isoprenoids , with a small amount of benzenoids , although N. jonquilla has both equally represented. Another exception is N. cuatrecasasii which produces mainly fatty acid derivatives. The basic monoterpene precursor is geranyl pyrophosphate , and the commonest monoterpenes are limonene , myrcene , and trans -β- ocimene . Most benzenoids are non-methoxylated, while

2145-495: The leaves are low-hanging. The leaf base is encased in a colorless sheath. After flowering, the leaves turn yellow and die back once the seed pod (fruit) is ripe. Jonquils usually have dark green, round, rush-like leaves. The inflorescence is scapose, the single stem or scape bearing either a solitary flower or forming an umbel with up to 20 blooms. Species bearing a solitary flower include section Bulbocodium and most of section Pseudonarcissus . Umbellate species have

2200-539: The mature seeds. Chromosome numbers include 2n=14, 22, 26, with numerous aneuploid and polyploid derivatives. The basic chromosome number is 7, with the exception of N. tazetta , N. elegans and N. broussonetii in which it is 10 or 11; this subgenus ( Hermione ) was in fact characterised by this characteristic. Polyploid species include N. papyraceus (4x=22) and N. dubius (6x=50). As with all Amarylidaceae genera, Narcissus contains unique isoquinoline alkaloids . The first alkaloid to be identified

2255-433: The modern Amaryllidaceae . For a while, Narcissus was considered part of Liliaceae (as in the illustration seen here of Narcissus candidissimus ), but then the Amaryllidaceae were split off from it. Various authors have adopted either narrow (e.g. Haworth , Salisbury ) or wide (e.g. Herbert , Spach ) interpretations of the genus. The narrow view treated many of the species as separate genera. Over time,

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2310-633: The most influential. While infrageneric groupings within Narcissus have been relatively constant, their status (genera, subgenera, sections, subsections, series, species) has not. The most cited system is that of the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) which simply lists ten sections. Three of these are monotypic (contain only one species), while two others contain only two species. Most species are placed in section Pseudonarcissus . Many of these subdivisions correspond roughly to

2365-403: The perianth is arranged in a spiral on nodes, rather than whorls. Flowers with spiral perianths tend to also be those with undifferentiated perianths. An additional structure in some plants (e.g. Narcissus , Passiflora (passion flower) , some Hippeastrum , Liliaceae ) is the corona (paraperigonium, paraperigon, or paracorolla), a ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from

2420-406: The perianth may point forwards, in some species such as N. cyclamineus it is folded back (reflexed, see illustration, left), while in some other species such as N. bulbocodium ( Table I ), it is reduced to a few barely visible pointed segments with a prominent corona. The colour of the perianth is white, yellow or bicoloured, with the exception of the night flowering N. viridiflorus which

2475-460: The presence of alkaloids from within the Lycorine (lycorine, galanthine, pluviine) and Homolycorine (homolycorine, lycorenine) groups. Hemanthamine, tazettine, narciclasine , montanine and galantamine alkaloids are also represented. The alkaloid profile of any plant varies with time, location, and developmental stage. Narcissus also contain fructans and low molecular weight glucomannan in

2530-469: The previous flower stalk and the terminal bud . The scales are of two types, true storage organs and the bases of the foliage leaves. These have a thicker tip and a scar from where the leaf lamina became detached. The innermost leaf scale is semicircular only partly enveloping the flower stalk (semisheathed).(see Hanks Fig 1.3). The bulb may contain a number of branched bulb units, each with two to three true scales and two to three leaf bases. Each bulb unit has

2585-449: The rest of the perianth are the six spreading tepals or floral leaves, in two whorls which may be distally ascending, reflexed (folded back), or lanceolate. Like many monocotyledons , the perianth is homochlamydeous, which is undifferentiated into separate calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals), but rather has six tepals. The three outer tepal segments may be considered sepals , and the three inner segments petals . The transition point between

2640-437: The sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) or tepals when called a perigone. The term perianth is derived from Greek περί ( peri , "around") and άνθος ( anthos , "flower"), while perigonium is derived from περί ( peri ) and γόνος ( gonos , "seed, sex organs"). In the mosses and liverworts (Marchantiophyta) , the perianth is the sterile tubelike tissue that surrounds

2695-434: The subsequent rearrangement of Traub's genera, and of the modern molecular based phylogeny (see also Taxonomy of Amaryllidoideae ). Florey Papers This Amaryllidaceae article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Perianth#Corona The perianth ( perigonium , perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower , and structure that forms an envelope surrounding

2750-404: The tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes . Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism . Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from

2805-427: The tip). Narcissus flowers are characterised by their, usually conspicuous, corona (trumpet). The three major floral parts (in all species except N. cavanillesii in which the corona is virtually absent - Table I : Section Tapeinanthus ) are; All three parts may be considered to be components of the perianth (perigon, perigonium). The perianth arises above the apex of the inferior ovary , its base forming

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2860-563: The wider view prevailed with a major monograph on the genus being published by Baker (1875). One of the more controversial genera was Tapeinanthus , but today it is included in Narcissus . The eventual position of Narcissus within the Amaryllidaceae family only became settled in this century with the advent of phylogenetic analysis and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. Within Amaryllidaceae

2915-404: Was lycorine , from N. pseudonarcissus in 1877. These are considered a protective adaptation and are utilised in the classification of species. Nearly 100 alkaloids have been identified in the genus, about a third of all known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, although not all species have been tested. Of the nine alkaloid ring types identified in the family, Narcissus species most commonly demonstrate

2970-631: Was confused by the inclusion of many unknown or garden varieties, and it was not until the work of Baker that the wild species were all grouped as sections under one genus, Narcissus . A common classification system has been that of Fernandes based on cytology , as modified by Blanchard (1990) and Mathew (2002). Another is that of Meyer (1966). Fernandes proposed two subgenera based on basal chromosome numbers, and then subdivided these into ten sections as did Blanchard. Other authors (e.g. Webb ) prioritised morphology over genetics, abandoning subgenera, although Blanchard's system has been one of

3025-619: Was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans . In Greek literature Theophrastus and Dioscorides described νάρκισσος , probably referring to N. poeticus , although the exact species mentioned in classical literature cannot be accurately established. Pliny the Elder later introduced the Latin form narcissus . These early writers were as much interested in the plant's possible medicinal properties as they were in its botanical features and their accounts remained influential until at least

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