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121-633: The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty ( SDG 1 ), Zero hunger ( SDG 2 ), Good health and well-being ( SDG 3 ), Quality education ( SDG 4 ), Gender equality ( SDG 5 ), Clean water and sanitation ( SDG 6 ), Affordable and clean energy ( SDG 7 ), Decent work and economic growth ( SDG 8 ), Industry, innovation and infrastructure ( SDG 9 ), Reduced inequalities ( SDG 10 ), Sustainable cities and communities ( SDG 11 ), Responsible consumption and production ( SDG 12 ), Climate action ( SDG 13 ), Life below water ( SDG 14 ), Life on land ( SDG 15 ), Peace, justice, and strong institutions ( SDG 16 ), and Partnerships for

242-515: A common approach toward resolving the problem. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, agreed by the United Nations in 2015, explicitly aimed at advancing policy coherence and institutional integration among the myriad of international institutions. However, research has shown that since the implementation of the SDGs, fragmentation among international organizations has not decreased. Instead,

363-464: A decisive impact on SDG implementation, as well as the ultimate determination of whether the world is closer to realizing the SDGs by 2030. National and local governments use the indicators to measure own progress towards sustainable development, which they report in their voluntary national and local reviews. The indicators are now widely deployed at all levels of sustainability governance. As of 2023, there are 231 official indicators in use. Each target

484-533: A direct and indirect impact on health. Prior to 2002, the term "global health governance" did not exist; it emerged as a description of cross-border initiatives (structures and processes) tackling global health. Global health governance (GHG) has come to replace an earlier term "international health governance" (IHG) which worked in a more state-centric system and era. There is a call for a clearer definition and “conceptual clarity” for GHG due to its multiple meanings and varied uses. Global health governance foregrounds

605-442: A few months, after a steady decrease for the last 20 years. The full text of Target 1.2 is: "By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions." Indicators include: The full text of Target 1.3 is: "Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of

726-442: A major impact on the United Nations system" which is a key actor within the global governance concept. However, the SDGs have broadly failed to integrate global policies and to bring international organizations together. By and large, the SDGs have not become a shared set of connecting goals, and their uptake in global governance remains limited. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 16 on "peace, justice and strong institutions" has

847-554: A reduced reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the goal. SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy." In 2021 to early 2023, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Sixth Assessment Report which assesses scientific, technical, and socio-economic information concerning climate change. SDG 14

968-703: A river flowing in two countries), function-specific (e.g. a commodity agreement), regional (e.g. the Treaty of Tlatelolco ), or global (e.g. the Non-Proliferation Treaty ). These "cooperative problem-solving arrangements" may be formal, taking the shape of laws or formally constituted institutions for a variety of actors (such as state authorities, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sector entities, other civil society actors, and individuals) to manage collective affairs. They may also be informal (as in

1089-631: A significant influence over the indicator selection process. The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025. At the 51st session of the Statistical Commission (held in New York City from 3 to 6 March 2020) a total of 36 changes to the global indicator framework were proposed for

1210-615: A spike in food and energy prices and impeding access to finance, which is expected to increase the severity of poverty, if not its absolute prevalence. The agenda 2030 recognize that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable development in its three dimensions-economic, social and environmental in a balanced integrated manner. To end poverty and hunger everywhere to combat inequalities within and among countries, to build peaceful just and enclosure societies, to protect human right and promote gender equality and

1331-463: A system of international institutions and organizations remains fragmented. Hundreds of international organizations are active in this field (for example, a study in 2022 analyzed 335 of them). However, they are only sparsely connected and often compete for scarce resources while prioritizing their own mandates. There is a need for enhanced international cooperation to better address the interconnected global governance challenges such as health, trade, and

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1452-412: A target and indicator regarding global governance (to be achieved by 2030). The wording of this Target 16.8 is: "Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance." The target has a single indicator which is the "Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations". Research published in 2023 has shown that

1573-412: A variety of institutions featuring many actors and encompassing different levels and scales of governance. Following the growth of international environmental institutions from the 1970s, intergovernmental and transnational environmental governance has rapidly proliferated over the last few decades. As a result of this proliferation, domains of institutional competence increasingly overlap. This compounds

1694-567: A variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries particularly least developed countries." It has three indicators: A proposal has been tabled in 2020 to delete Target 1.a. The full text of Target 1.b is: "Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions." It has one indicator: Indicator 1.b.1

1815-442: Is "CO 2 emissions per unit of value added." SDG 10 is to: "Reduce inequality within and among countries." Important indicators for this SDG are: income disparities, aspects of gender and disability, as well as policies for migration and mobility of people. SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable." Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums,

1936-819: Is a general trend towards the involvement of non-state actors into global policy-making. For example, new alliances are being formed between intergovernmental treaty secretariats and non-state actors. Global sustainability governance is marked by a highly fragmented system of distinct clusters of international organizations , along with states and other actors. World authorities including international organizations and corporations achieve deference to their agenda through different means. Authority can derive from institutional status, expertise , moral authority , capacity , or perceived competence. The most pressing transboundary environmental challenges include climate change , biodiversity loss , and land degradation . Solving these problems now warrants coordination across

2057-520: Is able to apply legal pressure to nation states and resolve disputes". Relations between the Global North and Global South have been impacted by a history of colonialism , during which Northern colonial powers contributed to environmental degradation of natural resources in the South. This dynamic continues to influence international relations and is the basis for what some historians recognize as

2178-489: Is also an indication of the level of poverty. In 2013, an estimated 385 million children lived on less than US$ 1.90 per day. These figures are unreliable due to huge gaps in data on the status of children worldwide. Since 1990, countries around the world have taken various measures to reduce poverty and achieved remarkable results. The number of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 1.8 billion to 776 million in 2013. Still, people continue to live in poverty with

2299-510: Is also an indicator around the facilities that the school buildings have (access to electricity, the internet, computers, drinking water, toilets etc.). SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls." Indicators include, for example, having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in national parliament or in local deliberative bodies. Numbers on forced marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are also included in another indicator. SDG 6

2420-599: Is an annual week-long event in September for action, awareness, and accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals. It is a shared commitment for over 100 partners to ensure quick action on the SDGs by sharing ideas and transformative solutions to global problems. It first took place in 2016. It is often held concurrently with Climate Week NYC . The Arctic Film Festival is an annual film festival organized by HF Productions and supported by

2541-473: Is generally weak evidence linking the means of implementation to outcomes. The targets about means of implementation (those denoted with a letter, for example, Target 6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated. Also, tracking their largely qualitative indicators is difficult. Indicators serve as the key tools for decision-makers to track progress towards the SDG targets. Therefore, they have

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2662-404: Is necessary to ensure maximum output from the system. Others, however, claim that institutions have become too dispersed and lacking in coordination which can be damaging to their effectiveness in global environmental governance. Whilst there are various arguments for and against a WEO, the key challenge, however, remains the same: how to develop a rational and effective framework that will protect

2783-487: Is particularly apparent in the Agenda 2030's core principle of “leaving no one behind”. For example, where the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aimed to “halve the proportion of people” suffering from hunger or “extreme poverty”, the SDGs aim to “end poverty in all its forms everywhere”. The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list which includes all updates until

2904-417: Is recognized as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The goal includes improving north–south and South–South cooperation. Public-private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically mentioned. The 2030 Agenda did not create specific authority for communicating the SDGs; however, both international and local advocacy organizations have pursued significant non-state resources to communicate

3025-474: Is reported that young workers are two times more seemingly to be suffering from unemployment than their elders. There are projections that Sub-Saharan Africa will have the highest rate of increasing poverty because it already has more populations living close to the international poverty line. COVID-19 has further increased the challenges of achieving zero poverty goals as well as other SDG goals by 2030. Though many alternative measures are being deployed to get

3146-629: Is the "Pro-poor public social spending". Custodian agencies are in charge of measuring the progress of the indicators: The UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) meets every year for global monitoring of the SDGs, under the auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council . High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published by the United Nations Secretary General . Eradicating poverty has been made more difficult by

3267-450: Is the "Proportion of population living below the international poverty line aggregated by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location ( urban / rural )". It was reported in 2020 that "The share of the world’s workers living in extreme poverty fell by half over the last decade: from 14.3 per cent in 2010 to 7.1 per cent in 2019". A study published in September 2020 found that extreme poverty had increased by 7 percent in just

3388-426: Is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development." The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources. Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the deadly trio of climate change pressures on the marine environment. SDG 15

3509-591: Is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture ." Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of diet, prevalence of severe food insecurity, and prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age. SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." Important indicators here are life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are for example deaths from road traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide mortality rate. SDG 4

3630-511: Is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all." The Joint Monitoring Programme ( JMP ) of WHO and UNICEF is responsible for monitoring progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal. Important indicators for this goal are the percentages of the population that uses safely managed drinking water, and has access to safely managed sanitation. The JMP reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people do not have safely managed sanitation . Another indicator looks at

3751-532: Is to: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all." The indicators for this goal are, for example, attendance rates at primary schools, completion rates of primary school education, participation in tertiary education, and so forth. In each case, parity indices are looked at to ensure that disadvantaged students do not miss out (data is collected on "female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples"). There

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3872-726: Is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification , and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss ." The proportion of remaining forest area, desertification and species extinction risk are example indicators of this goal. SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels." Rates of birth registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators included in this goal. An inclusive society has "mechanisms to enable diversity and social justice, accommodate

3993-534: Is typically measured with only 1.5 indicators, which monitor quantifiable changes in proportion, rate, amount, and the like. 62% of the targets are supported by sole indicators, effectively equating progress measured on the 105 indicators with progress on the 105 targets. The SDGs rely on “high-quality, timely and reliable data”. Data needs to be “disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics”. This focus on particular groups and individuals

4114-495: The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Local and national lockdowns led to a collapse in economic activity that reduced or eliminated sources of income and accelerated poverty. COVID-19 has caused an increase in global poverty. It was estimated that 71 million people have been pushed into extreme poverty in 2020. The lock down has led to a collapse in economic activities hence causing reduced income leading to accelerated poverty. It

4235-462: The Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs). The choice of indicators was delegated to statisticians who met behind closed doors after the goals and targets were established. However, scholars have pointed out that the selection of indicators was never free from politics. Statisticians received instructions from their governments, and the interests of powerful governments had

4356-652: The Law of Treaties . The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed and ratified in 1985. In 1987, 24 countries signed the Montreal Protocol which imposed the gradual withdrawal of CFCs . Global governance can be roughly divided into four stages: A "new central approach in global governance" is global goal-setting . The Sustainable Development Goals (to be achieved during

4477-1069: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (climate secretariat), the Convention on Biological Diversity (biodiversity secretariat), and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (desertification secretariat) and non-state actors. These secretariats can reach out to non-state actors in order to pursue distinct policy goals. International bureaucracies might mitigate political gridlock by rallying support from transnational and sub-national actors or turning to non-state actors in order to mobilize advocacy, create demonstration effects, or otherwise nudge national governments towards more ambitious international agreements. Where governance refers to institutional arrangements between state and non-state actors, global health governance refers to such institutional arrangements that have

4598-472: The World Bank estimating that 40 million to 60 million people will fall into extreme poverty in 2020. Changes relative to higher poverty lines, not just extreme poverty, are also tracked. The World Bank's 2024 analysis shows that 22 low-income countries, representing 7% of the global population, have experienced only a 0.26% annual GDP growth since the late 1980s. Poverty eradication is important for

4719-521: The " North-South divide ." Scholars argue that this divide has created hurdles in the international lawmaking process regarding the environment. Scholars have noted that unindustrialized countries in the Global South sometimes are disconnected from environmentalism and perceive environmental governance to be a "luxury" priority for the Global North. Also, environmental governance priorities in

4840-435: The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators. Sustainable Development Goal 1 Sustainable Development Goal 1 ( SDG 1 or Global Goal 1 ), one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, calls for the end of poverty in all forms. The official wording is: "No Poverty". Member countries have pledged to "Leave No One Behind": underlying

4961-541: The 20th century, the risks associated with nuclear fission raised global awareness of environmental threats. The 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty prohibiting atmospheric nuclear testing marked the beginning of the globalization of environmental issues. Environmental law began to be modernized and coordinated with the Stockholm Conference (1972), backed up in 1980 by the Vienna Convention on

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5082-648: The 30-member UN General Assembly Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals was established to identify specific goals for the SDGs. The OWG submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th session of the General Assembly in September 2014. On 5 December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary General's Synthesis Report, which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on

5203-527: The 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020. The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability of data at the global level. Initially, some indicators (called Tier 3 indicators) had no internationally established methodology or standards. Later, the global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined. The indicators were developed and annually reviewed by

5324-778: The Global North has had adverse consequences on the environment in the Global South. Environmental and economic priorities in the Global North do not always align with those in the Global South. Tension between countries in the Global North and Global South has caused some academics to criticize global environmental governance for being too slow of a process to enact policy change. Political scientists have said that structural changes in global environmental governance are urgently needed both within and outside United Nations (UN) institutions, including fully fledged international organizations, specialized bodies and programs, as well as secretariats of international environmental agreements . Three examples of intergovernmental treaty secretariats include

5445-469: The Global North have been at odds with the desire to focus on economic development in the Global South. Some analysts propose a shift towards "non-state" actors for the development of environmental governance. Environmental politics researcher Karin Bäckstrand claims this will increase transparency, accountability, and legitimacy. In some cases, scholars have noted that environmental governance in

5566-676: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015. In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development (later known as the Brundtland Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." In 1992, the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or Earth Summit

5687-618: The OWG proposals. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) created the SDGs as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda . This agenda sought to design a new global development framework, replacing the Millennium Development Goals, which were completed that same year. These goals were formally articulated and adopted in a UNGA resolution known as the 2030 Agenda . On 6 July 2017,

5808-615: The SDGS. UN agencies which are part of the United Nations Development Group decided to support an independent campaign to communicate the new SDGs to a wider audience. This campaign, Project Everyone, had the support of corporate institutions and other international organizations . Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level, a team of communication specialists developed icons for every goal. They also shortened

5929-491: The SDGs have not lived up to expectations that they would help integrate the system of global governance. The SDGs are not taken up by a large enough group of international organizations, and organizations continue to cherry-pick SDGs that best fit their interest. In particular, international organizations often cherry-pick SDG 8 (on decent work and economic growth), SDG 9 (on industry and innovation), and SDG 12 (on consumption and production). International bureaucracies (in

6050-564: The SDGs in 2015 as a "supremely ambitious and transformative vision" that should be accompanied by "bold and transformative steps" with "scale and ambition". The SDGs are "unique and special, at least in five dimensions". Firstly, they apply to all countries of the world, not just developing countries like the Millennium Development Goals (from the year 2000 to 2015) did. Secondly, they target all three dimensions of sustainability and sustainable development , namely

6171-520: The SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved. The numbering system of targets is as follows: Outcome targets use numbers, whereas means of implementation targets use lower case letters. For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets. The first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are means of implementation targets and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b. However, there

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6292-557: The SDGs were made more actionable by a UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress. Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date. There are cross-cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for example, for SDG 13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans). On

6413-459: The SDGs' Partnership Platform. Held for the first time in 2019, the festival is expected to take place every year in September in Longyearbyen , Svalbard , Norway. The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals . The SDGs were developed to succeed

6534-485: The Sustainable Development Goals that the convention has addressed. In 2019 and then in 2021, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed 17 SDG advocates . The role of the public figures is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and push for faster action on the SDGs. The co-chairs are: Mia Mottley , Prime Minister of Barbados and Justin Trudeau , Prime Minister of Canada . Global Goals Week

6655-474: The United Nations of states but also 'other UNs,' namely international secretariats and other non-state actors." In other words, global governance refers to the way in which global affairs are managed. Global governance has also been defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on

6776-746: The United Nations' High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), an annual forum held under the auspices of the United Nations Economic and Social Council . However, the HLPF comes with its own set of problems due to a lack of political leadership and divergent national interests . To facilitate monitoring of progress on SDG implementation, the online SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 to present all available data across all indicators. The COVID-19 pandemic had serious negative impacts on all 17 SDGs in 2020. A scientific assessment of

6897-525: The ability to enforce their decisions. However, governance is also used to denote the regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority, such as in the international system. Some now speak of the development of global public policy . Adil Najam , a scholar on the subject at the Pardee School of Global Studies , Boston University has defined global governance simply as "the management of global processes in

7018-589: The absence of global government." According to Thomas G. Weiss , director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at the Graduate Center ( CUNY ) and editor (2000–05) of the journal Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations , "'Global governance'—which can be good, bad, or indifferent—refers to concrete cooperative problem-solving arrangements, many of which increasingly involve not only

7139-400: The behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems. Global governance broadly entails making, monitoring, and enforcing rules. Within global governance, a variety of types of actors – not just states – exercise power. In contrast to the traditional meaning of governance , the term global governance is used to denote

7260-616: The building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters . The two targets related to means of implementation SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and the establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels. Despite the ongoing progress, 10 percent of the world's population live in poverty and struggle to meet basic needs such as health , education , and access to water and sanitation . Extreme poverty remains prevalent in low-income countries, particularly those affected by conflict and political upheaval . In 2015, more than half of

7381-476: The capacity to overcome some of the fragmentation of international relations as a discipline particularly when understood as a set of questions about the governance of world orders. Other authors conceptualized global governance as a field of practice in which diverse stakeholders, such as public, private, and supra-governmental actors can compete for influence about issues that are not bound to national boundaries. This conceptualization allows to better understand

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7502-585: The case of practices or guidelines) or ad hoc entities (as in the case of coalitions). However, a single organization may take the nominal lead on an issue, for example the World Trade Organization (WTO) in world trade affairs. Therefore, global governance is thought to be an international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements that affect national governments and international corporations. Examples of such consensus would include WTO policies on health issues. In

7623-461: The commission's consideration. Some indicators were replaced, revised or deleted. Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020, other changes were made to the indicators. Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with difficulties. For each indicator, the Inter-Agency and Expert Group tried to designate at least one custodian agency and focal point that would be responsible for developing

7744-414: The custodian agency for 20 of them and was involved in the development and monitoring of another 22. SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere." Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below the poverty line . The data gets analyzed by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural). SDG 2

7865-421: The dynamics of global governance, such as complex interdependence , international regimes , multilevel governance , global constitutionalism, and ordered anarchy. The term world governance is broadly used to designate all regulations intended for organization and centralization of human societies on a global scale. The Forum for a new World Governance defines world governance simply as "collective management of

7986-413: The early months. Furthermore, COVID-19 exposed the inadequacy in the global food chain. The pandemic had a resounding impact on fragile nations; for example, 15.6 million Yemeni nationals were estimated in September 2020 to be practically starving on a daily basis with millions more being driven into a state of distress. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine severely impacted global trade, causing

8107-693: The effectiveness of interacting institutions due to overlapping mandates and jurisdictions. The regime complex of climate change, for example, is no longer governed exclusively by the UNFCCC as its institutional core, but also by institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO), the UN Security Council , the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and many others, which are not geared toward addressing climate change as their primary governance target. One of

8228-464: The empowerment of women and girls and to insure the lasting protection of plant and its natural resources. By 2030, end hunger and ensure all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situation, including infants to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address

8349-512: The end of the WWI. It was during that post-war period that some of the still existing international institutions (or their immediate predecessors) were founded. Among thinkers who made major contributions to the period discussions on the goals and forms of international governance and policy coordination were J.M. Keynes with his " The Economic Consequences of the Peace " and G. Cassel with his works on

8470-450: The environment. Policy proposals and reform ideas include clustering institutions, managing regime interplay, embracing complexity, or centralizing global sustainability governance through strong coordinating authorities. Fragmentation is a main driver for institutional complexity within global environmental governance. It results from the proliferation of public and private institutions in a given policy area, which can have consequences for

8591-499: The environmental activity of countries in the UN. For example, UNEP has played a vital role as a coordinator and catalyzer for an array of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). UNEP was envisioned to take up a leading role in more centralized global environmental governance. However, UNEP has been widely considered as a weak international organization, as many institutional arrangements concerned with regulating environmental matters have become increasingly independent of UNEP over

8712-506: The environmental, economic and social dimension. Thirdly, the development and negotiations of the SDGs were not "town down" by civil servants but were relatively open and transparent, aiming to include "bottom up" participation. Fourthly, the SDGs have been "institutionally embedded at a higher political level than earlier goals in development policy": A new forum, the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

8833-730: The form of intergovernmental treaty secretariats) exert autonomous influence in various domains of global affairs. An example of an intergovernmental treaty secretariat is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Scholars are finding that international bureaucracies can be actors with considerable agency and can have important tasks in contemporary global policy-making. They rely on soft modes of governance to affect global and domestic policy-making due to their lack of coercive power compared to state actors that can enforce legally binding rules. International bureaucracies can work as orchestrators that interact with non-state actors, such as civil society groups, non-profit entities, or

8954-614: The formation of an overarching institutional framework as a means to improve institutional interaction, more effectively address transboundary environmental problems, and advance sustainable development . Some have advocated for a new, overarching World Environment Organization (WEO). Others have instead argued for modifying existing decision-making procedures and institutional boundaries in order to enhance their effectiveness instead of creating new—likely dysfunctional—overarching frameworks. Some analysts also argue that multiple institutions and some degree of overlap and duplication in policies

9075-408: The formation of silos has increased around the 17 SDG issue areas as well as around the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development . Climate governance is the diplomacy, mechanisms and response measures "aimed at steering social systems towards preventing, mitigating or adapting to the risks posed by climate change ". A definitive interpretation is complicated by

9196-691: The fragmentation and institutional complexity of global environmental governance, but also creates opportunities for productive interactions among institutions. The field of global environmental governance has been characterized as “one of the institutionally most dynamic areas in world politics regarding the number of international institutions and actors that have emerged over the past three decades”. The International Environmental Agreement Database Project currently comprises almost 1300 multilateral agreements and over 2200 bilateral agreements (see also list of international environmental agreements ). The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) coordinates

9317-473: The general public and to policy makers. There is also the urgency of addressing this issue; the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has underlined that the international community has a narrow window of opportunity to act to keep global temperature rise at safe levels. Modern international climate governance is organized around three pillars: mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation. Under each pillar are many issues and policies, illustrating

9438-585: The global campaign against the marketing of breast milk substitutes: collaboration between UNICEF , WHO , the International Baby Food Action Network , and other like-minded non-governmental organizations (NGOs) came together to address this issue. Given the diversity found within the NGO community, specific NGOs can work in collaboration with state actors on specific issues, forming a more permanent yet fluid collaboration between

9559-401: The global climate system – is thus of vital importance. However, building effective collective mechanisms to govern impacts on the climate system at the planetary level presents particular challenges, e.g. the complexity of the relevant science and the progressive refinement of scientific knowledge about our global climate and planetary systems, and the challenge of communicating this knowledge to

9680-414: The global endeavor towards sustainable development. For example, there has long been a tendency to favor socio-economic objectives over environmental ones. Funding remains a critical issue for achieving the SDGs. Significant financial resources would be required worldwide. The United Nations, other international organizations , and national governments are trying to assist with funding efforts. Furthermore,

9801-431: The global environment efficiently. The idea for the creation of a WEO was discussed since the year 2000. It received fresh attention in the light of disappointing outcomes from ‘ environmental mega conferences ’ (e.g. Rio Summit and Earth Summit 2002 ). Proposals in this area have discussed the issue of how collective environmental action is possible. Many multilateral, environment-related agreements have been forged in

9922-578: The global plane are articulated, rights and obligations are established, and differences are mediated". The definition is flexible in scope, applying to general subjects such as global security and order or to specific documents and agreements such as the World Health Organization 's Code on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes . The definition applies whether the participation is bilateral (e.g. an agreement to regulate usage of

10043-789: The goal is a "powerful commitment to leave no one behind and to reach those farthest behind first". SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and sanitation . Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict . SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty. The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to measure progress . The five outcome targets are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and

10164-404: The goals ( SDG 17 ). These goals are ambitious, and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path. Most, if not all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030. Rising inequalities, climate change, and biodiversity loss are topics of concerns threatening progress. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to 2023 made these challenges worse. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and emphasized

10285-588: The goals while indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. SDG 1 has two specific poverty reduction targets: eradicating extreme poverty (target 1.1) and reduce poverty by half by 2030 (target 1.2). Five of the targets are to be reached by 2030, and two have no specified date. The full text of Target 1.1 is: By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently defined as living on less than $ 2.15 per person per day at 2017 purchasing power parity. Target 1.1 includes one indicator: Indicator 1.1.1

10406-770: The interconnectedness of global health, economic, social, and environmental challenges. Some regions, such as Asia, have experienced significant setbacks during that time. The global effort for the SDGs calls for prioritizing environmental sustainability, understanding the indivisible nature of the goals, and seeking synergies across sectors. With regards to the political impact of the SDGs, it has been observed that they have mainly influenced global and national debates. By doing so, they have led to discursive effects for global and national debates. However, they have struggled to achieve transformative changes in policy and institutional structures. The uneven prioritization of goals reflects longstanding national development policies. This complicates

10527-569: The interconnectivity that is needed between state and non-state actors. This interconnectivity differs from former global health systems in the greater role for non-state actors whose numbers are also increasing. Non-state actors are seen as vital at a time when state actors alone cannot address the many health challenges. Global health governance gives new roles for both non-state and state actors, in areas such as agenda setting, resource mobilization and allocation, and dispute settlement. These changing roles have generated new kinds of partnerships such as

10648-411: The labor force compared to men. SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation." Indicators in this goal include for example, the proportion of people who are employed in manufacturing activities, are living in areas covered by a mobile network , or who have access to the internet. An indicator that is connected to climate change

10769-513: The light of the unclear meaning of the term "global governance" as a concept in international politics, some authors have proposed defining it not in substantive, but in disciplinary and methodological terms. For these authors, global governance is better understood as an analytical concept or optic that provides a specific perspective on world politics different from that of conventional international relations theory. Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson have even argued that global governance has

10890-437: The methodology, data collection, data aggregation, and later reporting. The division of indicators was primarily based on existing mandates and organizational capacity. For example, the World Bank established itself as a data gatekeeper in this process through its broad mandate, staff, budget, and expertise in large-scale data collection. The bank became formally involved in about 20 percent of all 231 SDG indicators; it served as

11011-410: The negative consequences of fragmentation is the emergence of conflicting institutional centers within regime complexes. This can hamper the formation of legally binding, internationally accepted regulation. The UNFCCC and International Maritime Organization (IMO), for example, have both addressed the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping without consensus among key actors on

11132-593: The nutritional needs of adolescents girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. The SDGs are interlinked as one growth can positively affect another and vice versa. Eradicating poverty can lead to zero hunger ( SDG 2 ) as hunger and poverty are connected. SDG 1 particularly links to good health and well-being ( SDG 3 ) as eradication of poverty will necessarily increase the standard of living. Organizations dedicated to eradicating extreme poverty to aid in achieving SDG 1 include: Global governance Global governance refers to institutions that coordinate

11253-444: The other hand, critics and observers have also identified trade-offs between the goals,such as between ending hunger and promoting environmental sustainability. Furthermore, concerns have arisen over the high number of goals (compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals), leading to compounded trade-offs, a weak emphasis on environmental sustainability , and difficulties tracking qualitative indicators. The SDGs are monitored by

11374-430: The past 30 years, but their implementation remains difficult. Many proposals for the creation of a WEO have emerged from the trade and environment debate. It has been argued that instead of creating a WEO to safeguard the environment, environmental issues should be directly incorporated into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO has "had success in integrating trade agreements and opening up markets because it

11495-411: The past decades, resembling a very loosely and sometimes poorly coordinated network. Moreover, some opponents have doubted the effectiveness of a centralized overarching institutional framework to govern global environmental governance and law. The International Institute for Sustainable Development proposed an agenda for global environmental governance. These objectives are: Scholars have discussed

11616-426: The planet". Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations , the predecessor of the United Nations , was one of the first organizations to promote global governance. Traditionally, government has been associated with governing , or with political authority, institutions, and, ultimately, control. Governance denotes a process through which institutions coordinate and control independent social relations, and that have

11737-474: The political impacts of the SDGs found in 2022 that the SDGs have only had limited transformative political impact thus far. At the very least, they have affected the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development. On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development." This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph 59 outlines

11858-403: The poor and the vulnerable." Indicator 1.3.1 is the "Proportion of population covered by social protection systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities , pregnant women , newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable". The full text of Target 1.4 is: "By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and

11979-517: The post-war development of the global monetary system. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of a long period of international history based on a policy of balance of powers . Since this historic event, the planet has entered a phase of geostrategic breakdown. The national-security model, for example, while still in place for most governments, is gradually giving way to an emerging collective conscience that extends beyond

12100-402: The principles of exclusions of specific stakeholders from the negotiation field as some actors lack the economic, social, cultural and symbolic resources required to gain enough influence. While attempts of intergovernmental coordination of policy-making can be traced back to ancient times, comprehensive search for effective formats of international coordination and cooperation truly began after

12221-419: The private sector to encourage national governments to agree on a more ambitious response to collective action problems in the realm of global environmental politics. Orchestration can be understood as an indirect mode of governance whereby a given actor (e.g. international organizations or national governments) mobilizes one or more intermediaries to take influence on a certain target group. As of 2022, there

12342-420: The proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater that is safely treated. SDG 7 is to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all." One of the indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity (progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India , Bangladesh , and Kenya ). Other indicators look at

12463-415: The proportion of the urban population who has convenient access to public transport, and the extent of built-up area per person. SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns." One of the indicators is the number of national policy instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns. Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies. An increase in domestic recycling and

12584-793: The reduction of inequalities that currently exist among people and for the socio-economic and political stability of countries left behind. The UN defined 7 Targets and 14 Indicators for SDGs 1. The main data source for SDGs 1 indicators (including maps) come from Our World in Data's SDGs Tracker. The targets cover a wide range of issues including the eradication of extreme poverty (target 1.1), reduction of poverty by half (1.2), implementation of social protection systems (1.3), ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources (1.4), building of resilience towards environmental, economic and social disasters (1.5), and mobilization of resources to end poverty (1.6). Targets specify

12705-694: The regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority. The best example of this is the international system or relationships between independent states. The concept of global governance began in the mid-19th century. It became particularly prominent in the aftermath of World War I, and more so after the end of World War II. Since World War II, the number of international organizations has increased substantially. The number of actors (whether they be states, non-governmental organizations, firms, and epistemic communities) who are involved in governance relationships has also increased substantially. Various terms have been used for

12826-542: The relevant data, the available tools and methods have not been able to sufficiently address the continuously evolving climate. In order to achieve and sufficiently monitor the progress of SDGs , decision makers as well as stake holders need access to timely and reliable data. As countries got locked down in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic , many data collection activities that rely on direct interviews were suspended. The pandemic interrupted data collection. Decision-makers did not have access to reliable data, especially in

12947-422: The renewable energy share and energy efficiency. SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all." Important indicators for this goal include economic growth in least developed countries and the rate of real GDP per capita . Further examples are rates of youth unemployment and occupational injuries or the number of women engaged in

13068-516: The restricted framework it represents. In its initial phase, world governance was able to draw on themes inherited from geopolitics and the theory of international relations , such as peace, defense, geostrategy , diplomatic relations, and trade relations . But as globalization progresses and the number of interdependencies increases, the global level is also highly relevant to a far wider range of subjects, such as climate change , environmental protection and sustainability in general. In

13189-547: The role of private investment and a shift towards sustainable financing are also essential for realizing the SDGs. Examples of progress from some countries demonstrate that achieving sustainable development through concerted global action is possible. The SDGs are, in essence, universal, time-bound, and legally non-binding policy objectives agreed upon by governments. They come close to prescriptive international norms but are generally more specific, and they can be highly ambitious. The overarching UN program "2030 Agenda" presented

13310-446: The special needs of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, and facilitate democratic participation". SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development." Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals. Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to facilitate knowledge exchange, expertise, technology, and financial resources

13431-491: The title The 17 Sustainable Development Goals to Global Goals , then ran workshops and conferences to communicate the Global Goals to a global audience. The Aarhus Convention is a United Nations convention passed in 2001, explicitly to encourage and promote effective public engagement in environmental decision making. Information transparency related to social media and the engagement of youth are two issues related to

13552-409: The two. One of the ambitions of global governance nowadays is to have a higher level of inclusiveness . This means a "commitment to bring in, and advance the interests of, those countries that fared worst in economic globalization , especially the least developed countries ", as well as Small Island Developing States and landlocked developing countries . Global governance for sustainability as

13673-659: The vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including micro-finance." Its two indicators are: The full text of Target 1.5 is: "By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic , social and environmental shocks and disasters." It has four indicators: The text of Target 1.a is: "Ensure significant mobilization of resources from

13794-449: The wide range of political and social science traditions (including comparative politics , political economy and multilevel governance ) that are engaged in conceiving and analysing climate governance at different levels and across different arenas. In academia, climate governance has become the concern of geographers , anthropologists , economists and business studies scholars. Climate governance – that is, effective management of

13915-523: The world's 736 million people living in extreme poverty lived in Sub-Saharan Africa. The rural poverty rate stands at 17.2 percent and 5.3 percent in urban areas (in 2016). One of the key indicators that measure poverty is the proportion of population living below the international and national poverty line. Measuring the proportion of the population covered by social protection systems and living in households with access to basic services

14036-589: The years 2015 to 2030) are one example of global goal setting. Previously, another attempt at "global governance by goal-setting" were the Millennium Development Goals from the year 2000 to 2015. Earlier examples of global goal-setting include the "Plan of Action of the 1990 World Summit for Children " or the "first Development Decade that dates as far back as 1961". Such governance relies on goals that are not legally binding, leave much national leeway, and do not come with strong institutional arrangements. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were "expected to have

14157-408: The youth, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples , and migrants and refugees ". For the global context, inclusiveness means a special emphasis on the least developed countries , which are "the 46 poorest countries that are home to 13 per cent of the world population and that the 2030 Agenda recognizes as particularly vulnerable". The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs

14278-477: Was created in 2013 to review the progress of the implementation of the SDGs. The fifth aspect about the SDGs that is unique is that they are "more visible in public discourse and more central in the United Nations system than earlier initiatives". The SDGs are emphasizing inclusiveness in the national context and also in global governance . For the national context this means a focus on groups that are "suffering from exclusion and inequalities, namely children and

14399-652: Was held in Rio de Janeiro , where the first agenda for Environment and Development, also known as Agenda 21 , was developed and adopted. In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-year follow up to UNCED. Colombia proposed the idea of the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in July 2011. In September 2011, this idea

14520-705: Was picked up by the United Nations Department of Public Information 64th NGO Conference in Bonn, Germany. The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable development goals and associated targets. In the run-up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs. At the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution known as "The Future We Want" was reached by member states. Among the key themes agreed on were poverty eradication, energy, water and sanitation, health, and human settlement. In January 2013,

14641-424: Was published in a UN resolution in July 2017. Each goal typically has eight to 12 targets, and each target has between one and four indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5 indicators per target. The targets are either outcome targets (circumstances to be attained) or means of implementation targets. The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating

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