Man and the Biosphere Programme ( MAB ) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by UNESCO , that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments.
12-500: The Krkonoše/Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Czech: [ˈkr̩konoʃɛ] , Polish: [karkɔˈnɔʂɛ] ) is a MAB transboundary biosphere reserve , mixed mountain and highland system designated by UNESCO as Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mountains in 1992. It is shared by the Czech Republic and Poland . Notably, it is one of only two successful transboundary management structures in existence, aside from
24-626: A significant infrastructure both for winter-and-summer sports, as well as qualified tourism. The landscape relief on the Polish side of the biosphere reserve differs from the Czech part considerably. It is very steep and therefore lacking in human development, but instead, it is covered by dense forests. However, both Polish and Czech mountains are equally impacted by heavy air pollution. The Giant Mountains are frequented by over 10 million visitors annually, mostly hikers and skiers, with about 6–8 million in
36-717: Is defined by its main governing body, the International Coordinating Council. The MAB Council consists of 34 member states elected by UNESCO's General Conference. The council elects a chair and five vice-chairs from each of UNESCO's geopolitical regions, one of which functions as a rapporteur. These constitute the MAB Bureau. The MAB Secretariat is based at UNESCO's Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris. It works with field offices at national and regional levels. MAB
48-470: Is funded by UNESCO and mobilizes funds in trust granted by Member States, bilateral and multilateral sources, and extra-budgetary funds provided by countries, the private sector and private institutions. The first World Congress of Biosphere Reserves was held in Minsk, Belarus in 1983; the congress created an 'Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves' which was adopted the following year. The second World Congress
60-511: The IUCN classification system . The IUCN distinguishes between the biosphere core area, buffer zones, transition zones, and each individual biosphere reserve. Biosphere core zones were in IUCN category I; either Ia ( strict nature reserve ) or Ib ( wilderness area ). Biosphere buffer zones would fall into categories IV, V or VI, and transition zones would be categorized as either V or VI, if possible. In
72-767: The Sustainable Development Goals and the Post 2015 Development Agenda . The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. As of July 2024 , 759 sites across 136 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves . The reserves cover more than 5% of the world’s surface and are home to over 260 million people. Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Its biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under
84-458: The 2020s, the zones are categorized as follows: core (category I-IV), buffer (category V-VI), transition (uncategorized). Participating countries establish MAB National Committees that define and implement each country's activities. MAB currently operates through 158 national committees established among the 195 member states and nine associate member states of UNESCO. The agenda of the MAB programme
96-584: The Czech Republic and 2,5–3 million on the Polish side of the system as of 2002. The Krkonoše/Karkonosze biosphere reserve programme is run by nine Czech-Polish working groups, each focusing on a separate topic area, including nature conservation, tourism, forestry management, and local communities among other things. Their Bilateral Board provides a forum for cross-border communication regarding legal matters as well as development plans and scientific research. The sun-drenched southern slopes differ from
108-673: The East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve, due to contrasting goals in other shared areas covered by MAB. The Krkonoše/Karkonosze ecosystem is managed by the Biosphere Reserve Bilateral Board composed of Czech-Polish specialists, with financial aid from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It is an ecological island , noted by UNESCO for its profusion of mountain meadows with a network of chalets , and
120-567: The northern slopes also in their habitat although both consist basically of alpine tundra vegetation with subarctic peat bogs and spruce forests. The network administration is shared between Krkonoše National Park and Karkonosze National Park authorities, with headquarters in Vrchlabí and Jelenia Góra respectively. Man and the Biosphere Programme MAB engages with the international development agenda, especially
132-499: The sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites'. Biosphere reserves have three zones: The first biosphere reserves were designated in 1976 in several countries including the US, UK, Uruguay, Thailand, Iran and Poland. In 1996, the IUCN and MAB published a guideline for how to assess UNESCO biosphere reserves in
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#1732772395793144-721: Was held in Seville, Spain in March 1995. The third World Congress was held in Madrid, Spain from February 4-9, 2008. The fourth World Congress of Biosphere Reserves took place in Lima , Peru , from March 14-17, 2016. The fifth World Congress is due to be held in Hangzhou, China from September 22-27 2025. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves are as follows: Biosphere Reserve Too Many Requests If you report this error to
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