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51-467: Hořovice is located about 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Beroun and 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Prague . It lies in the Hořovice Uplands . The highest point is at 471 m (1,545 ft) above sea level. The stream Červený potok flows through the town. Hořovice was founded between 1303 and 1322, however archaeological excavations proves existence of an early settlement already in

102-426: A bargain and sale deed , implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances. This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or fiduciaries that hold the property by force of law rather than title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at sheriff's sale , or an executor . A so-called quitclaim deed is (in most jurisdictions) actually not

153-419: A 'property register'. Title deeds are documents showing ownership, as well as rights, obligations, or mortgages on the property. Since around 2000, compulsory registration has been required for all properties mortgaged or transferred. The details of rights, obligations, and covenants referred to in deeds will be transferred to the register, a contract describing the property ownership. The main difference between

204-482: A deed "executed by a stranger to the record title hung out in the air like Mahomet's coffin". Mahomet is an archaic spelling of Muhammad . There is a legend that the Prophet Muhammad's coffin was suspended without visible support from the ceiling of his tomb, just as a wild deed just hangs there, not touching the chain of title. Blockchain technology has emerged with the potential to innovate and support

255-425: A deed and an agreement is that the deed is generally signed by only one person / party. Examples of a deed are deeds of hyphenation for creating charge on movable properties in favor of the banks/financial institutions etc. An agreement by its name suggests that there should be at least two parties signing/approving the same. Examples of an agreement are agreement to sale, loan agreement etc. At common law, ownership

306-438: A deed at all—it is actually an estoppel disclaiming rights of the person signing it to property. In some jurisdictions, a deed of trust is used as an alternative to a mortgage . A deed of trust is not used to transfer property directly. It is commonly used in some states — California, for example — to transfer title to land to a “trustee”, usually a trust or title company, which holds the title as security ("in escrow ") for

357-454: A deed must meet several requirements: Under the law of England and Wales , a deed may be delivered or otherwise handled in one of three ways: Deeds delivered unconditionally are irrevocable. Section 46(2) of the UK's Companies Act 2006 states that a document executed as a deed by a company is presumed to be delivered upon execution, but this presumption can be rebutted if a contrary intention

408-688: A deed would in real estate transactions" While instances like the house sales in South Carolina and Florida have demonstrated the practical application of NFTs functioning like land deeds in real estate, the legal framework surrounding such transactions remains in a state of development. As of now, the use of blockchain and NFTs to serve a deed-like purpose, as in real estate, operates in a legal gray area, with no direct legal statutes explicitly supporting or regulating this method of property transfer. This emerging field continues to evolve, with legal experts, industry stakeholders, and legislators examining

459-549: A loan. When the loan is paid off, title is transferred to the borrower by recording a release of the obligation, and the trustee's contingent ownership is extinguished. Otherwise, upon default, the trustee will liquidate the property with a new deed and offset the lender's loss with the proceeds. Sanad , also spelt as sunnud , was a deed granted to the rulers of native princely states in British India confirming them in their ruling position in return for their allegiance to

510-430: A property is held in concurrent estate such as "joint tenants with right of survivor-ship" (JTWROS) or "tenants by the entirety". In each case, the title to the property immediately and automatically vests in the named survivor(s) upon the death of the other tenant(s). In most states joint tenancy with the right of survivor-ship requires all owners to have equal interests in the property, meaning upon sale or partition of

561-498: A specialty is enforceable without consideration . In some jurisdictions, specialties have a liability limitation period of double that of a simple contract and allow for a third party beneficiary to enforce an undertaking in the deed, thereby overcoming the doctrine of privity . Specialties, as a form of contract, are bilateral and can therefore be distinguished from covenants , which, being also under seal, are unilateral promises. At common law , to be valid and enforceable,

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612-597: Is twinned with: Beroun Beroun ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈbɛroun] ; German : Beraun ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 21,000 inhabitants. It lies at the confluence of the Berounka and Litavka rivers. Beroun creates a conurbation with Králův Dvůr , former part of Beroun. The historic town centre is well preserved and

663-407: Is called a wild deed. The general rule is that a subsequent purchaser is not held to have constructive notice of a wild deed. In the example, Cooper's title is unprotected against subsequent good faith purchasers. Suppose Atwood were to fraudulently sell the same property to another person, Dunn. A court would rule that Dunn has good title to the property, not Cooper. A wild deed has been described as

714-585: Is dedicated to swimming, rowing, athletics and other. Husovo Square and its surrounding are the historic centre of Beroun. The square contains many valuable and well preserved houses. The town hall is a Renaissance building from 1560–1564. The Church of Saint James the Great is as old as the town. It is one of the most valuable building in the town. The Church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary

765-475: Is much easier and cheaper to administer, lowering transaction costs. Some Australian properties are still conveyed using a chain of title deeds – usually properties that have been owned by the same family since the nineteenth century – and these are often referred to as 'Old System' deeds. A deed that is recorded, but is not connected to the chain of title of the property, is called a wild deed . A wild deed does not provide constructive notice to later purchasers of

816-428: Is named in honor of violinist Václav Talich , who lived and died in the town. The town is represented by the ice hockey club HC Berounští Medvědi . The formerly 1st league club now plays in lower tiers. There is also the ball hockey club SK Kelti 2008. The football clubs in the town are Český Lev Union Beroun and SK Cembrit Beroun-Závodí, both playing in lower amateur tiers. The sports club TJ Lokomotiva Beroun

867-424: Is protected by law as an urban monument zone . Beroun is made up of seven town parts: Beroun-Centrum, Beroun-Hostim, Beroun-Jarov, Beroun-Město, Beroun-Zavadilka, Beroun-Závodí and Beroun-Zdejcina. Beroun is located about 26 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Prague . It lies at the confluence of the Berounka and Litavka rivers, in the valley of the rivers. The Loděnice River flows through Beroun-Hostim in

918-435: Is proved. Conditions attached to the acceptance of a deed are known as covenants . A deed indented or indenture is one executed in two or more parts according to the number of parties, which were formerly separated by cutting in a curved or indented line known as the chirograph. A deed poll is one executed in one part, by one party, having the edge polled or cut even, and includes simple grants and appointments. In

969-466: Is signed, attested, delivered, and in some jurisdictions , sealed . It is commonly associated with transferring ( conveyancing ) title to property . The deed has a greater presumption of validity and is less rebuttable than an instrument signed by the party to the deed. A deed can be unilateral or bilateral. Deeds include conveyances , commissions , licenses , patents , diplomas , and conditionally powers of attorney if executed as deeds. The deed

1020-463: Is the modern descendant of the medieval charter , and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of livery of seisin . The traditional phrase signed, sealed and delivered refers to the practice of using seals; however, attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent. Agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed or specialty ; in the United States,

1071-423: Is the right to use, possess and enjoy the property for a period of time measured by the natural life of a person or persons. When all life tenants are dead, the remainder-man holds full title. When deeds are taken as joint tenants with rights of survivor-ship (JTWROS) or joint tenants in common (TIC), any co-owner can file a petition for partition to dissolve the tenancy relationship. JTWROS deed holders always take

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1122-508: Is the river basin of the Berounka, at 212 m (696 ft). The settlement Na Brodě ("By the Ford"), which was the predecessor of Beroun, was first mentioned in a 1088 deed . The first written mention of Beroun (under its Latin name Verona ) is in a deed of King Ottokar II from 1265. Ottokar II designated a strategically important place for the establishment of a settlement, from which

1173-633: The British Raj . Since the extinction of the royal bloodline would be a ground for annexation of a principality by the British, some rulers were also granted sanads of adoption. Devised as a reward for loyalty to British rule in India, especially after the Indian rebellion of 1857 , such deeds gave a ruler the right to adopt chosen heirs from local noble families in case of lack of direct issue. Among

1224-719: The House of Habsburg from 1526, the town's estates were seized. During the Thirty Years' War it was sacked in turn by the Imperial army, Saxon forces, and Swedish forces. In the First Silesian War the same fate befell it at the hands of French and Bavarian troops. In the 18th century, Beroun became a garrison town and did not prosper again until the 1860s, with the opening of limestone quarries and iron ore mines. Beside several ironworks , Beroun became

1275-431: The recorder of deeds , who acts as a cadastre, to be registered. An unrecorded deed may be valid proof of ownership between the parties, but may have no effect upon third-party claims until disclosed or recorded. A local statute may prescribe a period beyond which unrecorded deeds become void as to third parties, at least as to intervening acts. Ownership transfer may also be crafted within deeds to pass by demise, as where

1326-562: The 10th century. There was a trading post, later rebuilt and expanded into a castle in the Gothic style (the so-called "Old Castle"). Due to frequent fires in the town (in 1540, 1590, 1624, 1639, 1690 and 1694) and reconstructions, almost all documents of Gothic and Renaissance architecture were destroyed. The construction of the Bohemian Western Railway in around 1862 contributed to the development of industry. Gradually,

1377-748: The Holy Trinity was built in the Baroque style in 1674. The town hall is a Neo-Renaissance building from 1905. The former synagogue in Hořovice was built in 1903. The building survived World War II, but as the Jewish population of Hořovice disappeared as a result of the Holocaust , it lost its purpose. From 1947, it serves as a prayerhouse of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren . Hořovice

1428-516: The easternmost part of the municipal territory and then joins the Berounka just outside the territory of Beroun. The surrounding landscape is hilly. The southern part of the municipal territory, including the built-up area, lies in the Hořovice Uplands . The northern part lies in the Křivoklát Highlands . The highest point is the Děd hill at 493 m (1,617 ft) above sea level. The lowest point

1479-530: The full scope of legal authority and personal verification typically associated with notarial services. Nevertheless, proposals exist to further develop blockchain infrastructure, potentially expanding its use as a notarial mechanism in certain applications. The New York State Bar Association has stated that blockchain technology can be employed "to hold and secure records to land deeds" John Morton, attorney at Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman told Fortune Magazine that NFTs "operate "in many respects exactly like

1530-470: The function of deeds in specific contexts. By design, blockchains contain an immutable ledger of transactions, recording transfers of information among users. Within this system, a particular type of transferable object, known as a non-fungible token (NFT) , can be created. These NFTs are unique, verifiable, and protected against arbitrary tampering, thanks to the immutable nature of the blockchain. By incorporating metadata (additional information embedded in

1581-457: The improvements actually added substantial value to the property. In the United States, a pardon of the President was once considered to be a deed and thus needed to be accepted by the recipient. This made it impossible to grant a pardon posthumously. However, in the case of Henry Ossian Flipper , this view was altered when President Bill Clinton pardoned him in 1999. Germany operates

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1632-403: The land to Cooper, and Cooper records her deed. But because the previous deed (the deed from Atwood to Burns) was not recorded, Cooper's deed is outside the chain of title. In a title search, someone looking up Atwood's name in the grantor index would find no indication that Atwood conveyed the property, and nothing would lead the searcher to Cooper's deed." A deed that is outside the chain of title

1683-431: The object), NFTs can be tailored to reference and represent a wide range of assets in both digital and physical worlds. The blockchain’s immutability, proof of transfer and data transparency (information on the blockchain is generally publicly available to view) provide functions akin to those of a notary, such as ensuring the integrity and permanence of records. However, it is important to recognize that it does not replicate

1734-408: The property in equal shares; therefore, if the partnership is dissolved through partition, the proceeds must be equally distributed between all of the co-owners without regard to how much each co-owner contributed to the purchase price of the property. No credits would be allowed for any excess contributions to the purchase price. For example, if A and B co-own property as JTWROS and A contributed 80% of

1785-403: The property, all owners would receive an equal distribution of the proceeds. Joint ownership may also be by tenants in common (TIC). In some states, joint ownership is presumed to be as tenants in common unless the parties are married and the deed so states or the deed sets for joint tenants with right of survivor-ship. Upon death, the decedent's share passes to his or her estate. A life estate

1836-416: The property, because subsequent bona fide purchasers cannot reasonably be expected to locate the deed while investigating the chain of title to the property. Haupt has stated that Because title searching relies on the grantor/grantee indexes, it's possible that a deed won't be discovered even though it was recorded. "Example: Atwood sells his land to Burns, but Burns does not record his deed. Burns later sells

1887-487: The purchase price, A and B would still receive equal distributions upon partition. On the other hand, TIC deed holders may be granted at partition a credit for unequal contributions to purchase price. During either partition, credits may be awarded to any co-owner who may have contributed in excess of his share to the property expenses after taking deed to the property. Credits may be allowed for utilities and maintenance; however, credits for improvements may not be allowed unless

1938-494: The road from Plzeň to Prague passed through the gates. In 1724, the Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows was built. Beroun is twinned with: Deed A deed is a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially concerning the ownership of property or legal rights. Specifically, in common law , a deed is any legal instrument in writing which passes, affirms or confirms an interest , right , or property and that

1989-534: The rulers that were given sanads of adoption, Takht Singh , Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur , as well as the rulers of Nagod State , Samthar State and the Chaube Jagirs are worth mentioning. The main clauses of a deed of conveyance are: Usually the transfer of ownership of real estate is registered at a cadastre in the United Kingdom. In most parts of the United States, deeds must be submitted to

2040-430: The site of textile manufacturing, and the population increased. Beroun was significantly transformed during communist rule. Heavy industry was expanded, and central government policy set quotas for new flats. As Beroun is situated between two rivers in a deep valley without suitable building plots, quotas were met by demolishing historical medieval buildings and erecting prefabricated high-rise buildings. The town look

2091-414: The town of Beroun originated, that formed the shortest and easiest connection between Prague and Plzeň . In 1295, King Wenceslaus II decided to re-settle and expand the town. At this time, the historic core of Beroun was created, which has been roughly preserved to this day. A Dominican convent was also founded. In 1303, Wenceslaus II made Beroun a royal town. During the reign of Emperor Charles IV ,

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2142-566: The town of Hořovice, which during the late Middle Ages had one of the most substantial Jewish populations in the Bohemian Kingdom . Rabbis and communal leaders such as Isaiah Horowitz or Shabtai Sheftel Horowitz traced their lineage from this town. Hořovice is located on the railway line Prague– Klatovy via Plzeň . Hořovice is known for the Hořovice Castle , protected as a national cultural monument . The so-called New Castle

2193-508: The town prospered and rapidly developed. In 1421, Hussite forces under the command of Jan Žižka stormed the town and demolished the Dominican convent, and though it was retaken and devastated after the Battle of Lipany , it has remained a mainly Czech settled town since then. During the reign of King Vladislaus II (1471–1516), Beroun reached its greatest prosperity. Under the rule of

2244-769: The town, significantly raising the quality of living. In the 21st century, Beroun has become a popular place to live with high population growth and with an above-average quality of environment and health care. Beroun is connected via D5 motorway (part of the European route E50 ) with Prague and German Bundesautobahn 6 to Nuremberg . Several railway lines run through Beroun: Prague– České Budějovice , Prague– Klatovy via Plzeň , Beroun– Český Brod , Beroun– Rakovník and Beroun– Blatná There are two train stations: Beroun and Beroun-Závodí. The Talich's Beroun international music festival has been held annually in Beroun since 1983. It

2295-503: The traditional handicraft nail production disappeared, and was replaced by machine production in the newly established factories. Thanks to the rich deposits in the area, iron ore has been processed here since the 14th century. Cast iron has made the area famous since the 18th century. Stoves, grilles, railings, reliefs and busts were cast in the local foundries. One of the most worldwide spread Jewish surname Horovitz / Horowitz / Gurvich / Hurwicz / Hurwitz / Horvitz , etc., originates from

2346-406: The transfer of real estate, a deed conveys ownership from the old owner (the grantor) to the new owner (the grantee), and can include various warranties . The precise name and nature of these warranties differ by jurisdiction. Often, however, the basic differences between them is the degree to which the grantor warrants the title. The grantor may give a general warranty of title against any claims, or

2397-409: The warranty may be limited to only claims which occurred after the grantor obtained the real estate. The latter type of deed is usually known as a special warranty deed . While a general warranty deed was normally used for residential real estate sales and transfers, special warranty deeds are becoming more common and are more commonly used in commercial transactions. A third type of deed, known as

2448-495: Was built in 1525, after a new cemetery was established during the great plague. The Beroun walls are an exceptional monument of a medieval fortification in Bohemia. They were built during the reign of Wenceslaus II. They surrounded the town with a total length of 1,170 metres (3,840 ft). Plzeňská Gate (also known as "Upper Gate") and Pražská Gate ("Lower Gate") were the most significant parts of town fortifications. Until 1842,

2499-808: Was built in 1680–1709. It contains the adjacent French-English park and it is open to the public. The Old Castle houses the Police of the Czech Republic, the Municipal Library and the Information Centre, and offices of a family centre and of the Museum of the Bohemian Karst. A gallery and exposition of Hořovice Region Museum are also located there. The second historic centre is Palackého Square with its surroundings. The Church of

2550-464: Was changed again in the 1980s when the D5 highway was opened, running on the bridge above the town. Králův Dvůr , together with multiple municipalities, was joined to Beroun in 1980. In 1990, Králův Dvůr and Trubín became separate municipalities. Since the fall of communism, the town has been revitalised. Medieval buildings have been reconstructed, and town walls have been conserved. Heavy industry left

2601-573: Was proven via an unbroken chain of title deeds. The Torrens title system is an alternative way of proving ownership. First introduced in South Australia in 1858 by Sir Robert Torrens and adopted later by the other Australian states and other countries, ownership under Torrens title is proven by possession of a certificate of title and the corresponding entry in the property register. This system removes risks associated with unregistered deeds and fraudulent or otherwise incorrect transactions. It

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