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34-753: Bağdat Caddesi mainly runs through middle and upper-class residential areas. A one-way street for traffic, it is lined with old plane trees and flanked by a series of shopping malls , boutiques and shops, as well as by restaurants serving international and local cuisine, pubs and cafes, luxury car dealers and banks. Most of the shops are open seven days a week, including Sunday afternoons. Heading westwards, Bağdat Avenue runs through: Cevizli , Maltepe , İdealtepe , Küçükyalı , Altıntepe , Bostancı , Çatalçeşme , Suadiye , Şaşkınbakkal , Erenköy , Caddebostan , Göztepe , Çiftehavuzlar , Selamiçeşme , Feneryolu and Kızıltoprak . The busiest stretches of Bağdat Avenue run between Suadiye and Caddebostan , where most of

68-571: A frequent motif featured in Classical Chinese poetry as an embodiment of sorrowful sentiments due to its autumnal shedding of leaves. The legendary Dry Tree first recorded by Marco Polo was possibly a platanus. According to the legend, it marked the site of the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III . The German camouflage pattern Platanenmuster ("plane tree pattern"), designed in 1937–1942 by Johann Georg Otto Schick,

102-662: A junior synonym of P. lindeniana ANA clade part of the P. racemosa species aggregate PNA-E clade J.-F.Leroy in a strict sense synonymous with P. mexicana var. interior Nixon & Poole, restricted to Guanajuato , Hidalgo , Querétaro and San Luis Potosí , and of hybrid origin s.str: 1–3 ANA clade syn Platanus occidentalis var. lindeniana part of the P. mexicana species aggregate, synonymous with P. mexicana var. mexicana according Nixon & Poole ANA clade junior synonym of P. lindeniana or distinct species ANA clade ANA clade ANA clade ANA clade PNA-E clade PNA-E clade part of

136-458: A place, and have led to initial suspicion of an attack with an irritant gas. After one such mass attack which affected schoolchildren in classrooms with open windows densely surrounded by plane tees, children had to be admitted to hospital, where they were treated and recovered without ill effects. It was found that the symptoms were due to the fine star-shaped trichomes (hairs) on all parts of platanus trees, which are broken off by strong wind after

170-628: A prolonged dry period. The dust created causes direct irritation and scratchiness in the eyes, throat, and nose, but not the runny nose and itching eyes and nose caused by an allergy . The school incident took place after a dry period, with a fairly high temperature of 29 °C (84 °F), and wind blowing at 50 km/h (31 mph). Protection against platanus cough is provided by avoiding contact and wearing protective glasses and masks under weather conditions promoting release of trichomes. When cleaning in an urban environment, sweeping up fallen leaves and branches can release hairs; cleaning by suction

204-615: Is an anthropogenic hybrid ( cultivar ) between the North American P. occidentalis sensu stricto (ANA clade) and the Mediterranean P. orientalis (PNA-E clade). Widely used as a park tree across the Northern Hemisphere, it frequently backcrosses with both its parents. The following are named species of Platanus ; not all are accepted by all authorities: part of P. mexicana species aggregate, probably

238-476: Is now rare is plantain tree (not to be confused with other, unrelated, species with the name ). Some North American species are called sycamores (especially Platanus occidentalis ), although the term is also used for several unrelated species of trees . The genus name Platanus comes from Ancient Greek πλάτανος , which referred to Platanus orientalis . The flowers are reduced and are borne in balls (globose heads); 3–7 hairy sepals may be fused at

272-459: Is particularly popular for this purpose. The American plane is cultivated sometimes for timber and investigations have been made into its use as a biomass crop. The oriental plane is widely used as an ornamental tree, and also has a number of minor medicinal uses. Most significant aspects of cultural history apply to Platanus orientalis in the Old World. The tree is an important part of

306-448: Is preferred. It is not recommended that trees in cities be felled, as they are beneficial; in particular the platanus trichomes act as biofilters for air pollutants. Where there are urban concentrations presenting a risk, seasonal spraying of trees with a solution of apple pectin can prevent the star hair from breaking off. The principal use of these trees is as ornamental trees, especially in urban areas and by roadsides. The London plane

340-494: Is the mansion built for his daughter Tevhide Hanım. Many mass and upscale retail chains have branches along the avenue, including the department stores Vakko and Beymen and boutiques like Brandroom, COS, Godiva, Longchamp, Mavi, Michael Kors, Nespresso, Tommy Hilfiger and Zara, Laura Ashley, Marks & Spencer, Louis Vuitton, Alfa Romeo, Yves Rocher, and Burberry. Upscale café and restaurant chains include Starbucks, Brasserie Noir, BigChefs, and Günaydın steakhouse. Since 1996,

374-408: Is to the other North American species ( P. mexicana sensu lato , including up to four species: P. chiapaensis, P. lindeniana, P. [×] mexicana sensu stricto , P. oaxacana; P. occidentalis s.l. with two [sub]species: P. occidentalis, P. palmeri ; P. rzedowskii ). The two groups form genetically and morphologically distinct evolutionary lineages ( sister clades ), informally called

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408-420: The P. racemosa species aggregate PNA-E clade (syn. P. × acerifolia ( Aiton ) Willd. , P. hybrida Brot. ) hybrid of P. occidentalis and P. orientalis interlineage hybrid Planes are susceptible to plane anthracnose ( Apiognomonia veneta ), a fungal disease that can defoliate the trees in some years. The most severe infections are associated with cold, wet spring weather. P. occidentalis and

442-478: The larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Phyllonorycter platani and Setaceous Hebrew Character . In the 21st century a disease, commonly known as Massaria disease, has attacked plane trees across Europe. It is caused by the fungus Splanchnonema platani , and causes large lesions on the upper sides of branches. There have been cases of "platanus cough", symptoms of shortness of breath, coughing, and irritated eyes, which may affect several people in

476-459: The Vakko department store's Suadiye branch has been located in a historic yalı (typical wooden villa/summer house) on Bağdat Caddesı. In the survey by Kadıköy Platformu asking which store consumers liked the most for its appearance and displays, 76% answered the Vakko mansion. Vakko's December seasonal decorations are especially popular, with multiple holiday trees and a merry-go-round in front of

510-439: The base, and the petals are 3–7 and are spatulate . Male and female flowers are separate, but borne on the same plant ( monoecious ). The number of heads in one cluster ( inflorescence ) is indicative of the species (see table below). The male flower has 3–8 stamens ; the female has a superior ovary with 3–7 carpels . Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen. After being pollinated,

544-399: The female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. The fruit is a multiple of achenes (plant systematics, Simpson M. G., 2006). Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with

578-668: The genus is the Oriental plane Platanus orientalis . All except for P. kerrii are deciduous , and most are found in riparian or other wetland habitats in the wild, though proving drought-tolerant in cultivation. The hybrid London plane ( Platanus × hispanica ) has proved particularly tolerant of urban conditions, and has been widely planted in London and elsewhere across the temperate world. They are often known in English as planes or plane trees . A formerly used name that

612-597: The heightened GTI and hot hatch culture starting in the 1990s, street-racing was revived. Towards the end of the 1990s, midnight street racing caused many fatal accidents, which were only reduced by intensive police patrols. Besides cultural parades, there are also a lot of concerts and competitions that brands such as Red Bull organize. For instance, in August 2022, they organized brought their global Flagtug competition to Caddeboston Sahili (Beach) where competitors attempt to fly their own home-made flying machines. The event

646-544: The home football team Fenerbahçe SK wins the championship title in the Turkish Super League . Fenerbahçe fans gather here and celebrate by singing, dancing, driving and sounding their car horns all night. Since the 1960s street racing has formed a local sub-culture, with wealthy young men tag-racing their imported muscle cars . Most of these young men are now middle-agers reliving their years of excitement as famous professional rally or track racers. With

680-705: The late 19th century. Most prominent are the Zühtü Paşa Mosque in Kızıltoprak (1885) and the Galib Pasha Mosque in Caddebostan (1899). In the back streets of Göztepe there is a fine Toy Museum , signposted by lampposts in the shape of giraffes. Overlooking the Sea of Marmara at Caddebostan stands the magnificent, if abandoned, Ragıp Pasha Mansion , a work of August Jasmund in 1906. Right next door

714-454: The later route in Kızıltoprak . The Ottomans built fountains with namazgahs (open-air areas set aside for prayer) along the road to serve travellers arriving to or departing from the city. Some of the neighbourhoods along Bağdat Avenue are still named after these fountains ( Turkish : çeşme ), such as Söğütlüçeşme (Willow Fountain), Selamiçeşme, and Çatalçeşme (Forked Fountain). During

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748-428: The literary scenery of Plato's dialogue Phaedrus . Because of Plato , the tree also played an important role in the scenery of Cicero's De Oratore . The trees also provided the shade under which Aristotle and Plato's famed philosophical schools were held. Handel 's opera Serse has a famous aria , " Ombra mai fu ", which the title character sings in praise of his favorite plane tree. The plane tree has been

782-551: The other American species are the most susceptible, with P. orientalis the most resistant. The hybrid London plane is intermediate in resistance. Ceratocystis platani , a wilt disease , has become a significant problem in recent years in much of Europe. The North American species are mostly resistant to the disease, with which they probably coevolved, while the Old World species are highly sensitive. Other diseases such as powdery mildew occur frequently, but are of lesser importance. Platanus species are used as food plants by

816-579: The others; recent studies in Mexico have increased the number of accepted species in this subgenus. Within subgenus Platanus , evidence from both chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences suggests that the P. racemosa species complex in Western North America (including P. racemosa , P. gentryi , P. wrightii ) is more closely related to the Eurasian P. orientalis than it

850-422: The point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits as in the dandelion . The leaves are simple and alternate. In the subgenus Platanus they have a palmate outline. The base of the leaf stalk (petiole) is enlarged and completely wraps around

884-467: The reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909), some pashas , high officials and wealthy traders purchased land around Bağdat Avenue and erected luxurious chalet-like wooden mansions, a few of which still exist today. Before World War I , the avenue was paved with cobblestones , and carriages were used for transportation. In the early years of the Republican era , the original cobblestoned avenue

918-542: The shopping malls and fashion stores are located. Bağdat Avenue started life as a road connecting Constantinople with Anatolia during the Byzantine and later the Ottoman periods, when it was used for trade and military purposes. It acquired its name after the recapture of Baghdad by Sultan Murad IV in 1638. However, the original road started from Üsküdar and passed through Haydarpaşa Meadows, joining what became

952-477: The splitting of an ancestral lineage into two ( Tree of Life metaphor) but also evolutionary anastomoses : hybridization and introgression. The fossil record of leaves and fruit identifiable to Platanus begins in the Paleocene . Despite the geographic separation between North America and Old World, species from these continents will cross readily resulting in fertile hybrids such as the London plane, which

986-424: The store, and more trees, wreaths and candles within. In 2012 the store created artificial snow which fell in front of the store. For New Year's 2018, newspaper Hürriyet awarded Vakko Suadiye the status of "best decorated stores in the city". Bağdat Avenue hosts a cultural parade on the evening of Republic Day , which is celebrated every year on October 29. Celebrations also take place on Bağdat Avenue whenever

1020-411: The young stem bud in its axil. The axillary bud is exposed only after the leaf falls off. The mature bark peels off or exfoliates easily in irregularly shaped patches, producing a mottled, scaly appearance. On old trunks, bark may not flake off, but thickens and cracks instead. There are two subgenera, subgenus Castaneophyllum containing the anomalous P. kerrii , and subgenus Platanus , with all

1054-453: The “ANA clade” (Atlantic North American lineage) and “PNA-E clade” (Pacific North American-European lineage). Both lineages have been affected by reticulate evolutionary processes in the past (ancient or recent hybridization and introgression ): The genus Platanus exemplarily illustrates the concept of a Coral of Life , a species network. Its modern-day species are not only the product of evolutionary dichotomies ( cladogenesis ),

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1088-605: Was a huge success and was broadcast as a livestream. In some other parts of Turkey and elsewhere around the world, there are streets of the same name: Platanus See text Platanus ( / ˈ p l æ t ə n ə s / PLAT -ən-əss ) is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere . They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae . All mature members of Platanus are tall, reaching 30–50 m (98–164 ft) in height. The type species of

1122-1081: Was covered with asphalt, and a tram line was constructed between Kadıköy and Bostancı . Until the 1960s, the coastal area close to Bağdat Avenue served as a summer resort primarily for the city's upper and middle classes, who mainly lived on the European side of İstanbul closer to their businesses. Following the opening of the Bosphorus Bridge in 1973, these low-rise summer houses were pulled down in favour of new high-rise condominiums and some suburbs along Bağdat Avenue developed into particularly desirable residential areas. There are several large public parks just off Bağdat Avenue. These include Özgürlük (Freedom) Park in Selamiçeşme and Göztepe Park which offers displays of tulips in April and of roses in June. The small mosques along Bağdat Caddesi only date from

1156-640: Was the first dotted camouflage pattern. Galib Pasha Mosque The Galib Pasha Mosque ( Turkish : Galib Paşa Camii ) is a mosque situated on the Bağdat Street (located inside the borders of Caddebostan , but colloquially perceived to be in Erenköy ) in Kadıköy , Istanbul . It was constructed in 1899 by Abdullah Galib Pasha in the Abdulhamid II period, as written on its entrance. In front of

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