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94-675: The Akademia Lekarska in Gdańsk was founded on 8 October 1945. Its history is related to the tradition of medical practice of surgeons associated in the Surgeons Guild (active since 1454), as well as teaching and medical and scientific research, particularly in Gdańskie Gimnazjum Akademickie (Atheneum Gedanese), established in 1558. This institution set up the Department of Science and Medicine (physices et medicinae), which

188-700: A Non-Invasive Medicine Centre at the university, with works set to be complete by the end of 2020. From 30 October 2019 the Medical University of Gdańsk officially holds the ministerial status of a research university. It is 1 of 10 universities in Poland and the only medical university in this group. In 2020, the university became a member of the Daniel Fahrenheit Association of Gdańsk Universities ( Polish : Związek Uczelni w Gdańsku im. Daniela Fahrenheita ) which brings together

282-564: A basis on which a globally international pharmacopoeia could be prepared, but regulatory complexity and regional variation in conditions of pharmacy are hurdles to fully harmonizing across all countries (that is, defining thousands of details that can all be known to work successfully in all places). Nonetheless, some progress has been made under the banner of the International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH),

376-464: A commercial standard of purity as distinct from a medicinal one is needed, since the preparations used in medicine should be of the highest possible degree of purity obtainable, and this standard would be too high and too expensive for ordinary purposes. The use of trade synonyms in the Pharmacopoeia, such as saltpetre for purified potassium nitrate , and milk of sulphur for precipitated sulphur,

470-524: A common monograph that provides a common set of tests and specifications for a specific material. This is a slow process. The World Health Organization has produced the International Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Int.), which does not replace a national pharmacopoeia but rather provides a model or template for one and also can be invoked by legislation within a country to serve as that country's regulation. Though formerly printed there has been

564-469: A compound of "medicine, drug, poison" ( Ancient Greek : φάρμακον , romanized :  pharmakon ), with the verb "to make" ( Ancient Greek : ποιεῖν , romanized :  poiein ), and the abstract noun suffix -ία -ia . In early modern editions of Latin texts, the Greek diphthong οι ( oi ) is latinized to its Latin equivalent oe which is in turn written with the ligature œ , giving

658-482: A corrected impression of the same was issued. Subsequent editions were published in 1824, 1836, and 1851. The first Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was published in 1699 and the last in 1841; the first Dublin Pharmacopoeia in 1807 and the last in 1850. The preparations contained in these three pharmacopoeias were not all uniform in strength, a source of much inconvenience and danger to the public, when powerful preparations such as dilute hydrocyanic acid were ordered in

752-480: A high standard of achievement and its graduates were accepted in the third year of medical studies at universities. After the closing of the Gimnazjum Akademickie at the beginning of the 19th century, it was not until the first years of the 20th century that another academic school was established. Pharmaceutical sciences in Gdańsk date back to the times of Johannes Placotomus , author and founder of

846-547: A legal standard for the drugs and preparations contained in it. The Pharmacopoeia is defined in the preface as only "intended to afford to the members of the medical profession and those engaged in the preparation of medicines throughout the British Empire one uniform standard and guide whereby the nature and composition of, substances to be used in medicine may be ascertained and determined". It cannot be an encyclopaedia of substances used in medicine, and can be used only as

940-400: A pharmacopoeia. De Villeneuve, fellow student of Vesalius and the best galenist of Paris according to Johann Winter von Andernach , published the anonymous " Dispensarium or Enquiridion " in 1543, at Lyon , France, with Jean Frellon as editor. This work contains 224 original recipes by De Villeneuve and others by Lespleigney and Chappuis. As usual when it comes to pharmacopoeias, this work

1034-542: A result of inflation in the early 1990s, the currency underwent redenomination . Thus, on 1 January 1995, 10,000 old złoty (PLZ) became one new złoty (PLN). As a member of the European Union , Poland is obligated to adopt the euro when all specific conditions are met, however there is no time limit for fulfilling all of them. Currently, Poland is not in ERM II . The term " złoty " is an adjective derived from

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1128-502: A separate charter, and it was enacted that no grocer should keep an apothecary's shop. The preparation of physicians' prescriptions was thus confined to the apothecaries, upon whom pressure was brought to bear to make them dispense accurately, by the issue of a pharmacopoeia in May 1618 by the College of Physicians , and by the power which the wardens of the apothecaries received in common with

1222-579: A standard for the substances and preparations contained in it, and for no others. It has been held in the Divisional Courts (Dickins v. Randerson) that the Pharmacopoeia is a standard for official preparations asked for under their pharmacopoeial name. But there are many substances in the Pharmacopoeia which are not only employed in medicine, but have other uses, such as sulphur , gum benzoin , tragacanth , gum arabic , ammonium carbonate , beeswax , oil of turpentine , linseed oil , and for these

1316-643: A transition to a situation where pharmaceutical information is available as printed volumes and on the internet . The rapid increase in knowledge renders necessary frequent new editions, to furnish definite formulae for preparations that have already come into extensive use in medical practice, so as to ensure uniformity of strength, and to give the characters and tests by which their purity and potency may be determined. However each new edition requires several years to carry out numerous experiments for devising suitable formulae, so that current pharmacopoeia are never quite up to date. This difficulty has hitherto been met by

1410-657: A tri-regional organisation that represents the drug regulatory authorities of the European Union , Japan , and the United States . Representatives from the Pharmacopoeias of these three regions have met twice yearly since 1990 in the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group to try to work towards "compendial harmonisation". Specific monographs are proposed, and if accepted, proceed through stages of review and consultation leading to adoption of

1504-695: Is a founding member of two regional organizations: ScanBalt and the Baltic Sea Region University Network . Aside from fulfilling its teaching and research roles, the Medical University is the founding body of four health care institutes, including two clinical hospitals: the University Clinical Centre – the MUG Hospital and the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine . Their significance for

1598-815: Is a masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', which closely relates with its name to the guilder whereas the grosz subunit was based on the groschen , cognate to the English word groat . It was officially introduced to replace its predecessor, the Polish marka , on 28 February 1919 and began circulation in 1924. The only bodies permitted to manufacture or mint złoty coins and banknotes are Polish Security Printing Works (PWPW), founded in Warsaw on 25 January 1919, and Mennica Polska , founded in Warsaw on 10 February 1766. As

1692-493: Is common. Polish zloty The Polish złoty (alternative spelling: zloty ; Polish : polski złoty , Polish: [ˈzwɔtɨ] ; abbreviation: zł ; code : PLN ) is the official currency and legal tender of Poland . It is subdivided into 100 grosz ( gr ). It is the most traded currency in Central and Eastern Europe and ranks 21st most-traded in the foreign exchange market . The word złoty

1786-626: Is no standard of purity that can be used under the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act, and for these, as well as for the commercial quality of those drugs and essential oils which are also in the Pharmacopoeia, a legal standard of commercial purity is much needed. This subject formed the basis of discussion at several meetings of the Pharmaceutical Society, and the results have been embodied in a work called Suggested Standards for Foods and Drugs by C. G. Moor, which indicates

1880-411: Is partly answerable for this difficulty, and has proved to be a mistake, since it affords ground for legal prosecution if a chemist sells a drug of ordinary commercial purity for trade purposes, instead of the purified preparation which is official in the Pharmacopoeia for medicinal use. This would not be the case if the trade synonym were omitted. For many drugs and chemicals not in the Pharmacopoeia there

1974-542: Is preparing for the parametric assessment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and it has also submitted an application to be granted the right to award PhD degrees. The main funding sources for research are: statutory activity (118 research topics), commissioned projects, development projects, own projects, promoter projects, post doctorate projects (altogether 109 projects), own research (345 research topics), and research support activity (37 projects). Moreover,

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2068-530: Is scheduled to complete in 2020. When finished, the building will consist of 4 connected buildings that could house up to 687 beds (excluding bed space at day wards and the post-anesthesia unit). The university cooperates with more than 50 universities and scientific centers abroad. It exchanges students and teachers in the framework of the Lifelong Learning Programme and is an active member of many European organizations and institutions. It

2162-590: The Shennong Ben Cao Jing was compiled between 200-250 AD. It contains descriptions of 365 medications. The earliest known officially sponsored pharmacopoeia was compiled in 659 AD by a team of 23 pharmaceutical scientists led by Su jing during the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD) and was called the Xinxiu bencao (Newly Revised Canon of Material Medical). The work consists of 20 volumes with one dedicated to

2256-496: The 19 złotych note was released. In 2021, Adam Glapiński, president of the National Bank of Poland, announced that a 1000zł note will be introduced in the near future. One of the conditions of Poland's joining the European Union in May 2004 obliges the country to eventually adopt the euro, though not at any specific date and only after Poland meets the necessary stability criteria . Serious discussions regarding joining

2350-704: The Baltic Science Festival . After a remote lecture on anatomy for first-year students of the Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz, there was a discussion among scientists about passing the Internet exams. After the meeting, a critical mistake was made, that is that the microphones were not turned off - something that would horrify the listening students. Specifically, a professor at the Medical University of Gdansk and two professors at

2444-621: The British Empire . As regards the purely pharmaceutical part of the work a committee of reference in pharmacy, nominated by the pharmaceutical societies of Great Britain and Ireland (as they were then), was appointed to report to the Pharmacopoeia Committee of the Medical Council. Some difficulty has arisen since the passing of the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act concerning the use of the Pharmacopoeia as

2538-711: The Eurozone have ensued. Article 227 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland will need to be amended first. While opinion on the euro has not always been in favor, 2022 opinion polling on behalf of the European Commission found around 60% support for adopting the Euro. The banknotes range from 12 to 15 centimetres in length and from 60 to 75 millimetres in width. The length increases by 6mm and

2632-569: The Kraków złoty , with the coins actually being made in Vienna , it remained legal until 1857. During World War I , the rouble and krone were replaced by the Polish marka , a currency initially equivalent to the German mark . The marka stayed in use after Poland regained its independence in 1918, but was extremely unstable, disrupted the whole economy , and triggered galloping inflation . The złoty

2726-515: The Partitions of Poland and Napoleon 's Duchy of Warsaw issued coins denominated in grosz, złoty and talars, with the talar (thaler) of 6 złoty slightly reduced in value to the Prussian thaler of 16.704 g fine silver (hence 2.784 g silver in a złoty). Talar banknotes were also issued. In 1813, while Zamość was under siege, the town authorities issued 6 grosz and 2 złoty coins. Following

2820-545: The noun " złoto ", which in the Polish language denotes gold . A literal translation of the currency's name would be "golden" or "the golden one". There are two plural forms – złote [ˈzwɔtɛ] as well as złotych [ˈzwɔtɨx] , and their correct usage is as follows: Fractions should be rendered with złotego [zwɔˈtɛɡɔ] and grosza [ˈɡrɔʂa] , for example 0.1 złotego ; 2.5 złotego and so on. Native English speakers or English-language sources tend to avoid

2914-633: The pound , with one grzywna being equivalent to 240 denars. From the 1300s to the mid-16th century, the Prague groschen (or groat) dominated the market and its high supply reduced the demand for a national currency across Central Europe . Certain cities and autonomous regions of the Polish Kingdom held the privilege of minting its own currency, for instance the shilling ( szeląg ) in the Duchy of Prussia , which Poland co-adopted in 1526. Initially,

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3008-419: The "grosz" subunit is represented by lowercase gr . The first form of tangible currency in Poland was the denarius ( denar ), which circulated since the 10th century. During this period, Polish coinage had a single face value and was minted from bullion , primarily silver, but also compounded with copper and other precious metals. The standard unit of mass used at the time was the grzywna rather than

3102-573: The 12th century (and printed in 1491), and Ibn Baytar in the 14th century. The Shen-nung pen ts'ao ching (Divine Husbandman's Materia Medica) is the earliest known Chinese pharmacopoeia. The text describes 365 medicines derived from plants, animals, and minerals; according to legend it was written by the Chinese god Shennong . Pharmacopeial synopsis were recorded in the Timbuktu manuscripts of Mali . The earliest extant Chinese pharmacopoeia,

3196-526: The 1815 Congress of Vienna , Austrian and Russian sectors of partitioned Poland continued to use the złoty for some time; whereas the German sector replaced the talar and złoty with the Prussian thaler and afterwards the German gold mark . On 19 November O.S. (1 December N.S.) 1815, the law regarding the monetary system of Congress Poland (in Russia) was passed, which pegged the złoty at 15 kopecks (0.15 Imperial roubles , or almost 2.7 g fine silver) and

3290-671: The British Pharmacopoeia in 1898. A committee of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was appointed at the request of the General Medical Council to advise on pharmaceutical matters. A census of prescriptions was taken to ascertain the relative frequency with which different preparations and drugs were used in prescriptions, and suggestions and criticisms were sought from various medical and pharmaceutical bodies across

3384-518: The EU is prepared by a governmental organization, and has a specified role in law in the EU. In the U.S., the USP-NF (United States Pharmacopeia – National Formulary) has been issued by a private non-profit organization since 1820 under the authority of a Convention that meets periodically that is largely constituted by physicians, pharmacists, and other public health professionals, setting standards published in

3478-525: The Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine was designated one of Poland's 6 Leading National Research Centres (Krajowe Naukowe Ośrodki Wiodące, KNOW) by the Prime Minister's Office, as part of a wider strategy to make the country more competitive and innovative, and was granted a subsidy of 50 million zlotys . When the ranking system of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education

3572-541: The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz shared methods and bragged on about their methods of reducing student pass rates. The Rector of Medical University of Gdańsk then claimed that what their Professor said was not related to the university. 54°21′58″N 18°37′50″E  /  54.36611°N 18.63056°E  / 54.36611; 18.63056 Pharmacopoeia A pharmacopoeia , pharmacopeia , or pharmacopoea (from

3666-457: The Pharmacopoeia is shown by the fact that they are even more largely used than the Pharmacopoeia itself, the first issued in 18 editions and the second in 13 editions at comparatively short intervals. In the UK, the task of elaborating a new Pharmacopoeia is entrusted to a body of a purely medical character, and legally the pharmacist does not, contrary to the practice in other countries, have a voice in

3760-571: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSRP), although the de facto nature of the nationality of republics within that state differed from the de jure nature. The European Union has a supranational pharmacopoeia, the European Pharmacopoeia ; it has not replaced the national pharmacopoeias of EU member states but rather helps to harmonize them. Attempts have been made by international pharmaceutical and medical conferences to settle

3854-593: The academic teachers perform scientific research under contract with external entities, primarily with pharmaceutical enterprises (19 service and research projects). The university staff also carries out projects financed by the EU framework programmes and other community initiatives, as well as structural funds , including the Sector Operational Programme –Increased Enterprise Competition. Many new research institutes and clinics have been established,

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3948-548: The average degree of purity of many drugs and chemicals used in the arts, as well as the highest degree of purity obtainable in commerce of those used in medicine. An important step has also been taken in this direction by the publication under the authority of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain of the British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC), in which the characters of and tests for

4042-486: The banknotes received additional security features. The design does not differ greatly from the original 1994 series, but are distinguishable by the added white-coloured field with a watermark on the obverse. The updated notes also possess randomly arranged dotting, which are part of the EURion constellation . On 10 February 2017, a 500zł banknote with the likeness of John III Sobieski began circulating. On 2 October 2019,

4136-454: The censors of the College of Physicians of examining the shops of apothecaries within 7 m. of London and destroying all the compounds which they found unfaithfully prepared. This, the first authorized London Pharmacopoeia, was selected chiefly from the works of Mezue and Nicolaus de Salerno, but it was found to be so full of errors that the whole edition was cancelled, and a fresh edition

4230-618: The city's major institutions of higher education including the University of Gdańsk and the Gdańsk University of Technology . The objective of the newly founded organization is to work on projects aimed at further federalization of the universities, to bolster the scientific cooperation between them and to pursue a common promotional and ranking policy. The faculties are: Teaching activities are carried out by nearly one thousand of academic teachers, with over one hundred of them holding

4324-401: The commercial grade of purity of those in the Pharmacopoeia which are used for non-medical purposes. Another legal difficulty connected with modern pharmacopoeias is the inclusion in some of them of synthetic chemical remedies, the processes for preparing which have been patented, whilst the substances are sold under trade-mark names. The scientific chemical name is often long and unwieldy, and

4418-526: The compendia through various Expert Committees. In the U.S. when there is an applicable USP-NF quality monograph, drugs and drug ingredients must conform to the compendial requirements (such as for strength, quality or purity) or be deemed adulterated or misbranded under the Federal food and drug laws. The Soviet Union had a nominally supranational pharmacopoeia, the State Pharmacopoeia of

4512-494: The complexity of plural forms and in turn use "złoty" for all denominations, for instance 2 złoty and 100 złoty instead of 2 złote and 100 złotych. The official currency symbol is zł , composed of lowercase z and ł which are the two first letters of "złoty". It has no representation in the Unicode Standard as a single sign, but previously it had representation in Polish typewriters and computers. The symbol of

4606-508: The equipment has been modernized, new facilities have been created and all the buildings including the campus have been equipped with computers and a computer network. In 2007 the modernization of the main teaching hospital, Academic Clinical Centre was launched. The investment is co-financed by the state budget with the subsidy of 480 million zlotys . Construction of the new Non-Invasive Medical Center with about 75,000 m, at an estimated cost of 600 million Polish zlotys, commenced in 2015 and

4700-474: The excrements of human beings, dogs, mice, geese, and other animals, calculi , human skull, and moss growing on it, blind puppies, earthworms , etc. Although other editions of the London Pharmacopoeia were issued in 1621, 1632, 1639, and 1677, it was not until the edition of 1721, published under the auspices of Sir Hans Sloane , that any important alterations were made. In this issue many of

4794-514: The first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam named Pharmacopoea Amstelredamensis in 1636. This was a combined effort to improve public health after an outbreak of the bubonic plague , and also to limit the number of quack apothecary shops in Amsterdam. Until 1617, such drugs and medicines as were in common use were sold in England by the apothecaries and grocers. In that year the apothecaries obtained

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4888-565: The first pharmacy in Gdańsk in 1527, and Johannes Schmiedt , alias Fabritius, the co-author of the oldest Polish pharmacopoeia , published in 1665. In 1935 the Gdańsk Senate , already represented mostly by German nationalists (members of the NSDAP ), went about establishing Akademia Medycyny Praktycznej (Die Staatliche Akademie für Praktische Medizin zu Danzig) on the basis of the municipal hospital built between 1907 and 1911. Teaching medicine in

4982-402: The groszy at 1 ⁄ 2 kopeck, and with silver 1, 2, 5 and 10 złotych coins issued from 1816 to 1855. At the time of the 1830 November Uprising , the insurrectionists issued their own "rebel money" – golden ducats and silver coins in the denomination of 2 and 5 złoty, with the revolutionary coat of arms, and the copper 3 and 10 grosz. These coins were still traded long after the uprising

5076-753: The health care system is shown in the number of hospitalized patients (almost 60,000), outpatient visits (over 250,000), surgery procedures (over 21,000, including about 1,500 open-heart surgeries) and laboratory tests (over 2 million a year). The clinical hospitals offer medical treatments unavailable anywhere else in Northern Poland, such as: organ transplants ( kidneys , bone marrow and heart ), radiotherapy and oncological chemotherapy , child and adult hematology , invasive cardiology and electro-cardiology, organ surgery, hyperbaric medicine, tropical and nuclear medicine. The Medical University of Gdańsk and its hospitals operate locally, as well as outside

5170-657: The inhabitants of the region. The university is actively involved in work on the Strategy of Pomeranian Voivodship Development, Regional Innovation Strategy and the Pomeranian Voivodship Regional Operational Programme. The university's initiatives for the community spread awareness of preventive treatment and a healthy lifestyle, e.g. Good Health Picnic (Piknik na Zdrowie) and the local implementation of large-scale prophylaxis programmes. The university actively participates in

5264-452: The introduction of a new złoty with a revived coinage system. In 1950, the third złoty (PLZ) was introduced, replacing all notes issued up to 1948 at a rate of one hundred to one, while all bank assets were re-denominated in the ratio 100:3. The new banknotes were dated in 1948, while the new coins were dated in 1949. Initially, by law with effect from 1950 1 złoty was worth 0.222168 grams of pure gold. The banknotes went from 10 zlotych all

5358-430: The kind of preparations required for the method of their manufacture. The necessity for this element in the construction of a pharmacopoeia is now fully recognized in other countries, in most of which pharmaceutical chemists are represented on the committee for the preparation of the legally recognized manuals. There are national and international pharmacopoeias, like the EU and the U.S. pharmacopoeias. The pharmacopeia in

5452-617: The latter, several of the compounds described in the large edition were omitted and the formulae given on a smaller scale. Also Vesalius claimed he had written some " dispensariums " and " manuals " on the works of Galenus . Apparently he burnt them. According to recent research communicated at the congresses of the International Society for the History of Medicine by the scholar Francisco Javier González Echeverría, Michel De Villeneuve ( Michael Servetus ) also published

5546-509: The loss of approximately 200,000 square kilometres of land and precipitated an economic collapse. The widespread shortage of funds to finance the defense of remaining territories forced the insurrectionist government to look for alternatives. In June 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko began printing paper money and issuing first Polish banknotes as a substitute for coinage, which could not be minted in required quantities. These entered circulation on 13 August 1794. The złoty remained in circulation after

5640-414: The matter. This is notwithstanding the fact that, although the medical practitioner is naturally the best judge of the drug or preparations that will afford the best therapeutic result, they are not as competent as the pharmacist to say how that preparation can be produced in the most effective and satisfactory manner, nor how the purity of drugs can be tested. The change occurred with the fourth edition of

5734-643: The name was changed to the Subfaculty of Dentistry at the Faculty of Medicine. In 1975 Medical University of Gdańsk (MUG) opened a branch in Bydgoszcz , which in 1984 became an independent college. In 1993, as a joint unit of Medical University of Gdańsk and Gdańsk University , the Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology was founded. In the academic year 2005/2006 Medical University started the Faculty of Health Sciences. In 2016 works began on

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5828-598: The new entity. Money exchange was limited per individual; the limits varied according to the status of the person. The fixed exchange rate was 2 złoty per 1 Reichsmark . A new issue of notes appeared in the years 1940–1941. On 15 January 1945 the National Bank of Poland was formed, and a new printing plant opened in Łódź . The series II and III notes were designed by Ryszard Kleczewski and Wacław Borowski . The first three series were taken out of circulation in line with legislation signed on 28 October 1950, covering

5922-604: The newly established college were many eminent Polish scholars from the University of Stefan Batory in Vilnius , who had come to Gdańsk after Vilnius was incorporated into the Soviet Union , and a handful of scholars from other pre-war Polish academic centers. Initially, Akademia Lekarska conducted studies in two majors: medical and pharmaceutical. In May 1947 the Faculty of Stomatology was created and later on in January 1950

6016-403: The newly opened college involved clinical courses. In 1940, following the introduction of pre-clinical courses, the college's name was changed to Medizinische Akademie in Danzig, offering full 5-year medical studies. After the end of World War II , Akademia Lekarska was founded in Gdańsk. In 1950 its name was changed to Akademia Medyczna (The Medical University of Gdańsk). Among the professors of

6110-549: The obsolete typography pharmacopœia , meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines , and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. Descriptions of preparations are called monographs . In a broader sense it is a reference work for pharmaceutical drug specifications . The term derives from Ancient Greek : φαρμακοποιία , romanized :  pharmakopoiia "making of (healing) medicine, drug-making",

6204-431: The obverse and on the reverse. Predominant colours used include shades of brown, pink or purple, blue, green and gold. Face value is given in numerals in the upper-left and upper-right corners on the obverse, and in the upper-right corner on the reverse. The written form of the nominal value is embedded vertically on the obverse and horizontally on the reverse. The notes are adorned by the shieldless coat of arms of

6298-450: The one country and dispensed according to the national pharmacopoeia in another. As a result, the Medical Act of 1858 ordained that the General Medical Council should publish a book containing a list of medicines and compounds, to be called the British Pharmacopoeia , which would be a substitute throughout Great Britain and Ireland for the separate pharmacopoeias. Hitherto these had been published in Latin. The first British Pharmacopoeia

6392-447: The patentee for infringement of patent rights. Hence the only solution is for the physician to use the chemical name (which cannot be patented) as given in the Pharmacopoeia, or, for those synthetic remedies not included in the Pharmacopoeia, the scientific and chemical name given in the British Pharmaceutical Codex . In most of the Neo-Latin names, Pharmacopoea is the more common spelling, although for several of them, Pharmacopoeia

6486-408: The physician prefers when writing a prescription to use the shorter name under which it is sold by the patentees . In this case the pharmacist is compelled to use the more expensive patented article, which may lead to complaints from the patient. If the physician were to use the same article under its pharmacopoeial name when the patented article is prescribed, they would become open to prosecution by

6580-441: The professor position. Currently, MUG offers education in nearly all medical professions and classes are also conducted in English. This programme is called English Division of the Faculty of Medicine . MUG is recognized nationally as one of the top universities in Poland and ranked internationally for clinical medicine by some publications. Aside from the educational activity, the MUG focuses on scientific research. In July 2012,

6674-477: The publication of such non-official formularies as Squire's Companion to the Pharmacopoeia and Martindale: The complete drug reference (formerly Martindale's: the extra pharmacopoeia ), in which all new remedies and their preparations, uses and doses are recorded, and in the former the varying strengths of the same preparations in the different pharmacopoeias are also compared (Squire's was incorporated into Martindale in 1952). The need of such works to supplement

6768-413: The purity of many unofficial drugs and preparations are given as well as the character of many glandular preparations and antitoxins that have come into use in medicine, but have not yet been introduced into the Pharmacopoeia. This work may also possibly serve as a standard under the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act for the purity and strength of drugs not included in the Pharmacopoeia and as a standard for

6862-479: The region. As a result, they cater for the health and security of around 3.5 million Poles. The Medical University of Gdańsk provides health care for the people of Pomerania and inhabitants of neighboring regions, as the founder of clinical hospitals and other health-care facilities. It undertakes work for the public authorities, for example in the Health for Pomerania Programme, which aims at health improvement for

6956-534: The remedies previously in use were omitted, although a good number were still retained, such as dogs' excrement, earthworms, and moss from the human skull; the botanical names of herbal remedies were for the first time added to the official ones; the simple distilled waters were ordered of a uniform strength; sweetened spirits, cordials and ratafias were omitted as well as several compounds no longer used in London, although still in vogue elsewhere. A great improvement

7050-752: The spelling pharmacopœia ; in modern UK English , œ is written as oe , giving the spelling pharmacopoeia , while in American English oe becomes e , giving us pharmacopeia . Although older writings exist which deal with herbal medicine , the major initial work in the field is considered to be the Edwin Smith Papyrus in Egypt , Pliny 's pharmacopoeia. A number of early pharmacopoeia books were written by Persian and Arab physicians . These included The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna in 1025 AD, and works by Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) in

7144-520: The table of contents, and 25 volumes of pictures with one volume dedicated to the table of contents. A third part consisting of seven volumes contained illustrated descriptions. The text contains descriptions of 850 medicines with 114 new ones. The work was used throughout China for the next 400 years. A dated work appeared in Nuremberg in 1542; a passing student Valerius Cordus showed a collection of medical prescriptions, which he had selected from

7238-461: The tendency to simplify was carried out to a much greater extent, and the extremely compound medicines which had formed the principal remedies of physicians for 2,000 years were discarded, while a few powerful drugs which had been considered too dangerous to be included in the Pharmacopoeia of 1765 were restored to their previous position. In 1809 the French chemical nomenclature was adopted, and in 1815

7332-451: The term "złoty" (lit. the golden one) was used in the 14th and 15th centuries for a number of foreign gold coins , most notably Venetian ducats , florins and guldens . In 1496, the Sejm parliament debated on the creation of a domestic currency and approved the złoty, which until then acted as a unit of account . An exchange rate of 30 grosz was imposed for one gold piece, which remained

7426-471: The traditional subdivision until the 19th century. In the years 1526–1535, as part of an extensive monetary reform proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus and Justus Decius , king Sigismund I defined the złoty as a legal tender in the minting ordinance on 16 February 1528. The Polish monetary system stayed complex and intricate from the 16th to 18th centuries until a monetary reform was done by Stanisław II Augustus which removed all other monetary units except

7520-699: The treatises on simples (basic medicinal ingredients) by Avicenna and Serapion ; the De synonymis and Quid pro quo of Simon Januensis ; the Liber servitoris of Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim , which described preparations made from plants, animals, and minerals, and was the type of the chemical portion of modern pharmacopoeias; and the Antidotarium of Nicolaus de Salerno , containing Galenic formulations arranged alphabetically. Of this last work, there were two editions in use — Nicolaus magnus and Nicolaus parvus: in

7614-657: The way to 5 million zlotych . With the fall of communism in 1989 and successive hyperinflation in 1990, the złoty had to be redenominated . On 11 May 1994, a redenomination project from the NBP was approved; the act allowing the project to come into force was ratified on 7 July 1994. Thus, on 1 January 1995 the old 10,000 PLZ became the new 1 PLN. Redesigned coins and banknotes were released, featuring Polish monarchs , which were printed by De La Rue in London (until 1997) and PWPW in Warsaw (from 1997). Between 2013 and 2014,

7708-454: The width by 3mm with every higher denomination. The obverse features the left profile of a Polish monarch clothed in armour or royal regalia ; the sovereigns are arranged chronologically based on the period of reign. The reverse illustrates important landmarks, early coinage or important objects from Poland's history . Architectural elements comprising portals, columns, windows or flower motifs are scattered throughout each banknote, both on

7802-568: The writings of the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the apothecaries , and obtained the sanction of the senatus for his work. A work known as the Antidotarium Florentinum , was published under the authority of the college of medicine of Florence in the 16th century. In 1511, the Concordie Apothecariorum Barchinone

7896-677: The złoty divided into 30 groszy. Polish currency was then linked to that of the Holy Roman Empire by setting the Conventionsthaler = 8 złoty = 23.3856 g fine silver and the North German thaler = 6 złoty = 17.5392 g silver (hence 2.9232 g silver in a złoty). Radical changes to the currency were made during the Kościuszko Uprising . The second partition of the vast Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth resulted in

7990-528: Was complementary to a previous Materia Medica that De Villeneuve published that same year. This finding was communicated by the same scholar in the International Society for the History of Medicine , with agreement of John M. Riddle , one of the foremost experts on Materia Medica - Dioscorides works. Nicolaes Tulp , mayor of Amsterdam and respected surgeon general, gathered all of his doctor and chemist friends together and they wrote

8084-407: Was effected in the edition published in 1746, in which only those preparations were retained which had received the approval of the majority of the pharmacopoeia committee; to these was added a list of those drugs only which were supposed to be the most efficacious. An attempt was made to simplify further the older formulae by the rejection of superfluous ingredients. In the edition published in 1788

8178-454: Was established, the Medical University of Gdańsk introduced an internal system of parametric assessment of particular research units. Today, three faculties of the MUG – Medicine, Pharmacy, and the Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology have top positions in the ranking, as does the unique Interdepartmental Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine. The Faculty of Health Sciences, founded in 2006,

8272-435: Was managed and supervised by eminent scholars. Among the most famous lecturers were: Joachim Oelhafius , a native of Gdańsk, who in 1613 was the first to perform a public autopsy of a newborn child in northern Europe, and Dr Jan Adam Kulmus , the author of the anatomical atlas Tabulae anatomicae , published in 1932. The work went into several editions and was translated into many languages. The Gimnazjum Akademickie represented

8366-521: Was published by the Society of Apothecaries of Barcelona and kept in the School of Pharmacy of the University of Barcelona . The term Pharmacopoeia first appears as a distinct title in a work published at Basel , Switzerland, in 1561 by A. Foes, but does not appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the 17th century. Before 1542, the works principally used by apothecaries were

8460-496: Was published in the English language in 1864, but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867. This dissatisfaction was probably owing partly to the fact that the majority of the compilers of the work were not engaged in the practice of pharmacy, and therefore not competent to decide upon

8554-550: Was published in the following December. At this period the compounds employed in medicine were often heterogeneous mixtures, some of which contained from 20 to 70, or more, ingredients, while a large number of simples were used in consequence of the same substance being supposed to possess different qualities according to the source from which it was derived. Thus crabs' eyes (i.e., gastroliths ), pearls, oyster shells, and coral were supposed to have different properties. Among other ingredients entering into some of these formulae were

8648-588: Was quelled. As a consequence of the uprising, the rubel became the sole legal tender of Congress Poland since 1842, although coins marked as złoty in parallel with ruble were minted in Warsaw until 1865 and remained legal until 1890. In 1892 the Austro-Hungarian krone was introduced in Austrian Galicia . Between 1835 and 1846, the Free City of Kraków also used its own independent currency,

8742-679: Was re-set on the dollar-złoty rate 50% higher than in 1924. Up to 1933 the złoty was freely exchanged into gold and foreign currency. Based on these developments, the Polish government made the decision to adopt the gold standard and maintain it for a significant period to attract global investors. Under the occupation during World War II , the Germans created an Emissary Bank ( Bank Emisyjny ) in Kraków , as Polish bank officials fled to Paris in France. It started operating on 8 April 1940, and in May old banknotes from 1924 to 1939 were overstamped by

8836-750: Was reintroduced by the Minister of Finance , Władysław Grabski , in April 1924. It replaced the marka at a rate of 1 złoty equaling 1,800,000 marks and was subdivided into 100 grosz, instead of the traditional 30 grosz, as it had been earlier. Following its inauguration, the second złoty was pegged to the United States dollar through a stabilization loan provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The budget deficit ballooned and out-of-control inflation ensued. The złoty began to stabilise in 1926 (chiefly due to significant exports of coal), and

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