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51-535: Libčeves lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Louny , 28 km (17 mi) south-west of Ústí nad Labem and 58 km (36 mi) north-west of Prague . The villages of Charvatce, Hnojnice, Hořenec, Jablonec, Lahovice, Mnichov, Řisuty, Sinutec, Všechlapy and Židovice are administrative parts of Libčeves. This Ústí nad Labem Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Louny Louny ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈlounɪ] ; German : Laun )

102-691: A classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style, which showcases noble hops. As with grapes, the location where hops are grown affects the hops' characteristics. Much as Dortmunder beer may within the EU be labelled "Dortmunder" only if it has been brewed in Dortmund , noble hops may officially be considered "noble" only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties ( races ) were named. Noble hops are characterized through analysis as having an aroma quality resulting from numerous factors in

153-564: A flavor that improves as they age during periods of poor storage. In addition to beer, hops are used in herbal teas and in soft drinks. These soft drinks include Julmust (a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December), Malta (a Latin American soft drink) and kvass . Hops can be eaten; the young shoots of the vine are edible and can be cooked like asparagus . Hops may be used in herbal medicine in

204-548: A hop garden in the will of Charlemagne 's father, Pepin the Short . Hops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas. It is believed that traditional herb combinations for beers were abandoned after it was noticed that beers made with hops were less prone to spoilage. The first documented hop cultivation

255-639: A large part of George Orwell 's A Clergyman's Daughter contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest. In England, many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London. This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside. People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire. Some photographs have been preserved. The often-appalling living conditions endured by hop pickers during

306-498: A serious adverse effect on hops production, but remnants of this significant industry in the western states are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County, California , among others. Florian Dauenhauer, of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County, became a manufacturer of hop-harvesting machines in 1940, in part because of the hop industry's importance to the county. This mechanization helped destroy

357-423: A way similar to valerian , as a treatment for anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness, and animal research has shown a sedative effect. The relaxing effect of hops may be due, in part, to the specific degradation product from alpha acids , 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer. 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol

408-538: Is a potent phytoestrogen . Hops are usually dried in an oast house before they are used in the brewing process. Undried or "wet" hops are sometimes (since c. 1990) used. The wort (sugar-rich liquid produced from malt ) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added, to start fermentation . The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use, though there are two main hop types: bittering and aroma. Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids, and are responsible for

459-543: Is a town in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 18,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Ohře river. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone . The villages of Brloh and Nečichy are administrative parts of Louny. Brloh forms an exclave of the municipal territory. The origin of the name Louny is unclear. Older theories, which are less likely, link

510-514: Is a vigorous climbing herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (in the South of England), or hop yard (in the West Country and United States) when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer. The first documented use of hops in beer

561-562: Is also freed for crop growth. The hop plant's reproduction method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers. Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination. Female plants are propagated vegetatively , and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds. Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres (7 to 8 ft) apart. Each spring,

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612-429: Is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen , 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used a " gruit ", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion , burdock root , marigold , horehound (the old German name for horehound, Berghopfen , means "mountain hops"), ground ivy , and heather . Early documents include mention of

663-536: Is located about 38 kilometres (24 mi) southeast of Ústí nad Labem and 49 km (30 mi) northwest of Prague . It lies mostly in the Lower Ohře Table , but a small northern part of the municipal territory extends into the Central Bohemian Uplands and includes the highest point of Louny at 301 m (988 ft) above sea level. The Ohře River flows through the town. Already at

714-473: Is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops. Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma. Together, myrcene, humulene, and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90% of the total hops essential oil. Xanthohumol is the principal flavonoid in hops. The other well-studied prenylflavonoids are 8-Prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol . Xanthohumol is under basic research for its potential properties, while 8-prenylnaringenin

765-414: Is served by three train stations. The most important architectural feature is Roman Catholic Church of Saint Nicholas, built in the late Gothic style in 1519–1538. One of the architects was Benedikt Rejt . It incorporates a tower from an earlier church which was otherwise destroyed along with most of the town by a major fire in 1517. Other significant churches in the town are Church of Saint Peter from

816-612: The Hallertau in Germany, the Žatec ( Saaz ) in the Czech Republic , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette (Oregon) valleys, and western Canyon County, Idaho (including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ). The principal production centres in the UK are in Kent (which produces Kent Goldings hops), Herefordshire , and Worcestershire . Essentially all of

867-531: The 14th–15th century, Church of the Mother of God from 1493 and Church of the Fourteen Holy Helpers from 1716. The historic centre of Louny forms Mírové Square and its surroundings. The town hall on the square is a Neo-Renaissance building from 1887. The most valuable building on the square is a Renaissance house, today the seat of the district archive. Parts of the town ramparts remain, as does

918-424: The 1960s and 1970s, there was extensive demolitions in the historical town and many valuable Renaissance houses and parts of town fortifications were destroyed. The economic development of Louny occurred in the second half of the 19th century, when railway repair shops, sugar factory, brewery, slaughterhouses, mills and financial institutions were founded. After 1945, industrialisation of Louny continued. Until 1918,

969-564: The Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma. Certain ales (particularly the highly hopped style known as India Pale Ale , or IPA) can have high levels of hop bitterness. Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution. Data may be shared with other brewers via BeerXML allowing

1020-664: The European cultivars or races Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and Saaz . Some proponents assert that the English varieties Fuggle, East Kent Goldings and Goldings might qualify as "noble hops" due to the similar composition, but such terms are not applied to English varieties. Their low relative bitterness, but strong aroma, are often distinguishing characteristics of European-style lagers , such as Pilsener , Dunkel , and Oktoberfest/Märzen . In beer, they are considered aroma hops (as opposed to bittering hops); see Pilsner Urquell as

1071-488: The US have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties, including dwarf hop varieties. Hops from New Zealand, such as Pacific Gem, Motueka and Nelson Sauvin, are used in a "Pacific Pale Ale" style of beer with increasing production in 2014. The term "noble hops" is a marketing term that traditionally refers to certain varieties of hops that became known for being low in bitterness and high in aroma . They are

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1122-428: The alpha acids or humulones . During wort boiling, the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso-alpha acids or isohumulones , which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer. Hops contain beta acids or lupulones . These are desirable for their aroma contributions to beer. The main components of hops essential oils are terpene hydrocarbons consisting of myrcene , humulene and caryophyllene . Myrcene

1173-485: The aromatic compounds evaporate during the boil. The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which alpha acids are isomerized during the boil, and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in International Bitterness Units . On the other hand, unboiled hops are only mildly bitter . Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of

1224-469: The brewing process the papery cones are discarded. The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop-growing had a big social impact. Around the world, the labor-intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest. Whole families would participate and live in hoppers' huts , with even the smallest children helping in the fields. The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage and

1275-408: The essential oil, such as an alpha:beta ratio of 1:1, low alpha-acid levels (2–5%) with a low cohumulone content, low myrcene in the hop oil, high humulene in the oil, a ratio of humulene:caryophyllene above three, and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation. In reality, this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age, due to beta-acid oxidation, and

1326-440: The essential oils, to impart "hop taste" (if during the final 30 minutes of boil) or "hop aroma" (if during the final 10 minutes, or less, of boil). Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments, a technique known as "dry hopping", which contributes to the hop aroma. Farnesene is a major component in some hops. The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in

1377-978: The first dwarf hop varieties, which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow. Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers. Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs, particularly that of the dwarf varieties, is continuing as already the US private and public breeding programs are using their stock material. Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles, for example pale lagers are usually brewed with European (often German, Polish or Czech) noble hop varieties such as Saaz , Hallertau and Strissel Spalt. British ales use hop varieties such as Fuggles, Goldings and W.G.V. North American beers often use Cascade hops , Columbus hops, Centennial hops, Willamette, Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as

1428-650: The harvest became a matter of scandal across Kent and other hop-growing counties. Eventually, the Rev. John Young Stratton , Rector of Ditton, Kent, began to gather support for reform, resulting in 1866 in the formation of the Society for the Employment and Improved Lodging of Hop Pickers. The hop-pickers were given very basic accommodation, with very poor sanitation. This led to the spread of infectious diseases and led to contaminated water. The 1897 Maidstone typhoid epidemic

1479-476: The harvested hops are used in beer making. Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells

1530-509: The hop industry derive from the Dutch language . Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen , near breweries for convenience of infrastructure. According to Thomas Tusser 's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry : The hop for his profit I thus do exalt, It strengtheneth drink and it flavored malt; And being well-brewed long kept it will last, And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast. In England there were many complaints over

1581-488: The hops are spread out on the upper floor of the oast house and heated by heating units on the lower floor. The dried hops are then compressed into bales by a baler . Hop cones contain different oils, such as lupulin, a yellowish, waxy substance, an oleoresin , that imparts flavour and aroma to beer. Lupulin contains lupulone and humulone , which possess antibiotic properties, suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer's yeast to grow. After lupulin has been extracted in

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1632-478: The large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer. European (so-called "noble") hops typically average 5–9% alpha acids by weight (AABW), and the newer American cultivars typically range from 8–19% AABW. Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids (~5%) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and (nonbitter) flavour. Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time, typically 60–90 minutes, and often have inferior aromatic properties, as

1683-644: The leading potato-growing states in the United States are also major hops-producing areas; however, not all potato-growing areas can produce good hops naturally: soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, for example, lack the boron that hops prefer. Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England. In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone. Important production centres today are

1734-420: The local industry by enabling large-scale mechanized production, which moved to larger farms in other areas. Dauenhauer Manufacturing Company remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines. In addition to water, cellulose, and various proteins, the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer. Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are

1785-618: The name to the personal name Lún, to the Czech word lůno (literally ' womb ', but here meaning 'valley'), to the bird luňák (i.e. ' kite '), or even to the Celtic word louwn (' lawn '). More modern and more likely theories attribute the origin of the name to the Old Czech words lunúti ("to flow fast") and lúňa / lúna (' current '), which refer to the local flow of the Ohře River. Louny

1836-653: The quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. As a result, in 1603, King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which "the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths". Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers. Before prohibition , cultivation

1887-619: The region writ large like the Neomexicanus hops of New Mexico . Others were named for the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them, including Goldings or Fuggles from England, or by their growing habit like the Oregon Cluster. Around 1900, a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties. The breeding program at Wye College in Wye, Kent , was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through

1938-454: The reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability. Lately the dried pucks, extracts and pellets replace whole hops in brewing processes because of efficiency and cost. There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today. Historically, hops varieties were identified by geography, i.e., from the towns of Hallertau , Spalt , and Tettnang in Germany , or

1989-479: The roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the bine, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909. Hops are harvested at the end of summer. The bines are cut down, separated, and then dried in an oast house to reduce moisture content. To be dried,

2040-629: The same variety, having a significant influence on flavour and aroma. Today, a substantial amount of "dual-use" hops are used, as well. These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties. These can be added to the boil at any time, depending on the desired effect. Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer. Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include "grassy", "floral", "citrus", "spicy", "piney", "lemony", "grapefruit", and "earthy". Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence, while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in

2091-466: The town a Benedictine monastery was founded, but it was destroyed during the Hussite Wars . The town rapidly developed in the 15th century, when Church of Saint Peter, Church of the Mother of God and town fortifications were built. After a fire in 1517, the town was severely damaged and had to be rebuilt, and a new church (Church of Saint Nicholas) was built. During the 19th century and then in

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2142-463: The town was part of Austria-Hungary , in the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia . The town lies on a railway junction and a factory for overhauling railway engines and rolling stock , later known as Heavy Machinery Services , was established in 1873. It was a major employer and contributed to the town's expansion during the early 20th century. The company

2193-419: The turn of the 11th–12th centuries there was a settlement named Luna , located on the site of today's Church of Saint Peter. The first written mention of the settlement is from 1115, when it was a property of Kladruby Abbey . In the 1260s, a royal town was founded at its place by King Ottokar II . It was located on two important traffic routes, river Ohře and the road from Prague to Nuremberg . Together with

2244-607: The work of Prof. E. S. Salmon . Salmon released Brewer's Gold and Brewer's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934, and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959. Brewer's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release. Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s, when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye Target , Wye Challenger , Wye Northdown , Wye Saxon and Wye Yeoman . More recently, Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd., have focused on breeding

2295-698: The Žatec Gate which dates from 1500. Louny is twinned with: Hops Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus , a member of the Cannabaceae family of flowering plants. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer , to which, in addition to bitterness, they impart floral, fruity, or citrus flavours and aromas. Hops are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hops plants have separate female and male plants, and only female plants are used for commercial production. The hop plant

2346-525: Was partly as a result of hop-pickers camping near the Farleigh Springs which supplied Maidstone with water. Particularly in Kent, because of a shortage of small-denomination coin of the realm, many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor. In some cases, the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images, making them quite beautiful. In the United States, Prohibition had

2397-667: Was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid to the Catholic church, unlike on gruit. For this reason the Protestants preferred hopped beer. Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany and were subject to import duty ; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ( Kent ), when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers. Consequently, many words used in

2448-499: Was in 736, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079. However, in a will of Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne , hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis in 768. Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavouring. Gruit was used when the nobility levied taxes on hops. Whichever

2499-419: Was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and Washington state . Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale. Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the world's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and

2550-438: Was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other. In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a "wicked and pernicious weed". In 1471, Norwich , England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ("beer" was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms). In Germany, using hops

2601-738: Was the town's largest employer until 2014, when it went bankrupt. Since 2019, the industrial complex is rented to the DAKO-CZ company, which is a brake system manufacturer for rolling stock. Other industries include a brewery (from the hops which are grown in the region) and a factory making porcelain electrical insulators for power cables. The largest employer with headquarters in Louny is Fujikoki Czech company, producer of thermostatic expansion valves used in car air conditioners. Several railway lines run through Louny: Most – Rakovník , Česká Lípa – Postoloprty and Louny – Kralupy nad Vltavou . The town

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