Kalašma or Kalasma (occasionally Kalašpa ) was a late Bronze Age polity in Northern Anatolia on the border of the Hittite Empire .
11-479: Kalašma was located somewhere in northwestern Anatolia. Though its precise location is uncertain, its location relative to other places can be deduced from geographical references in contemporary documents. For instance, it is known to have been south of Arawanna and west of Pala . Current research suggests that it was located near modern day Bolu . A city called Harranassi may have been located in Kalašma. When Hittite
22-616: Is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey . It's located at 106 km (66 mi) from the city of Çorum ; it is the seat of Kargı District . Its population is 5,537 (2022). The first settlement in Kargı is known in the Hellenistic period as Blaene , mentioned by Strabo . From 1867 until 1922, Kargı was part of Angora vilayet . The district is known for growing high-quality rice and okra and for producing
33-575: Is likely that the Palaic peoples disappeared after the Kaskian invasion. The Palaic mythology is known from cuneiform ritual texts from the temple of the Palaic storm god in the Hittite capital Ḫattuša where the cult of Palaic deities continued even when contacts between Hittites and Pala had disappeared. The following deities are known: Blaene Kargı ( Turkish: [ˈkaɾɡɯ] )
44-533: The Hittite capital, he had to perform expiatory rituals to the Sun goddess of the Earth . Arnuwanda I (ruled 1380s BCE) installed oathbound military commanders in regions including Kalašma. Civil administration was by a council of elders . In the reign of Arnuwanda's son Tudhaliya II , troops from Kalašma and elsewhere rebelled and fled through Išuwa to an unnamed enemy country; Tudhaliya's son Suppiluliuma I subdued
55-770: The east of ancient Troy . In the Old Hittite period Pala was mentioned as an administrative area under Hittite jurisdiction in the Hittite laws . At the end of the Old Hittite period, contact between the Hittites and Pala ceased because of the capture of the Black Sea region by the Kaskian people, though the area was still referred to as 'the land of Pala" as late as the reign of Muršili II (1330–1295 BCE). It
66-689: The land of Kalašma " was discovered in the Bogazköy Archive excavated at Ḫattuša. It is in the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages , probably the Luwic sub-branch. In 1958 Einar von Schuler [ de ] had noted that a Hittite-language oath taken by officials from Kalašma represented a different dialect of Hittite from the oath of other regions' officials. Pala (Anatolia) Pala ( Cuneiform : pa-la-a )
77-491: The rebel regions. There were several revolts in the reign of Suppiluliuma's son Muršili II (ended 1295 BCE). One triggered a punitive raid by Hittite general Nuwanzas. Muršili replaced the elders with a single administrator named Aparru, who rebelled, seized royal power, and invaded neighbouring Sappa. Aparru was soon defeated but Kalašma was in civil war until pacified the next year by Hutupiyanza, governor of Pala. Kalašmans were later to be found further east, at Pahhuwa on
88-417: The south. The country named *Bla leading to Blaene in cuneiform script was written as pa-la-a . The country of Pala may have been located along the Black Sea coast, either in the region known as Paphlagonia in classical antiquity or the much smaller territory of Blaene located within, though it has been alternately located near modern-day Sivas as well. Bryce believed it was situated 600 km to
99-525: The upper Euphrates, possibly having been deported there by Muršili, or as mercenary soldiers . Kalašmans fought alongside the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh against the Egyptian Empire in 1274 BCE. Kalašma is one of the places mentioned in a Luwian hieroglyphic tablet from the reign of Arnuwanda III (ended c. 1210 BCE) as conquered by Mukšuš . In 2023 a tablet written in " the language of
110-471: Was a Bronze Age country in Northern Anatolia . Little is known of Pala except its native Palaic language and its native religion. Their language shared common innovations with Luwian not present in the Hittite language suggesting a prior Luwian-Palaic linguistic complex. Pala is said to have been bordered by Tummana to the east, Kalasma to the west and Kaissiya to Mount Asharpaya toward
121-429: Was first deciphered, Bedřich Hrozný took the placename "Kalašmitta" to be a variant of "Kalašma", but current research suggests that they were in fact separate places. Forlanini says that Kalašma was not a tribal name but a city-state , the eponymous city having been fortified by the Hittite king Hantili I (died c. 1560 BCE). Hantili failed to reinstate Kalašma's local weather god , and on returning to Ḫattuša ,
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