A currency union (also known as monetary union ) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency . These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union , which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market ).
74-724: The euro area , commonly called the eurozone ( EZ ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro ( € ) as their primary currency and sole legal tender , and have thus fully implemented EMU policies. The 20 eurozone members are: The seven non-eurozone members of the EU are Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Hungary , Poland , Romania , and Sweden . They continue to use their own national currencies, although all but Denmark are obliged to join once they meet
148-636: A bridge is meant to resemble the euro banknotes, which were also designed by Robert Kalina. After an international tender, the Austrian company Oesterreichische Banknoten und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH (OeBS) in Vienna was chosen to print the notes. Initially, six million were ordered. Initially the mark was pegged to the Deutsche Mark at par. Since the replacement of the German mark by the euro in 2002,
222-460: A country was to run a deficit, they would have to justify it to the rest of the EU while countries with a debt more than 60% of GDP would face greater scrutiny. The plans would apply to all EU members, not just the eurozone, and have to be approved by EU leaders along with proposals for states to face sanctions before they reach the 3% limit in the Stability and Growth Pact . Poland has criticised
296-407: A currency in order to maximize economic efficiency. Implementing a new currency in a country is always a controversial topic because it has both many advantages and disadvantages. New currency has different impacts on businesses and individuals, which creates more points of view on the usefulness of currency unions. As a consequence, governmental institutions often struggle when they try to implement
370-699: A currency reunion of these countries might still be feasible based on the findings of economic convergence. [REDACTED] Benin [REDACTED] Burkina Faso [REDACTED] Côte d'Ivoire [REDACTED] Guinea-Bissau [REDACTED] Mali [REDACTED] Niger [REDACTED] Senegal [REDACTED] Togo Central African CFA franc users: [REDACTED] Cameroon [REDACTED] Central African Republic [REDACTED] Chad [REDACTED] Equatorial Guinea [REDACTED] Gabon [REDACTED] Republic of
444-690: A currency union. [REDACTED] Zimbabwe is theoretically in a currency union with four blocs as the South African rand, Botswana pula , British pound and US dollar freely circulate. The US Dollar was, until 2016, official tender. Additionally, the autonomous and dependent territories, such as some of the EU member state special territories , are sometimes treated as separate customs territory from their mainland state or have varying arrangements of formal or de facto customs union , common market and currency union (or combinations thereof) with
518-686: A day before a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (Ecofin) of the Council of the European Union . The Group is not an official Council formation but when the full EcoFin council votes on matters only affecting the eurozone, only Euro Group members are permitted to vote on it. Since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 , the Euro Group has met irregularly not as finance ministers, but as heads of state and government (like
592-519: A minimum of two years without the presence of "severe tensions" for the currency exchange rate. In September 2011, a diplomatic source close to the euro adoption preparation talks with the seven remaining new member states who had yet to adopt the euro at that time (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania), claimed that the monetary union (eurozone) they had thought they were going to join upon their signing of
666-450: A new currency, for example by entering a currency union. Convergence in terms of macroeconomics means that countries have a similar economic behaviour (similar inflation rates and economic growth ). It is easier to form a currency union for countries with more convergence as these countries have the same or at least very similar goals. The European Monetary Union (EMU) is a contemporary model for forming currency unions. Membership in
740-584: A number of reforms in the eurozone. One was a U-turn on the eurozone's bailout policy that led to the creation of a specific fund to assist eurozone states in trouble. The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) were created in 2010 to provide, alongside the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a system and fund to bail out members. However,
814-451: A result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 . In Iceland, there was an increase in interest in joining the European Union, a pre-condition for adopting the euro. However, by 2010 the debt crisis in the eurozone caused interest from Poland, as well as the Czech Republic, Denmark and Sweden to cool. In the opinion of journalist Leigh Phillips and Locke Lord 's Charles Proctor, there is no provision in any European Union treaty for an exit from
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#1732757561033888-402: A short transition period, they took out of circulation and rendered invalid their pre-euro national coins and notes. Between 2007 and 2023, eight new states have acceded: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Three French dependent territories that are not part of the EU have adopted the euro, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented: The euro
962-833: A single currency union. Their economic behaviour is completely different, which may lead to disagreements. Divergence is therefore not optimal for forming a currency union. The first currency unions were established in the 19th century. The German Zollverein came into existence in 1834, and by 1866, it included most of the German states. The fragmented states of the German Confederation agreed on common policies to increase trade and political unity. The Latin Monetary Union , comprising France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece, existed between 1865 and 1927, with coinage made of gold and silver . Coins of each country were legal tender and freely interchangeable across
1036-400: A study based on DiD methodology found that the adoption of euro produced no systematic growth effects, as no growth-enhancing effects were found when compared to European economies outside the eurozone. Monetary union There are three types of currency unions: The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share
1110-541: Is also used in countries outside the EU. Four states (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City) have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and issue their own coins. Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group. Akrotiri and Dhekelia (located on the island of Cyprus) belong to the United Kingdom, but there are agreements between
1184-477: Is common representation, a common political agenda should be agreed upon. Leading EU figures including the commission and national governments have proposed a variety of reforms to the eurozone's architecture; notably the creation of a Finance Minister, a larger eurozone budget, and reform of the current bailout mechanisms into either a "European Monetary Fund" or a eurozone Treasury . While many have similar themes, details vary greatly. The 20 largest economies in
1258-459: Is entitled to authorise the design and printing of euro banknotes and the volume of euro coins minted, and its president is currently Christine Lagarde . The eurozone is represented politically by its finance ministers, known collectively as the Eurogroup , and is presided over by a president, currently Paschal Donohoe . The finance ministers of the EU member states that use the euro meet
1332-496: Is legally exempt from joining the eurozone unless its government decides otherwise, either by parliamentary vote or referendum . The United Kingdom likewise had an opt-out prior to withdrawing from the EU in 2020. The remaining six countries are obliged to adopt the euro in future, although the EU has so far not tried to enforce any time plan. They should join as soon as they fulfill the convergence criteria, which include being part of ERM II for two years. Sweden , which joined
1406-599: Is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is divided into 100 Pfenig or Fening ( Пфениг / Фенинг ) and locally abbreviated KM . While the currency and its subunits are uniform for both constituent polities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), the designs of the KM ;10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes are differentiated for each polity. The convertible mark
1480-508: Is the monetary authority of the eurozone, the Eurogroup is an informal body of finance ministers that makes fiscal policy for the currency union, and the European System of Central Banks is responsible for fiscal and monetary cooperation between eurozone and non-eurozone EU members. The European Central Bank (ECB) makes monetary policy for the eurozone, sets its base interest rate , and issues euro banknotes and coins. Since
1554-630: The Czech Republic , Denmark , Hungary , Poland , Romania , and Sweden ) are EU members but do not use the euro. Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend at least two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). As of January 2023, the central bank of Denmark and the Bulgarian central bank participate in ERM II. Denmark obtained a special opt-out in the original Maastricht Treaty , and thus
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#17327575610331628-817: The European Monetary System with its Exchange Rate Mechanism and the related new common currency ECU . On 1 January 1999, the euro replaced the ECU ;1:1 at the exchange rate markets. During 1979–1999, the Deutsche Mark functioned as a de facto anchor for the ECU, meaning there was only a minor difference between pegging a currency against the ECU and pegging it against the Deutsche Mark. Sources: EC convergence reports 1996-2014 , Italian lira , Spanish peseta , Portuguese escudo , Finnish markka , Greek drachma , Sterling The eurozone
1702-516: The IMF as a bloc, rather than each member state separately: "It is absurd for those 15 countries not to agree to have a single representation at the IMF. It makes us look absolutely ridiculous. We are regarded as buffoons on the international scene". In 2017 Juncker stated that he aims to have this agreed by the end of his mandate in 2019. However, Finance Commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that before there
1776-544: The Royal Mint in Llantrisant ( Wales , UK ). In 1998, notes were introduced in denominations of 50 fenings, KM 1, KM 5, KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100. KM 200 notes were added in 2002, while the 50-fening and KM 1 and KM 5 notes were later withdrawn from circulation. All current notes are valid throughout the nation. The Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina issues
1850-481: The euro convergence criteria . Among non-EU member states, Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins. In addition, Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally, relying on euros already in circulation rather than minting currencies of their own. These six countries, however, have no representation in any eurozone institution. The Eurosystem
1924-544: The financial crisis of 2007–2008 , the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for enacting economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration ; for example, in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone change. No eurozone member state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled. In 1998, eleven member states of
1998-470: The main refinancing operations were variable rate tenders, as opposed to fixed rate tenders. The figures indicated in the table from 2000 to 2008 refer to the minimum interest rate at which counterparties may place their bids. [REDACTED] The following table states the ratio of public debt to GDP in percent for eurozone countries given by EuroStat. The euro convergence criterion is to not exceed 60%. The primary means for fiscal coordination within
2072-454: The Congo [REDACTED] New Caledonia [REDACTED] Wallis and Futuna [REDACTED] Antigua and Barbuda [REDACTED] Dominica [REDACTED] Grenada [REDACTED] Montserrat [REDACTED] Saint Kitts and Nevis [REDACTED] Saint Lucia [REDACTED] Saint Vincent and
2146-455: The Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and Croatia (subsequently acceding the EU in July 2013). The treaty entered into force on 1 January 2013 for the 16 states which completed ratification prior of this date. As of 1 April 2014, it had been ratified and entered into force for all 25 signatories. Olivier Blanchard suggests that a fiscal union in the eurozone can mitigate devastating effects of
2220-561: The Dutch government, favour the creation of an expulsion provision for the case whereby a heavily indebted state in the eurozone refuses to comply with an EU economic reform policy. In a Texas law journal, University of Texas at Austin law professor Jens Dammann has argued that even now EU law contains an implicit right for member states to leave the eurozone if they no longer meet the criteria that they had to meet in order to join it. Furthermore, he has suggested that, under narrow circumstances,
2294-521: The EFSF and EFSM were temporary, small and lacked a basis in the EU treaties. Therefore, it was agreed in 2011 to establish a European Stability Mechanism (ESM) which would be much larger, funded only by eurozone states (not the EU as a whole as the EFSF/EFSM were) and would have a permanent treaty basis . As a result of that its creation involved agreeing an amendment to TEFU Article 136 allowing for
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2368-532: The EMU requires that countries follow a strictly defined set of criteria (the member states are required to have a specific rate of inflation, government deficit , government debt , long-term interest rates and exchange rate ). Many other unions have adopted the view that convergence is necessary, so they now follow similar rules to aim the same direction. Divergence is the exact opposite of convergence. Countries with different goals are very difficult to integrate in
2442-548: The ESM and a new ESM treaty to detail how the ESM would operate. If both are successfully ratified according to schedule, the ESM would be operational by the time the EFSF/EFSM expire in mid-2013. In February 2016, the UK secured further confirmation that countries that do not use the Euro would not be required to contribute to bailouts for eurozone countries. In June 2010, a broad agreement
2516-664: The EU in 1995 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed, is required to join the eurozone. However, the Swedish people turned down euro adoption in a 2003 referendum and since then the country has intentionally avoided fulfilling the adoption requirements by not joining ERM II, which is voluntary. Bulgaria joined ERM II on 10 July 2020. Interest in joining the eurozone increased in Denmark, and initially in Poland, as
2590-500: The EU in 2013 , adopted the euro in 2023. All new EU members joining the bloc after the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 are obliged to adopt the euro under the terms of their accession treaties. However, the last of the five economic convergence criteria which need first to be complied with in order to qualify for euro adoption, is the exchange rate stability criterion, which requires having been an ERM-member for
2664-507: The EU lies in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines which are written for every member state, but with particular reference to the 20 current members of the eurozone. These guidelines are not binding, but are intended to represent policy coordination among the EU member states, so as to take into account the linked structures of their economies. For their mutual assurance and stability of the currency, members of
2738-547: The European Council). It is in this forum, the Euro summit , that many eurozone reforms have been decided upon. In 2011, former French President Nicolas Sarkozy pushed for these summits to become regular and twice a year in order for it to be a 'true economic government'. In April 2008 in Brussels , future European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker suggested that the eurozone should be represented at
2812-602: The European System of Central Banks. The Governing Board consists of the Executive Committee of the ECB and the governors of individual national banks, and determines the monetary policy, as well as short-term monetary objectives, key interest rates and the extent of monetary reserves. Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark The convertible mark ( Bosnian : konvertibilna marka , Cyrillic : конвертибилна марка ; sign : KM ; code : BAM )
2886-546: The European Union had met the euro convergence criteria , and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999 in those countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece qualified in 2000 and was admitted on 1 January 2001. These twelve founding members introduced physical euro banknotes and euro coins on 1 January 2002. After
2960-667: The European Union , the Council of the European Union addressed the monetary agreements France had with the CFA Zone and Comoros, and ruled that the ECB had no obligation towards the convertibility of the CFA and Comorian francs . The responsibility of the free convertibility remained in the French Treasury . Kosovo and Montenegro unilaterally adopted the euro as their sole currency without an agreement and, therefore, have no issuing rights. These states are not considered part of
3034-690: The European Union can expel member states from the eurozone. The monetary policy of all countries in the eurozone is managed by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem which comprises the ECB and the central banks of the EU states who have joined the eurozone. Countries outside the eurozone are not represented in these institutions. Whereas all EU member states are part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), non EU member states have no say in all three institutions, even those with monetary agreements such as Monaco. The ECB
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3108-399: The German nouns Mark and Pfennig as loanwords marka and pfenig . The Official Gazette of BiH ( Bosnian: Službeni glasnik BiH ), Official newspaper of FBiH ( Bosnian: Službene novine FBiH ) and other official documents recognised pfenig or пфениг (depending on the script; Serbian uses both Latin and Cyrillic equally, while Bosnian and Croatian uses only Latin) as
3182-2145: The Grenadines [REDACTED] Austria [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] Croatia [REDACTED] Cyprus [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Germany [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Ireland [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Latvia [REDACTED] Lithuania [REDACTED] Luxembourg [REDACTED] Malta [REDACTED] Netherlands [REDACTED] Portugal [REDACTED] Slovakia [REDACTED] Slovenia [REDACTED] Spain and EU special territories : [REDACTED] French Southern and Antarctic Lands [REDACTED] Saint Barthélemy [REDACTED] Saint Pierre and Miquelon [REDACTED] Akrotiri and Dhekelia [REDACTED] Andorra [REDACTED] Kosovo [REDACTED] Monaco [REDACTED] Montenegro [REDACTED] San Marino [REDACTED] Vatican City Brunei dollar [REDACTED] Singapore and external territories : [REDACTED] Ashmore and Cartier Islands [REDACTED] Australian Antarctic Territory [REDACTED] Christmas Island [REDACTED] Cocos (Keeling) Islands [REDACTED] Coral Sea Islands Territory [REDACTED] Heard Island and McDonald Islands [REDACTED] Norfolk Island [REDACTED] Kiribati [REDACTED] Nauru [REDACTED] Tuvalu and Overseas Territories : [REDACTED] British Antarctic Territory [REDACTED] British Indian Ocean Territory [REDACTED] Falkland Islands [REDACTED] Gibraltar [REDACTED] Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha [REDACTED] South Georgia and
3256-562: The KM 200 note, are printed by the French company Oberthur . The portraits of Ivan Franjo Jukić and Meša Selimović , which are both writers, were featured by consensus between both entities on all KM 1 and KM 5 notes used between 1998 and 2010. On 15 May 2002, a KM 200 banknote, designed by Robert Kalina , was introduced during a promotion that was held in the Central Bank of BH. The reverse design which depicts
3330-1885: The South Sandwich Islands and Crown Dependencies : [REDACTED] Bailiwick of Guernsey [REDACTED] Bailiwick of Jersey [REDACTED] Isle of Man [REDACTED] Bhutan [REDACTED] Nepal Nepal minor usage and Realm : [REDACTED] Cook Islands [REDACTED] Niue [REDACTED] Tokelau [REDACTED] Pitcairn Islands [REDACTED] Palestine [REDACTED] Palestine ( West Bank only) [REDACTED] Abkhazia [REDACTED] South Ossetia [REDACTED] Namibia [REDACTED] South Africa [REDACTED] Eswatini [REDACTED] Switzerland [REDACTED] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and insular areas : [REDACTED] American Samoa [REDACTED] Guam [REDACTED] United States Minor Outlying Islands [REDACTED] Northern Mariana Islands [REDACTED] Puerto Rico [REDACTED] United States Virgin Islands and Compact of Free Association members : [REDACTED] Marshall Islands [REDACTED] Federated States of Micronesia [REDACTED] Palau [REDACTED] Ecuador [REDACTED] El Salvador [REDACTED] Panama [REDACTED] Timor-Leste [REDACTED] Turks and Caicos Islands [REDACTED] British Virgin Islands [REDACTED] BES islands (Panama only) Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has
3404-594: The US since 1982. Concerning fiscal policies, 12% of the US federal budget is used for transfers to states and local governments. The US government does not impose restrictions on state budget policies, whereas the Treaty of Maastricht requires each eurozone member country to keep its budget deficit below 3% of its GDP. In 2008, a study by Alberto Alesina and Vincenzo Galasso found that the adoption of euro promoted market deregulation and market liberalization . Furthermore,
3478-545: The United Kingdom and Cyprus and between United Kingdom and EU about their partial integration with Cyprus and partial adoption of Cypriot law, including the usage of euro in Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Several currencies are pegged to the euro, some of them with a fluctuation band and others with an exact rate. The Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark was once pegged to the Deutsche mark at par, and continues to be pegged to
3552-418: The accession treaty may very well end up being a very different union, entailing a much closer fiscal, economic, and political convergence than originally anticipated. This changed legal status of the eurozone could potentially cause them to conclude that the conditions for their promise to join were no longer valid, which "could force them to stage new referendums" on euro adoption. Seven countries ( Bulgaria ,
3626-589: The area. The union's success made other states join informally. The Scandinavian Monetary Union , comprising Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, existed between 1873 and 1905 and used a currency based on gold. The system was dissolved by Sweden in 1924. A currency union among the British colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, namely the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Brunei
3700-604: The banknotes, with distinct designs for the constituent polities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska , except for the largest denomination, i. e. the KM 200 note. The banknotes are legal tender throughout the country. On the notes for the Republika Srpska, inscriptions are printed first in Cyrillic and then Latin script, and vice versa. Banknotes, with the exception of
3774-528: The deficit criteria took into account the economic conditions of the member states, and additional factors. The Fiscal Compact (formally, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union), is an intergovernmental treaty introduced as a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth Pact , signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except
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#17327575610333848-637: The deficit or the debt rules. In 1997, Arnulf Baring expressed concern that the European Monetary Union would make Germans the most hated people in Europe. Baring suspected the possibility that the people in Mediterranean countries would regard Germans and the currency bloc as economic policemen. In 2001, James Tobin thought that the euro project would not succeed without making drastic changes to European institutions, pointing out
3922-505: The difference between the US and the eurozone. Concerning monetary policies, the system of Federal Reserve banks in the US aims at both growth and reducing unemployment, while the ECB tends to give its first priority to price stability under the Bundesbank 's supervision. As the price level of the currency bloc is kept low, the unemployment level of the region has become higher than that of
3996-522: The euro today at the Deutsche mark's old rate (1.95583 per euro). The Bulgarian lev was initially pegged to the Deutsche Mark at a rate of BGL 1000 to DEM 1 in 1997, and has been pegged at a rate of BGN 1.95583 to EUR 1 since the introduction of the euro and the redenomination of the lev in 1999. The West African and Central African CFA francs are pegged exactly at 655.957 CFA to 1 EUR. In 1998, in anticipation of Economic and Monetary Union of
4070-643: The euro was also linked to wage moderation, as wage growth slowed down in countries that adopted the new currency. Oliver Hart , who received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016, criticized the euro, calling it a "mistake" and emphasising his opposition to monetary union since its inception. He also expressed opposition to European integration , arguing that the European Union should instead focus on decentralisation as it has “gone too far in centralising power”. In 2018,
4144-409: The eurozone by the ECB. However, sometimes the term eurozone is applied to all territories that have adopted the euro as their sole currency. Further unilateral adoption of the euro ( euroisation ), by both non-euro EU and non-EU members, is opposed by the ECB and EU. The chart below provides a full summary of all applying exchange-rate regimes for EU members , since the birth, on 13 March 1979, of
4218-582: The eurozone have to respect the Stability and Growth Pact , which sets agreed limits on deficits and national debt , with associated sanctions for deviation. The Pact originally set a limit of 3% of GDP for the yearly deficit of all eurozone member states; with fines for any state which exceeded this amount. In 2005, Portugal, Germany, and France had all exceeded this amount, but the Council of Ministers had not voted to fine those states. Subsequently, reforms were adopted to provide more flexibility and ensure that
4292-593: The eurozone should be included in the relevant treaties. On the issue of leaving the eurozone, the European Commission has stated that "[t]he irrevocability of membership in the euro area is an integral part of the Treaty framework and the Commission, as a guardian of the EU Treaties, intends to fully respect [that irrevocability]." It added that it "does not intend to propose [any] amendment" to
4366-501: The eurozone. In fact, they argued, the Treaties make it clear that the process of monetary union was intended to be "irreversible" and "irrevocable". However, in 2009, a European Central Bank legal study argued that, while voluntary withdrawal is legally not possible, expulsion remains "conceivable". Although an explicit provision for an exit option does not exist, many experts and politicians in Europe have suggested an option to leave
4440-451: The genitive plural is the same pfeniga / feninga but with a long unaccented i and a . A syllable after an accented syllable whose vowel is pronounced long and with a continuous tone, i. e. neither rising or falling, is said to have a genitive length (although the word does not necessarily have to be in the genitive case in order to have genitive length on its syllable; it can be in the locative also). These matters should be noted when
4514-442: The idea of withholding regional funding for those who break the deficit limits, as that would only impact the poorer states. In June 2010 France agreed to back Germany's plan for suspending the voting rights of members who breach the rules. In March 2011 was initiated a new reform of the Stability and Growth Pact aiming at straightening the rules by adopting an automatic procedure for imposing of penalties in case of breaches of either
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#17327575610334588-853: The local names are used in English. For example, the English plural "ten pfenigas" / "ten feningas" is incorrect because the final a in the BSC plural pfeniga / feninga already indicates the plural. Therefore "ten pfenigs" / "ten fenings" should be used. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH) uses "fenings" as the English plural. Likewise, "twenty-one markas", "two markes", and "twelve marakas" are incorrect; "twenty-one marks", "two marks", and "twelve marks", respectively, are correct. In December 1998, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 fenings. Coins of 5 fenings, KM 1, KM 2 and KM 5 were introduced later. The coins were designed by Bosnian designer Kenan Zekić and minted at
4662-405: The mainland and in regards to third countries through the trade pacts signed by the mainland state. The European currency union is a part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU). EMU was formed during the second half of the 20th century after historic agreements, such as Treaty of Paris (1951) , Maastricht Treaty (1992). In 2002, the euro , a single European currency,
4736-421: The name of the subdivision. Most, however, consider the "pf" cluster in "pfenig" to be nigh unpronounceable, so the pronunciation was practically immediately reduced to "fenig", which eventually gave rise to the "fening" misspelling. Banknotes of 50 fenings circulated from 1998 to 2003. They were denoted "50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA" / "50 КОНВЕРТИБИЛНИХ ПФЕНИГА"; technically, the word convertible should not qualify
4810-405: The overall confusion surrounding the foreign name of the currency, most people call the convertible mark simply "marka" ("mark") while pfennigs are referred to as "kovanice" ("nickels"). Serbo-Croatian is subject to a case system . For the purposes of pluralizing currency terms, three situations are relevant: For the pfenig, the plural is pfeniga / feninga with a short unaccented a , whereas
4884-499: The relevant Treaties, the current status being "the best way going forward to increase the resilience of euro area Member States to potential economic and financial crises. The European Central Bank , responding to a question by a Member of the European Parliament , has stated that an exit is not allowed under the Treaties. Likewise there is no provision for a state to be expelled from the euro. Some, however, including
4958-479: The single currency on the eurozone peripheral countries. But he adds that the currency bloc will not work perfectly even if a fiscal transfer system is built, because, he argues, the fundamental issue about competitiveness adjustment is not tackled. The problem is, since the eurozone peripheral countries do not have their own currencies, they are forced to adjust their economies by decreasing their wages instead of devaluation. The financial crisis of 2007–2008 prompted
5032-461: The word pfenig because only the mark is convertible. (See Errors for all of the errors on banknotes and coins.) Coins of 10, 20, and 50 pfenigs have circulated since 1998 (the 5-pfenigs coin was released in 2006). All of them are inscribed " ~ feninga " / " ~ фенинга " on the obverse . The misspelling fening / фенинг has never been corrected, and it took such a hold that it was officially adopted and not recognised as incorrect. Due to
5106-409: The world including eurozone as a single entity, by nominal GDP (2020) at their peak level of GDP in billions US$ . The values for EU members that are not also eurozone members are listed both separately and as part of the EU. HICP figures from the ECB, overall index: Interest rates for the eurozone, set by the ECB since 1999. Levels are in percentages per annum. Between June 2000 and October 2008,
5180-483: Was adopted by 12 member states. Currently, the Eurozone has 20 member states. The other members of the European Union are required to adopt the euro as their currency (except for Denmark, which has been given the right to opt out), but there has not been a specific date set. The main independent institution responsible for stability of the euro is the European Central Bank (ECB). Together with 15 national banks it forms
5254-487: Was born with its first 11 member states on 1 January 1999. The first enlargement of the eurozone , to Greece, took place on 1 January 2001, one year before the euro physically entered into circulation. The next enlargements were to states which joined the EU in 2004 , and then joined the eurozone on 1 January of the year noted: Slovenia in 2007, Cyprus in 2008, Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. Croatia, which acceded to
5328-466: Was established by the 1995 Dayton Agreement . It replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar , Croatian kuna and Yugoslav novi dinar as the single currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. Mark refers to the Deutsche Mark , the currency to which it was pegged at par. The names derive from German . The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, have adopted
5402-461: Was established in 1952. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar, the common currency for circulation was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo from 1953 until 1967. Following the cessation of the common currency arrangement, Malaysia (the combination of Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak), Singapore and Brunei began issuing their own currencies. Contemporarily,
5476-436: Was finally reached on a controversial proposal for member states to peer review each other's budgets prior to their presentation to national parliaments . Although showing the entire budget to each other was opposed by Germany, Sweden and the UK, each government would present to their peers and the Commission their estimates for growth, inflation, revenue and expenditure levels six months before they go to national parliaments. If
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