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40-523: The relationship between the Directorate, which was more pro-Lithuanian as it was indirectly appointed by the President of Lithuania , and the local parliament, which was more pro-German, was tense. Of the six elected parliaments only two finished their full three-year term. The Directorate also often received votes of no confidence from the parliament and had to be replaced. A procedural dispute over

80-634: A clear supermajority . The pro-German parliament often clashed with the more pro-Lithuanian Directorate. The first three parliaments were dismissed by the Directorate and the Governor. In the 1932 case, the Permanent Court of International Justice ruled that the Lithuanians erred in dismissing the third parliament. After the crisis surrounding the trial of the Nazi activists , the 1935 election

120-537: A free city, similar to the Free City of Danzig . In February 1922, Simonaitis resigned in protest of such policies. The Directorate was in charge of public institutions (railroad, postal service, customs, etc.), but its jurisdiction over of the police and courts was limited to financial matters. The President of the Directory was the head of the administration and had extensive powers in his own right. The members of

160-646: A majority of Germans in the Directorate. But even this compromise Directorate faced opposition. New elections to the parliament were held in November 1935. They were purposefully delayed beyond six-week period allowed by the Convention by the Lithuanians, who hoped to build pro-Lithuanian momentum. Despite the efforts, the Lithuanian candidates received only five seats. Baldžius was appointed the President of

200-503: A president. The Lithuanian president has somewhat more executive authority than their counterparts in neighboring Estonia and Latvia ; the Lithuanian president's function is very similar to that of the presidents of France and Romania . Similarly to them, but unlike presidents in a fully presidential system such as the United States , the Lithuanian president generally has the most authority in foreign affairs. In addition to

240-520: A significant role in domestic policy, possessing the right to submit bills to the Seimas and to veto laws passed by it, appointing the prime minister and approving the government formed by them, and also having the right to dissolve the Seimas and call snap elections following a successful motion of no confidence or if the Seimas refuses to approve the government's budget within sixty days. However,

280-850: The League of Nations . After the Klaipėda Revolt in January 1923, the region was transferred to Lithuania on condition that it would abide by the Klaipėda Convention , signed in May 1924 and fully effective in August 1925. The Convention included the Statute of the Klaipėda Region, which described region's legislative, judicial, administrative, and financial autonomy. The Convention also established

320-462: The Treaty of Versailles of June 1919, Klaipėda Region was detached from East Prussia and placed under provisional French administration. Even before the treaty was officially signed, German political parties held a proto-parliament ( German : Vorparlament ) and formed the seven-member Executive Committee ( German : Arbeitsausschus ) to govern the region on the interim basis. On February 10, 1920,

360-591: The Directorate (President), who was appointed by the governor, who in turn was appointed by the President of Lithuania . The Directorate consisted of no more than five members, all of whom had to be residents of the region, and served as long as it had the confidence of the Klaipėda Parliament. The governor in agreement with the Directorate could dissolve the parliament. The Directorate had the right to initiate legislature, issue regional passports, appoint tribunal judges for life, various officials, and one member of

400-467: The Directorate were appointed and dismissed by the French commissioner. Seeing that the region is likely to become a free city, the Lithuanian government and activists began organizing the Klaipėda Revolt to take the region by force and present the League of Nations with a fait accompli . Lithuanian Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas took great care to represent the revolt as a genuine uprising of

440-504: The Lithuanians learned about this trip, Governor Antanas Merkys dismissed Böttcher for overstepping his authority as the Klaipėda Convention left foreign affairs as a sole responsibility of the central Lithuanian government. It was the first time that the Directorate was dismissed without approval from the parliament, which alleged that this was illegal under the Convention. Merkys then appointed Jonas Tolišius and Eduardas Simaitis as

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480-470: The President of the Directorate. It was expected that the new parliament would vote to secede from Lithuania as soon as it convened in March 1939. However, Lithuania "voluntarily" transferred the region to Germany following the ultimatum of March 20, 1939 . Following the transfer, the Directorate and the parliament were dissolved. The Convention outlined organizational structure, competency, and relationship to

520-601: The Presidents of the Directorate, but neither of them were able to obtain vote of confidence from the parliament. Faced with a deadlock, Merkys and Simaitis dissolved the parliament. Germany submitted the dispute to the League of Nations, which referred the case to the Permanent Court of International Justice . In August 1932, the Court ruled that Lithuania had the right to dismiss Böttcher and appoint Simaitis, but did not have

560-664: The Republic of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas ) is the head of state of the Republic of Lithuania . The president directs and appoints the executive branch of the Government of Lithuania , represents the nation internationally and is the commander-in-chief of the Lithuanian Armed Forces . The president is directly elected by the citizens of Lithuania for a five-year term, with

600-402: The Statute of the Klaipėda Region, which was akin to regional constitution. While the region became integral part of Lithuania, it was also granted extensive legislative, judicial, administrative, and financial autonomy to preserve "traditional rights and culture of the inhabitants". The region elected its own local Klaipėda Parliament . Members of the Directorate were appointed by the chairman of

640-554: The all-German Directorate. In effect, the pro-German forces controlled the region. Relative stability returned, while pro-German and pro-Nazi activists increased their influence. They campaigned for re-attachment of the region to Germany. Eventually, defendants of the Neumann–Sass case had their sentences commuted and a number of them successfully ran in the December 1938 elections. Wilhelm Bertuleit , Neumann's right-hand man, became

680-665: The central Lithuanian government of the autonomous institutions – the Directorate, local parliament , and governor. This enabled the directorate under Viktoras Gailius to conclude with the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union the Agreement concerning the Evangelical Church of the Memel Territory ( German : Abkommen betr. die evangelische Kirche des Memelgebietes ) on July 23, 1925, as to

720-570: The customary diplomatic powers of Heads of State, namely receiving the letters of credence of foreign ambassadors and signing treaties , the president determines Lithuania's basic foreign policy guidelines. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Lithuanian Armed Forces , and accordingly heads the State Defense Council and has the right to appoint the Chief of Defence (subject to Seimas consent). The president also has

760-468: The death of Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann in 1929. As a permanent member of the Council of the League of Nations , Germany used its right, provided by the Convention, to refer the local disputes to the League of Nations . In August 1930, a dispute arose over the appointment of pro-Lithuanian Martynas Reisgys. The parliament voted no confidence, Reisgys dismissed the parliament, and Germany submitted

800-515: The dismissal of the Otto Böttcher's Directorate in 1932 was only resolved by the Permanent Court of International Justice . The relationship stabilized in late 1930s when both the parliament and the Directorate supported pro-Nazi activities. The growing tension between Nazi Germany and Lithuania resulted in the ultimatum of March 1939 . Memel Territory was incorporated into Germany and the autonomous institutions were dissolved. According to

840-481: The dispute to the League. Lithuania wished to avoid the intervention by the League and compromised with Germany, appointing Otto Böttcher. After 1931 customs agreement between Lithuania and Germany, exports of agricultural products from Klaipėda to East Prussia fell sharply. In December 1931, Böttcher and two members of the parliament secretly traveled to Berlin to discuss agricultural imports with German Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Agriculture. Once

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880-567: The first French troops, commanded by General Dominique Joseph Odry, arrived to the region. A week later Odry recognized the Executive committee, transforming it into the Directorate. Initially all its members were German, which caused protests among the Prussian Lithuanian activists. Two Lithuanians, Erdmonas Simonaitis and Mikelis Reidys, were co-opted on March 12, 1920. Odry resigned on May 1, 1921, leaving Gabriel Jean Petisné

920-571: The framework of the autonomous institutions – the local parliament and the Klaipėda Directorate (executive branch). The parliament was to be democratically elected for three-year terms by the local inhabitants in the proportion of one representative per 5,000 residents. The parliament confirmed and dismissed the Directorate, appointed by the Governor. The Directorate and the Lithuanian-appointed Governor could dismiss

960-456: The governor in November 1933. To combat spreading Nazism , CSA and SOVOG were outlawed, its leaders and over 100 members were arrested and put on trial for anti-state activities (the Neumann–Sass case ). Navakas demanded that the Directorate dismissed teachers and other officials who were members of anti-state parties or otherwise disloyal to the state. When Schreiber resisted, the Directorate

1000-405: The highest-ranking official in the region. He appointed a new Directorate, presided by pro-German Prussian Lithuanian Wilhelm Steputat  [ de ] . In September 1921, he also established 20-member advisory Council of State ( German : Staatsrat ; Lithuanian : Valstybės taryba ). Petisné and the Directorate generally held anti-Lithuanian attitudes and supported turning the region into

1040-753: The local population against oppression by the German Directorate. Such plan was designed to direct Allied protests away from the Lithuanian government and to exploit the anti-German sentiment in Europe. On January 9, 1923, the Supreme Committee for the Salvation of Lithuania Minor declared that it usurped power in the region, dismissed Steputat's Directorate, and authorized Simonaitis to form a new five-member Directorate within three days. The rebels then petitioned to unite with Lithuania citing

1080-625: The next elected Seimas may retaliate by calling for an earlier presidential election. Finally, the president ensures an effective judiciary, being responsible for nominating one third of the judges of the Constitutional Court , and the entirety of the Supreme Court , for appointment by the Seimas; the president also has the right to directly appoint all other judges. Under the Constitution of Lithuania adopted in 1992,

1120-555: The office holder limited to serving two terms consecutively. The current president is Gitanas Nausėda who assumed office on July 12, 2019. To be eligible for election, candidates must be at least 40 years old on the election day and reside in Lithuania for at least three years, in addition to satisfying the eligibility criteria for a member of the parliament. A person who has been removed from office through impeachment for breach of constitution or an oath of office may not be elected as

1160-691: The organisation of the Protestant congregations. The Protestant congregations in the Memel Territory were disentangled from the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia and formed the Regional Synodal Federation of the Memel Territory ( Landessynodalverband Memelgebiet ) since, being ranked an ecclesiastical province directly subordinate to the Evangelical Supreme Church Council . President of Lithuania The president of

1200-542: The parliament. Therefore, the parliament lacked the quorum to dismiss Reisgys. Germany withdrew from the League in October 1933 over the re-armament and could not directly petition the League of Nations to intervene. Therefore, Germany petitioned the signatories of the Convention, but they delayed and responded only by sending diplomatic notes. Nevertheless, Lithuania responded by replacing Governor Navakas with Kurkauskas and President Reisgys with Brūvelaitis and including

1240-587: The parliament; in such a case, the new elections had to be called within six weeks. The Governor could veto laws passed by the parliament, but only if they violated the Convention, Constitution of Lithuania , or other international agreements. Of the 165 laws passed between 1925 and 1938, 62 were vetoed. The parliament was in charge of region's education, religious affairs, public health and welfare, local infrastructure, civil, criminal, and economic legislature, finances, court organization, etc. In all elections 29 representatives were elected, and pro-German parties won

Directorate of the Klaipėda Region - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-455: The president is elected to a five-year term under a modified two-round system : a candidate requires an absolute majority of the vote and either voter turnout to be above 50% or for their vote share to be equivalent to at least one-third of the number of registered voters to win the election in the first round. If no candidate does so, the two candidates with the most votes face each other in a second round held two weeks later. Upon taking office,

1320-572: The president must suspend any formal membership in a political party. If the president dies or becomes incapacitated while in office, the Speaker of the Seimas assumes the office until a new president can be inaugurated following fresh elections. Parliament of the Klaip%C4%97da Region The Parliament of the Klaipėda Region ( Chamber of Representatives of the Memel Territory , Lithuanian : Seimelis )

1360-444: The right of self-determination . The League of Nations initially protested the revolt, but quickly accepted the transfer. The Simonaitis' Directorate was disbanded on February 14 to appease the League. The Lithuanians left the region's administration as it was before the revolt until the signing of the Klaipėda Convention , which formalized the transfer of the Klaipėda Region to Lithuania, in May 1924. The Klaipėda Convention contained

1400-727: The right to dissolve the parliament. The new elections to the parliament took place in May 1932. In an attempt to normalize the situation, Governor Merkys was replaced with more liberal career diplomat Vytautas Gylys and President Simaitis with Ottomar Schreiber, who was an industrialist and not a politician. The relative calm was disrupted by Nazi seizure of power in Germany . The local German activist began organizing pro-Nazi parties ( Christlich-Sozialistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft or CSA and Sozialistische Volksgemeinschaft or SOVOG) in spring–summer 1933. The Lithuanians responded by appointing hard-line advocate of Lithuanian interest Jonas Navakas as

1440-411: The three-member Harbor Board in charge of the port of Klaipėda . Matters specifically placed under local authority of the parliament and Directorate included public worship and education, local administrative divisions, health and social welfare, roads and public works, civil, criminal, and commercial legislation, local police, taxes (except custom duties). The relationship between the Directorate, which

1480-480: Was dismissed by Navakas, who appointed pro-Lithuanian Martynas Reisgys. It was clear that Reisgys could not obtain vote of confidence from the parliament. Thus two weeks before the parliamentary session, Lithuanian military commander dissolved the Memel Agricultural Party , pro-German party with 11 seats in the parliament, on grounds that it was seditious and prohibited its members from sitting in

1520-481: Was more pro-Lithuanian, and the local parliament, which was more pro-German, was tense and often led to conflicts over the interpretation of the Klaipėda Convention and Statute. Of the six elected parliaments only two finished their full three-year term. The Directorate also often received votes of no confidence from the parliament and had to be replaced. The local tensions reflected growing tensions between Lithuania and Germany, which became increasingly revisionist after

1560-401: Was postponed by the Lithuanians beyond the six-week period allowed by the Convention in hopes to build a pro-Lithuanian momentum. The election law was also changed – the voters now had to submit 29 separate ballots for each individual they preferred, rather than a single ballot for a party. The German parties submitted a single unified list, while Lithuanian parties presented six. The parliament

1600-463: Was the parliament of the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory), an autonomous region of Lithuania . The parliament was established by the Klaipėda Convention of 1924 and the first elections took place in October 1925. According to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) was detached from East Prussia , German Empire , and placed under temporary administration of

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