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34-457: The town is famed for its large 16th-century castle , which has previously been the seat of several dukes and lords. The castle's inner courtyard arcades , a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture , are iconic in the region. The town's name comes from Polish olsza (" Alder "); Olcha is an Old Slavic word for this common plant and tree. On 22 February 1255 the Silesian duke Henry III

68-425: A beneficium (Latin). Later, the term feudum , or feodum , began to replace beneficium in the documents. The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one hundred years earlier. The origin of the feudum and why it replaced beneficium has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below. The most widely held theory

102-424: A seigneur or "lord", 12th century), which gives rise to the expression "seigneurial system" to describe feudalism. Originally, vassalage did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings (which were granted only as a reward for loyalty), but by the 8th century the giving of a landholding was becoming standard. The granting of a landholding to a vassal did not relinquish the lord's property rights, but only

136-623: A Seigneur or Dame that owns the fief. The Guernsey fiefs and seigneurs existed long before baronies, and are historically part of Normandy . While nobility has been outlawed in France and Germany, noble fiefs still exist by law in Guernsey. The owners of the fiefs actually convene each year at the Court of Chief Pleas under the supervision of His Majesty's Government. There are approximately 24 private fiefs in Guernsey that are registered directly with

170-666: A gymnasium at Oleśnica in 1530. When the Czech Podiebrad family became extinct in 1647, town and duchy were inherited by the Swabian dukes of Württemberg , and in 1792 by the Welf dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg . On September 11, 1535, a violent F4 tornado completely destroyed part of the town. The written account of this tornado was done by Dr. Alfred Wegener, which is in the CLIMDAT archive located at Leipzig University and

204-407: A watermill , held in feudal land tenure : these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms . However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting, fishing or felling trees, monopolies in trade, money rents and tax farms . There never existed a standard feudal system, nor did there exist only one type of fief. Over

238-573: A castle in Poland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fief List of forms of government A fief ( / f iː f / ; Latin : feudum ) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an overlord to a vassal , who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a form of feudal allegiance, services or payments. The fees were often lands, land revenue or revenue-producing real property like

272-472: A stop on an important trade route to the Greater Poland region, Kalisz , Łódź and Warsaw ; it had close ties with Kraków via Namysłów in the east. It was the site of an important printing press and gymnasium . The town quarters are Centrum, Serbinów, Lucień, Lucień Osiedle, Wądoły, Rataje (Stare, Nowe) and Zielone Ogrody. The Piast castle with a nearby abbey and trading settlement

306-509: Is a castle in Oleśnica , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , southwestern Poland. It was erected in 1542–1561, replacing a Gothic fortress from the thirteenth century. It was the seat of the Dukes of Oleśnica until the nineteenth century, became the property of the crown prince of Prussia , and was restored in the 1890s. A fortified settlement was mentioned before the year 1238, and the first record of

340-437: Is first attested around 1250–1300 (Middle English); the word "fief" from around 1605–1615. In French, the term fief is found from the middle of the 13th century (Old French), derived from the 11th-century terms feu , fie . The odd appearance of the second f in the form fief may be due to influence from the verb fiever 'to grant in fee'. In French, one also finds seigneurie (land and rights possessed by

374-611: Is put forth by Marc Bloch that it is related to the Frankish term *fehu-ôd , in which *fehu means "cattle" and -ôd means "goods", implying "a moveable object of value". When land replaced currency as the primary store of value , the Germanic word *fehu-ôd replaced the Latin word beneficium . This Germanic origin theory was also shared by William Stubbs in the 19th century. A theory put forward by Archibald R. Lewis

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408-518: Is that the origin of 'fief' is not feudum (or feodum ), but rather foderum , the earliest attested use being in Astronomus 's Vita Hludovici (840). In that text is a passage about Louis the Pious which says "annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant" , which can be translated as "(Louis forbade that) military provender which they popularly call 'fodder' (be furnished)." In

442-634: The Duchy of Głogów and in 1313 it became capital of the Duchy of Oleśnica , just partitioned from Głogów. By that time a hospital already existed in Oleśnica, mentioned in a document from 1307. From 1320/21 the former castellany served as the residence of the Piast duke Konrad I of Oleśnica ; his son Duke Konrad II the Gray also inherited Koźle . The dukes of Oleśnica in the 14th century still claimed to be heirs of

476-405: The 10th and 11th centuries the Latin terms for 'fee' could be used either to describe dependent tenure held by a man from his lord, as the term is used now by historians, or it could mean simply "property" (the manor was, in effect, a small fief). It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, when it received formal definition from land lawyers. In English usage, the word "fee"

510-539: The 1470s Duke Konrad X sided with Bohemian King Vladislaus Jagiellon , in 1480 he recognized Hungarian suzerainty again, and then revolted in 1489. Afterwards it was again a Bohemian fief . According to an agreement from 1491, the duchy was supposed to pass to future Polish King John I Albert , but eventually in 1495 it was sold to Duke Henry I of Münsterberg , son of the Bohemian (Czech) king George of Poděbrady . His grandson Duke John of Münsterberg-Oels established

544-523: The 1960s. The officially protected traditional food of Oleśnica, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland , is the Oleśnica wheat and rye gingerbread. Football club Pogoń Oleśnica is based in the town. It played at the Polish second division in the 1990s. Oleśnica is twinned with: Ole%C5%9Bnica Castle Oleśnica Castle ( Polish : Zamek oleśnicki )

578-705: The Duchy of Oleśnica was still ruled from the town until the 1492 death of Duke Konrad X the White , last of the local Piasts. During the Hussite Wars , Oleśnica was invaded by the Hussites in 1432, and later Polish–Hussite negotiations took place there. During the Bohemian–Hungarian War local dukes switched sides several times. In 1469 they recognized the overlordship of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary , in

612-757: The F4 rating on the Fujita scale was assigned by the European Severe Storms Laboratory . In the 17th century, the Polish-German language border ran close to Oleśnica, including the town to the territory dominated by the Polish language. Polish religious writers Adam Gdacius (nicknamed Rey of Silesia ) and Jerzy Bock published their works in Oleśnica. In the 18th century, one of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through

646-711: The White , son of the Polish High Duke Henry II the Pious , vested civitas nostra Olsnicz ("our town Oleśnica") with town privileges . The town is situated in the Silesian Lowlands east of the Trzebnickie Hills , part of the historical region of Lower Silesia . It is situated on the Oleśnica River , a tributary of Widawa . Located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the Silesian capital Wrocław , it has been

680-483: The ages, depending on the region, there was a broad variety of customs using the same basic legal principles in many variations. In ancient Rome, a " benefice " (from the Latin noun beneficium , meaning "benefit") was a gift of land ( precaria ) for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. In medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service continued to be called

714-945: The castle dates from 1292. After World War II , the surviving buildings held Hungarian and Italian prisoners of war. Later, there was the Soviet branch office of the International Committee of the Red Cross . In the 1970s, the castle underwent another renovation and it became a branch of the Archaeological Museum in Wroclaw, until abandoned in 1993. It has since been reoccupied by the Voluntary Labour Corps . 51°12′32″N 17°22′35″E  /  51.20889°N 17.37639°E  / 51.20889; 17.37639 This article about

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748-417: The documents) for the life of the vassal, or, sometimes extending to the second or third generation. By the middle of the 10th century, fee had largely become hereditary. The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord and pay a " relief " for the land (a monetary recognition of the lord's continuing proprietary rights over the property). Historically,

782-501: The duchy was incorporated into Prussia, itself part of Germany since the 1871 Prussian-led unification of Germany . After World War I , Oels was included within the Province of Lower Silesia . Nazi Germany operated a prison in the town, and a forced labour camp for Italian , English , Yugoslavian , Belgian and Polish prisoners of war during World War II . Dozens of Polish resistance members, including women, were held in

816-570: The entire Kingdom of Poland, even though they ruled only in their principality, which caused animosity from other Polish dukes in Silesia and monarchs of all Poland. Oleśnica was located on an important trade route which connected Wrocław with Kalisz and Toruń. In 1329, Duke Konrad I was forced to accept the overlordship of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown , although he retained vast autonomy. Local Polish dukes granted numerous privileges to Oleśnica, and

850-600: The fees of the 11th and the 12th century derived from two separate sources. The first was land carved out of the estates of the upper nobility. The second source was allodial land transformed into dependent tenures. During the 10th century in northern France and the 11th century in France south of the Loire , local magnates either recruited or forced the owners of allodial holdings into dependent relationships and they were turned into fiefs. The process occurred later in Germany, and

884-623: The local prison, and at least 14 were sentenced to death in the town in 1942. The German administration evacuated almost the entire population, leaving only a few Germans and the forced laborers. The town was heavily damaged by the Red Army in 1945 in the final stages of World War II, having approximately 60-80% of its buildings destroyed. The city was became again part of Poland after the Potsdam Conference under its historic Polish name Oleśnica . The remaining German-speaking population

918-478: The right of high justice, etc.) in their lands, and some passed these rights to their own vassals. The privilege of minting official coins developed into the concept of seigniorage . In 13th-century Germany, Italy, England, France, and Spain the term "feodum" was used to describe a dependent tenure held from a lord by a vassal in return for a specified amount of knight service and occasional financial payments ( feudal incidents ). However, knight service in war

952-554: The service of mercenaries . A list of several hundred such fees held in chief between 1198 and 1292, along with their holders' names and form of tenure, was published in three volumes between 1920 and 1931 and is known as The Book of Fees ; it was developed from the 1302 Testa de Nevill . The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a group of several of the Channel Islands that is a Crown Dependency . Guernsey still has feudal law and legal fiefs in existence today. Each fief has

986-666: The town and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. As a result of the First Silesian War the Duchy of Oels (Oleśnica) came under suzerainty of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742. Following administrative reform in 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars , Oels became the seat of Landkreis Oels in the Province of Silesia , remaining capital of the Duchy of Oels (Oleśnica). In 1884

1020-413: The use of the lands and their income; the granting lord retained ultimate ownership of the fee and could, technically, recover the lands in case of disloyalty or death. In Francia , Charles Martel was the first to make large-scale and systematic use (the practice had remained sporadic until then) of the remuneration of vassals by the concession of the usufruct of lands (a beneficatium or " benefice " in

1054-400: Was far less common than: A lord in late 12th-century England and France could also claim the right of: In northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries, military service for fiefs was limited for offensive campaigns to 40 days for a knight. By the 12th century, English and French kings and barons began to commute military service for cash payments ( scutages ), with which they could purchase

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1088-521: Was first mentioned in an 1189 deed. It was part of fragmented Poland under the Piast dynasty . In 1255, it was granted town rights by Duke Henry III the White . From the 13th century onwards, the area was largely settled by Germans in the course of the Ostsiedlung . From the 13th century, it had a coin mint . In the 13th century Oleśnica was part of the Duchy of Silesia , in 1294 it became part of

1122-479: Was still going on in the 13th century. In England, Henry II transformed them into important sources of royal income and patronage. The discontent of barons with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed "reliefs" and other feudal payments under Henry's son King John resulted in Magna Carta of 1215. Eventually, great feudal lords sought also to seize governmental and legal authority (the collection of taxes,

1156-591: Was subsequently expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and the town was resettled with Poles many of whom were expelled from former eastern Poland annexed in 1945 by the Soviet Union . Some 3,000 Italians remained in the town until the end of 1945, and organized artistic shows to which they invited young Polish activists. The majority of monuments in the Old Town have been rebuilt since

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