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50-462: Lee's bolt action mechanism was a great improvement over other designs of the day: In addition Lee introduced a superior detachable box magazine to replace the integral magazines in use with most repeaters, and this magazine offered greater capacity than the competing Mannlicher design. Metford's polygonal rifling was adopted to reduce fouling from powder residue building up in the barrel, and to make cleaning easier. The magazines were also chained to

100-503: A lesser degree, Germany. Post-war many were sold as cheap surplus, with some finding their way to the hands of African guerrillas in the 1970s and many more being exported to the United States as sporting and collectible firearms. The M1895 bolt also served as an almost exact template for the ill-fated Canadian M1905 Ross rifle , though the later M1910 used a complicated interrupted-thread instead of two solid lugs . The M1895

150-478: A merger of two companies—Lux AB and Svenska Elektron AB, the former an established manufacturer and the latter a younger company founded by a former vacuum salesman who had also been an employee of the former firm. The origins of Electrolux are closely tied to the vacuum, but today it also makes major appliances. Electrolux made an initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange in 1928 (it

200-657: A mounted bayonet. Various other improvised wire destroyers existed, some originally designed for the Mosin–Nagant rifle that were captured on the Eastern front were easily modified to fit the M95. Some were also crafted by military blacksmiths. Electrolux Electrolux AB ( Swedish: [ɛˈlɛ̂kːtrʊˌlɵks, ɛlɛktrʊˈlɵks] ) is a Swedish multinational home appliance manufacturer, headquartered in Stockholm . It

250-426: A pair of helical grooves cut in the bolt body to turn the back and forth movement of the bolt handle and body into the rotational movement of the bolt head. The extractor performs both the usual function, and also has a tail attached which interfaces with slots on the cam surfaces of the bolt head to prevent the bolt head from rotating as a result of the striker's spring pressure once it has been unlocked. The angle of

300-688: A refined version of his revolutionary straight-pull action bolt, much like the Mannlicher M1890 carbine . It was nicknamed the Ruck-Zuck-[Gewehr] by Austrian troops (ruck-zuck spoken as "roock-tsoock", in common language meaning "back and forth [rifle]") and "Ta-Pum" by Italian troops who wrote a song about it during World War I . The primary producers were the ŒWG in Steyr, and FÉG in Budapest. Originally they were chambered for

350-426: A single country or geographic area. The following is an incomplete list. Note: This list does not include brands such as Kenmore , IKEA and John Lewis , which may sell Electrolux produced appliances but are not owned by or affiliated with Electrolux, as Electrolux acts as an OEM for these brands. The company's international slogan is "Shape living for the better". In the past it was "Thinking of you". In

400-515: A soldier attempted to forcefully open the lock, it could potentially crack. After 1945, a few pieces were still used by the re-established military, border guard and police units, but they quickly wore out. Moreover, the majority of rifles belonging to civilians (hunters, guards) were confiscated by the communists. So, interestingly, more 31M rifles remained intact in the surrounding countries than in Hungary. Source: There were two main variants of

450-453: Is a small brass plate that is placed underneath the rear sight leaf. The front sight clamps around the rifle's front sight base. A Drahtzerstörer or "wire destroyer" device for Mannlicher type firearms was also sometimes issued with the rifle during World War I. During assaults, when soldiers would run into barbed wire obstacles, the "wire destroyer" would grab one of the wires and the soldier would shoot through it. It could only be used with

500-564: Is consistently ranked the world's second largest appliance maker by units sold, after Whirlpool . Electrolux products are sold under a variety of brand names (including its own), and are primarily major appliances and vacuum cleaners intended for home consumer use. Electrolux has a primary listing on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the OMX Stockholm 30 index. The company originates from

550-402: Is loaded by means of a five-round en-bloc clip , which when loaded with cartridges, is pressed into the magazine of the rifle, where it is retained and acts as the feed lips of the magazine. When the last of the five rounds has been chambered, there is no longer anything retaining the clip in the magazine and it falls out a port in the bottom due to gravity. [1] There is a button in the front of

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600-719: Is still in ceremonial use with the Atholl Highlanders . Small numbers of Lee–Metford rifles were built as, or converted to, experimental semi-automatic loading systems, such as the British Howell and South African Reider and the best-known of which was the Charlton Automatic Rifle , designed by a New Zealander, Philip Charlton in 1941 to act as a substitute for the Bren and Lewis gun light machine guns which were in chronically short supply at

650-405: The 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge. Its sights were graduated 500–2400 paces (375–1800 m). Weight: 3.09 kilograms (6.8 lb) Length: 1,003 millimetres (39.5 in) Barrel length: 500 millimetres (20 in) The carbine (official designation German: Kavalerie Repetier-Carabiner M1895 ; "Cavalry Repeating-Carbine M1895") was chambered 8×50mmR Mannlicher and used by cavalry units of

700-679: The Austrian and Hungarian armies. The main foreign user was Bulgaria , which, starting in 1903, acquired large numbers and continued using them throughout both Balkan and World Wars. After Austria-Hungary's defeat in World War I, many were given to other Balkan states as war reparations . A number of these rifles also saw use in World War II , particularly by second line, reservist, and partisan units in Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy, and to

750-548: The Austro-Hungarian Army as a replacement of the Mannlicher M1890 carbine . The sights were graduated 500–2400 paces (375–1800 m). Although it originally didn't have bayonet lugs , during World War I it was fitted with stutzen-like front barrel band with bayonet lugs after mounted cavalry units were found ineffective. Weight: 3.4 kilograms (7.5 lb) Length: 990 millimetres (39 in) Barrel length: 480 millimetres (19 in) The main difference from

800-608: The Kingdom of Greece by the German forces during World War II and were mistakenly attributed Greek origin. After 1938, Hungarian soldiers in rifle companies were reequipped with the new 35M rifle , but the most of troopers (machine gunners, supply troops, pioneers, gunners, messengers etc.) were still equipped with Mannlichers. In mid-1940 the Royal Hungarian Defense Forces (' Magyar Királyi Honvédség ',

850-510: The Kingdom of Hungary . Rifles were converted 1931–1935 by FÉG in Budapest and carry the letter H meaning Hegyes Töltény (pointed bullet) stamped on top of the chamber. The conversion included rechambering to the new 8×56mmR pointed bullet cartridge, new metric ladder sights and the addition of a front-sight protector. Long rifles were cut down to carbine length and designated 31/a.M. A small number were rechambered but were not cut down for

900-829: The bayonet ; the first was the standard bayonet, the second was the NCO variant that featured a hooked quillion and a golden lanyard. The overall length was 360 millimetres (14 in) and the blade was 248 millimetres (9.8 in) long. The bayonet was unusual in that the edge faced upwards when mounted on the rifle. The majority of them were made by Œ.W.G. and F.G.GY. Bayonets were originally not serial numbered. Late in World War I resources were limited and they started manufacturing replacement (German: Ersatz ) bayonets. These were fast to produce, cheap and made completely out of metal. A number of Model 1916 night (Luminous) sights were issued during World War I. The rear night sight

950-592: The spin-off of its professional division, which the separated company incorporated as Electrolux Professional AB. In September 2023, it was announced Electrolux has sold its refrigerator manufacturing facility in Nyíregyháza to the Malmö -headquartered heat pump systems and technology company, Qvantum for €38 million. Electrolux sells under a wide variety of brand names worldwide. Most of them were acquired through mergers and acquisitions and only do business in

1000-510: The 10,000 rounds that the deeper, square-cut Enfield rifling pattern rifles could deliver. The Lee rifles fitted with Enfield barrels became known as Lee Enfields. Regardless of the shortfalls brought about by the use of black powder, the Lee–Metford went through several revisions during its short service life, with the principal changes being to the magazine (from eight-round single stack to ten-round staggered), sights, and safety. Starting in 1895,

1050-577: The 1960s the company successfully marketed vacuums in the United Kingdom with the slogan "Nothing sucks like an Electrolux". In the United States, it was frequently assumed that using this slogan was a brand blunder . In fact, the informal American meaning of the word sucks was already well known at the time in the United Kingdom, and the company hoped the slogan, with its possible double entendre , would gain attention. In Indonesia,

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1100-678: The Electrolux Group, and ceased using the Electrolux name in 2004. Conversely, Electrolux-made vacuums carried the Eureka brand name , which Electrolux continued to use while also selling Electrolux branded vacuums after 2000. Electrolux USA customer service maintains a database of Electrolux made vacuums and provides a link to Aerus's website for the convenience of owners of Electrolux branded Aerus vacuums. Keith McLoughlin took over as president and CEO on January 1, 2011, and became

1150-575: The Hungarian Governmental Guards; these had special long bayonets. The M95M or M95/24 was a conversion to 7.92×57mm cartridge by the Kragujevac Arsenal in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . These rifles feature Yugoslavian M24 Mauser barrels, sights, similar handguards and are fed by five-round stripper clips. Their extractors are prone to breakage when being fired single-shot. Some of these rifles were found in

1200-501: The Lee–Metford started to be phased out in favor of the mechanically-similar Lee–Enfield for the reasons outlined above, involving a change to Enfield barrels and sights adjusted for the flatter trajectory enabled by the smokeless propellant. Replacement of the Lee–Metford rifles took several years to achieve, and they were still in service in some units during the Second Boer War in 1899. Poor sighting-in and quality control at

1250-405: The barrel. Main modification was the rechambering to 8×56mmR cartridge. Other changes were the conversion of ladder sights from the older pace unit to meters and addition of a brass front sight protector. Many long rifles were cut down to Stutzen length. Most of M95/30s were sent to Bulgaria during 1938–40, where front sight protectors were removed. The 31.M or M95/31 was a conversion done in

1300-455: The beginnings of a new wave of M&A activity. The company bought ElektroHelios, Norwegian Elektra, Danish Atlas, Finnish Slev, and Flymo, et al., in the nine years from 1960 to 1969. It sold its American subsidiary to Consolidated Foods and exited the American market in 1968, only returning in 1974 when Electrolux acquired Eureka-Williams from National Union , one of the oldest names in

1350-418: The cam surfaces in the bolt and bolt body is different from the angle at which the locking recesses are cut in the receiver of the rifle, the result is that the first 20 mm (0.79 in) of travel of the bolt body results in the rotation of the bolt head, but with only about 3 mm (0.12 in) of rearward movement, this gives a mechanical advantage to the system and accomplishes primary extraction of

1400-400: The company acquired AB Arctic and subsequently added absorption refrigerators to its product line. Other appliances soon followed, including washing machines in 1951, dishwashers in 1959, and food service equipment in 1962. The company has often and regularly expanded through mergers and acquisitions . While Electrolux had bought several companies before the 1960s, that decade saw

1450-573: The company's first non Swedish chief executive. In August 2011, Electrolux acquired from Sigdo Koppers the Chilean appliance manufacturer CTI obtaining several brands with the purchase including: Fensa, Gafa, Mademsa and Somela. On February 6, 2017, Electrolux announced that it had agreed to acquire Anova Applied Electronics, Inc. , the U.S.-based provider of the Anova Precision Cooker. On March 23, 2020, Electrolux completed

1500-480: The eminently adaptable Lee–Enfield served for another half century. In British service the Lee–Metford was also upgraded to the standards of later rifle patterns (e.g. to charger loading and Short Rifle, the SMLE pattern), though the barrel was almost always switched to one with Enfield pattern rifling. The Lee–Metford was produced commercially and used by civilian target shooters until the outbreak of World War I , as it

1550-640: The factory level resulted in British rifles being woefully inaccurate at ranges greater than 400 yards (370 m). Nonetheless, captured Lee–Metford rifles became the primary weapon for the Boers too when their Mauser ammunition ran out. The British considered an entirely new rifle, the Pattern 1913 Enfield , based upon a modified Mauser design, but its development was cut short by the First World War and

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1600-404: The name of the army at the time) had 565 thousand rifles. Of this, 105 thousand were new 35M. and the rest were Mannlicher, by variants: During 1941, 30 thousands of 95M rifles were converted to the 31.AM standard (note: name changed to AM from a.M.). After 1941 only 35M (and its Mauser-chambered version) were produced, so the number of Mannlichers decreased continuously. In addition to the losses,

1650-455: The rifle in absence of proper en-bloc clips may cause damage to the extractor as it is not designed with enough travel to overcome the large rims of the 8x50mmR and 8x56mmR cartridges used in the M1895 unless they are fed under the extractor from the en-bloc clip. The M1895 was initially adopted and employed by the Austro-Hungarian Army throughout World War I , and retained post-war by both

1700-465: The rifle was in fact originally intended to be loaded with a smokeless propellant, but as a result of protracted development, selection of a smokeless propellant was delayed, forcing the British to rely on black powder in the interim. By the time Cordite cartridges were available, it was found that they were wholly unsuited for use with the shallow Metford rifling, which would wear out and render barrels unusable after approximately 6,000 rounds, compared to

1750-407: The round nosed 8×50mmR cartridge, but almost all of the rifles were rechambered to accept the more powerful and longer range spitzer 8×56mmR cartridge in the 1930s. The M1895 is unusual in employing a straight-pull bolt action, as opposed to the more common rotating bolt-handle of other rifles. It combines a two lug rotating bolt head, similar in construction to that found on a Mauser rifle with

1800-631: The same operating mechanism. Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the Second World War, but a few examples survive in museums and private collections. Steyr-Mannlicher M1895 The Mannlicher M1895 (German: Infanterie Repetier-Gewehr M.95 , Hungarian : Gyalogsági Ismétlő Puska M95 ; "Infantry Repeating-Rifle M95") is an Austro-Hungarian straight pull bolt-action rifle, designed by Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher that used

1850-473: The significant wear and tear of the already quite old weapons also played a big role in this. Mannlichers remained the almost exclusive type of rifle in some formations, e.g. pioneer and artillery units used 31.Ms until the end of the war. This led to numerous issues during the battles of 1945, as weapon jams were highly prevalent. Most of these problems arose from the rapid and repeated firing, which caused already worn-out weapons to jam due to thermal expansion. If

1900-526: The spent casing from the chamber. The result of this is that the user can pull the bolt back and forth in two movements rather than the up-back-forward-down of conventional turn bolt rifles. It is consequently renowned for combining relatively high rate of fire (around 20–25 rounds per minute) with reliability and sturdiness, although this requires decent care and maintenance. During Austro-Hungarian trials in 1892, rifles survived torture testing of firing 50,000 rounds without any form of lubrication. The rifle

1950-489: The standard rifle and sniper was the telescopic sight mount. The scope was mounted slightly to the left so the rifle could be fed by the en-bloc clip . Approximately 6,000 long and short barreled sniper rifles were made in the years 1915–1918. The M95/30 was a conversion in the First Austrian Republic by Steyr-Mannlicher during 1930–1940. These rifles carry the letter S meaning Spitzer stamped on

2000-592: The time. During the Second World War, the majority of New Zealand's land forces were deployed in North Africa. When Japan entered the war in 1941, New Zealand found itself lacking the light machine guns that would be required for local defence should the Japanese invade, and so the New Zealand Government funded the development of self-loading conversions for the Lee–Metford rifle. The end result

2050-412: The trigger guard which allows the user to eject a partially or fully loaded en-bloc clip from the magazine when the bolt is open to unload the weapon. The clip will be ejected from the weapon quite energetically as the full force of the follower spring will be pressing against it. The rifle is not designed to be loaded by any other means but with an en-bloc clip. Attempts to individual feed cartridges into

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2100-479: The vacuum cleaner industry. Electrolux sold its vacuum cleaners using the Eureka brand name in North America until 2004. This style of growth continued through the 1990s, seeing Electrolux purchase scores of companies including, for a time, Husqvarna . Hans Werthén  [ sv ] , President and later chairman of the board, led the strategic core of an increasingly decentralized Electrolux—and

2150-467: The weapon to prevent it missing as it was expensive at the time. In spite of its many advantageous features, the Lee–Metford was something of an anachronism, due to its use of a black powder –loaded cartridge. By the time of the rifle's introduction, rifle design had moved on to using small-calibre smokeless powder cartridges, which allowed bullets to be propelled at much higher velocities without as much smoke or residue. The .303 ammunition designed for

2200-525: Was delisted in 2010) and another on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1930. As of 2010 its shares trade on the NASDAQ OMX Nordic Market and over-the-counter . Electrolux is an OMX Nordic 40 constituent stock. In 1919, a Svenska Elektron AB acquisition, Elektromekaniska AB, became Elektrolux (the spelling was changed to Electrolux in 1957). It initially sold Lux branded vacuum cleaners in several European countries. In 1923,

2250-704: Was considered to be inherently more accurate than the Enfield pattern of rifling. In this context, barrels and boltheads could be replaced as frequently as the owner wished, or could afford. It remained a reserve arm in many parts of the British Empire into WWII, even being issued to the New Zealand Home Guard and the Australian Volunteer Defence Corps until more modern rifles could be obtained. The Lee–Metford

2300-552: Was designated M95/24 and M95M. The M95/24 is often mistakenly attributed to Bulgaria, but 8×57mm IS was never a standard cartridge of the Bulgarian military. These conversions are prized by collectors for their relative scarcity and chambering in a commonly available round, but suffer from a fragile extractor and a lack of replacement parts. For the post World War I conversions see Conversions . The "Infantry Repeating-Rifle M1895" (German: Infanterie Repetier-Gewehr M1895 )

2350-517: Was instrumental to its rapid growth. While attempts to cut costs, centralise administration, and wring out economies of scale from Electrolux's operations were made in the 1960s and 1970s with the focus so firmly on growth, further company-wide restructuring efforts only began in the late 1990s. In North America, the Electrolux name was long used by vacuum cleaner manufacturer Aerus LLC , originally established to sell Swedish Electrolux products. In 2000, Aerus transferred trademark rights back to

2400-404: Was originally chambered in the 8mm M.1893 scharfe Patrone ( 8×50mmR Mannlicher ) cartridge. Between the world wars, both Austria and Hungary converted the majority of their rifles to fire the more powerful 8×56mmR round. Yugoslavia converted at least some of their captured M1895s to 7.92×57mm Mauser , fed by stripper clips instead of the original model's en bloc clip system. This conversion

2450-746: Was the Charlton Automatic Rifle (based on the obsolete MLE), which was issued to Home Guard units in NZ from 1942. Over 1,500 conversions were made, including a handful in Australia by Electrolux using Lithgow SMLE Mk III* rifles. The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not), but shared

2500-433: Was the basic variant. It was chambered for the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge. Its iron sights were graduated 300–2600 paces (225–1950 m). It was used during World War I by the majority of the Austro-Hungarian Army troops. This stutzen or short rifle (official designation German: Repetier-Stutzen M1895 ; "Repeating-Stutzen M1895") was mainly used by special troops (i.e. storm troops ) during World War I. It chambered

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