Tamāio was a Māori rangatira (chieftain) of the Tainui tribal confederation, based at Kāwhia in Waikato , New Zealand . He was the first chieftain to lead a war-party inland from Kāwhia, in a war against Ngāti Hā , sometime around the middle of the sixteenth century.
59-604: Tamāio's father was Uenuku-te-rangi-hōkā, son of Whatihua (through whom he was a male-line descendant of Hoturoa , the captain of the Tainui ) and Rua-pū-tahanga of Ngāti Ruanui (through whom he was a descendant of Turi , the captain of the Aotea canoe). Tamāio's mother was Te Kete-kura, who was also descended from Hoturoa on her father's side and from the Tokomaru on her mother's side. He had two half-brothers, Hotunui , who
118-449: A cousin of Whatihua who was based at Te Whena on the Kāwhia harbour, wanted a comb owned by Whatihua. He broke into Whatihua's house in the night and stole it, wandering around repeatedly so that the tracks would appear to belong to a large group of thieves. However, because of a crooked leg, Mangō had a distinctive gait and the tracks were easily identified as his in the morning. Whatihua led
177-581: A godwit numbered 234684 left Alaska on 13 October and flew non-stop to Tasmania, the first time a tagged bird has flown this route. It flew a minimum of 13,560 km (8,430 mi) in 11 days 1 hour: a record non-stop distance. To fuel such long journeys, L. l. baueri birds in New Zealand deposit much more fat for their body size than other subspecies, allowing them to fly 6,000 km (3,728 mi) to 8,600 km (5,344 mi). Both Australasian subspecies head north to their breeding grounds along
236-536: A long upturned bill. Bar-tailed godwits breed on Arctic coasts and tundra from Scandinavia to Alaska , and overwinter on coasts in temperate and tropical regions of Australia and New Zealand. The migration of the subspecies Limosa lapponica baueri across the Pacific Ocean from Alaska to New Zealand is the longest known non-stop flight of any bird, and also the longest journey without pausing to feed by any animal. The round-trip migration for this subspecies
295-406: A major staging site in the northern Yellow Sea , they continue to hunt polychaetes , but most of their food intake is the bivalve mollusc Potamocorbula laevis , which they generally swallow whole. The sexual dimorphism also leads to differences in foraging behaviour which enables more effective exploitation. Male bar-tailed godwits are smaller than females and have shorter bills. In a study at
354-435: A new known flight record of 11,680 km (7,258 mi). This L. l. bauri female made a 174-day round-trip journey of 29,280 km (18,194 mi) with 20 days of flying. In 2021, a male bar-tailed godwit, 4BBRW, set a new record for non-stop migratory flight with an 8,100 mile (approximately 13035 km) flight from Alaska, USA to New South Wales, Australia. The same individual held a previous record in 2020. In 2022,
413-401: A result Tainui was split between them, with Whatihua receiving the northern Waikato region , including Kāwhia. He probably lived in the early sixteenth century. Whatihua was a male-line descendant of Hoturoa , leader of the Tainui waka through his father Tāwhao . Tāwhao married two daughters of Te Aorere, another descendant of Hoturoa, Pūnui-a-te-kore and Maru-tē-hiakina. Whatihua was
472-500: A stratagem. He had his party march up onto a hill that was visible from the Ngāti Hā village, then down into a valley that was out of sight, before returning to the hill with their cloaks turned inside out. This was repeated three times and led the Ngāti Hā to believe that Tamāio's war party was much larger than it actually was, so they abandoned the location without a fight, fleeing back to Te Tīroa. Tamāio pursued Ngāti Hā to Te Tīroa, which
531-759: A wader census conducted Bird New Zealand in 1983 and they found that the number of bar-tailed godwits in New Zealand as well has declined over the last 35 years which drops from 101,000 in 1983–1993 to 78,000 in 2005-2019. The decline in numbers of bar-tailed godwits is probably associated with habitat loss and degradation near Yellow Sea. They are quite sensitive and easily spooked so it prevents them from disturbance at high tide roosts which leads to stress since they could not rest. We need to contribute to their conservation measures to help maintain their population by restricting human access, creating protected zones and keeping safe distance from bar-tailed godwits. In 2024, L. l. baueri and menzbieri were listed as Endangered under
590-413: A war party of a thousand men to Te Whena to reclaim the comb, but Mangō attacked him with a force of nine hundred at Mahea-takataka. Whatihua's party was defeated and most of his men were killed, but Whatihua himself was captured alive and brought to Mangō, who grabbed him by his hair and urinated on his head. After this, Whatihua was allowed to go free, but the defeat had caused him to lose his mana and he
649-422: Is also some regional variation in size (see subspecies, below). The adult has blue-grey legs and a long, tapering, slightly upturned bi-coloured bill: pink at the base and black towards the tip. The neck, breast and belly are unbroken brick red in breeding plumage, and dark brown above. Females breeding plumage is much duller than males, with a chestnut to cinnamon belly. Breeding plumage is not fully apparent until
SECTION 10
#1732801289656708-534: Is comparatively smaller than subspecies baueri . Baueri is known to deposit 75-85g more fat for their size. In general, larger godwits have greater flight costs, which accounts for the difference in travel expenses. The smaller subspecies with would exhibit lower travel cost with and without wind assistance. Baueri subspecies is predicted with travel distance further than taymyrensis ranged from 8,200 to 8,600km with wind assistance, and 6,000 to 6,300km with no wind assistance. Those flight lengths are sufficient to allow
767-516: Is frequently well concealed by standing vegetation and placed near or between tussocks. The construction of the nest is conducted by both parents which lining is added to the nest during egg laying. The eggs shape are pointed oval to pyriform and subpyriform to ovate pyriform and usually the latter eggs are elongate ovate. Their main source of food in wetlands is bristle-worms (up to 70%), supplemented by small bivalves and crustaceans . In wet pastures, bar-tailed godwits eat invertebrates. In
826-461: Is from Latin and means "muddy", from limus , "mud", referring to its preferred habitat. The specific name lapponica refers to Lapland . The English term "godwit" was first recorded in about 1416–17 and may be an imitation of the bird's call, or be derived from the Old English "god whit", meaning "good creature", perhaps referring to its eating qualities. Its English name is taken from
885-535: Is most likely limited to male-to-male aggression on the ground and other Limosa species also do not show high level territoriality. Aggressive reaction distance is usually less than 2 m. The bar-tailed godwit does not exhibit the "tumbling flight" that the Black-tailed Godwit shows after its ascending phase, and its limping flight is much more ordered and less chaotic than that of the Black-tailed Godwit. The highly conspicuous limping flight with song in
944-560: Is mostly are a repetition of basic tonal element of 0.15-0.2s. Some vocalizations have multiple functions and some calls is used in a same context which is commonly shown in other shorebirds. The most common song-flight they have done is the ceremonial flights. ceremonial flights are performed disproportionately by the males and the function is mainly heterosexual. The flight was not found to induce ceremonial flight in neighboring males. There are 4 stages in ceremonial flights: (1) ascent, (2) limping flight, (3) gliding, and (4) descent to attract
1003-463: Is not apparent in their non-breeding grounds in New Zealand; birds of different sizes mix freely. Limosa lapponica is distinguished from the black-tailed godwit ( Limosa limosa ) by its black-and-white horizontally-barred (rather than wholly black) tail, and lack of white wing bars. The most similar species is the Asiatic dowitcher ( Limnodromus semipalmatus ). It was evident for some time that
1062-582: Is over 29,000 km (18,020 mi). The bar-tailed godwit was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Scolopax limosa . It is now placed with three other godwits in the genus Limosa that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The genus name Limosa
1121-656: Is unclear, potential destinations include the Yellow Sea, China, and Korea (39°45′N, 124°30′E; 9,600 km) from the Gulf of Carpentaria , Australia (17°38′S, 140°06′E; 3,800 km). Waders are known to use mostly fat to fuel their long flights that sometimes undertake 10,000km to 29,000km and also catabolizing lean tissue from their organs. The sexual dimorphism is also thought to contribute to them having different fuel deposition. The typical shorebird fat loads are 35%-40% of their body mass. Juvenile males migrating from South Alaska have
1180-524: The Mōkau River , upstream from Puketutu . Tamāio's cousin Rereahu , one of the chieftains of Tainui in southern Waikato noticed the Ngāti Hā at Te Tīroa while he was foraging for black ponga shoots and reported to Tamāio that they were coming to seize the land. Therefore, Tamāio raised a war party and advanced on the Ngāti Hā village. Since the village was too well-defended to take by force, Tamāio devised
1239-500: The aukati line that later formed the northern boundary of the King Country . The north went to Whatihua, who remained at Kāwhia, while the south went to Tūrongo, who was sent inland and settled at Rangiātea, near Waikeria . Whatihua and Rua-pū-tahanga had two sons, Uenuku-tuhatu and Uenuku-te-rangi-hōkā. Shortly after the birth of Uenuku-te-rangi-hōkā, Apakura, asked him to catch her an eel , so he went to Ōparau, where there
SECTION 20
#17328012896561298-519: The Manawatū Estuary, shorter-billed birds (males) fed mostly on small surface prey like Potamopyrgus snails, half being snail specialists, whereas females consumed more deeply-buried prey such as worms; the birds also displayed some individual food preferences. They are known to forage actively in the day and night. They will pick items on the surface while walking or probes for items in matted vegetation by inserting and twisting bills. In Europe,
1357-412: The aggressive behaviour. During courtship, they tend to point their bill slightly upwards along with raising their tails while during aggression, they will point the bill downwards in a normal tail posture. It is common to perform tail-raising in this family. Nest-scraping behaviour is also shown by the ruffling of the back-feathers. Although the immediate destinations and flight lengths of this species
1416-496: The bar-tailed godwit is Near Threatened, and the population is declining. Fewer birds have been using East African estuaries since 1979, and there has been a steady decline in numbers around the Kola Peninsula , Siberia, since 1930. The global population is estimated to number 1,099,000–1,149,000 individuals. Both L. l. bauri and L. l. menzbieri adult survival rates decreased between 2005 and 2012, probably because of
1475-601: The black-and-white barred tail and upper tail coverts in this species. In French it is known as barge rousse , Russian maliy veretennik , Inuit chiuchiuchiak , Yup'ik tevatevaaq , and Māori kūaka . Four subspecies are recognised: The bar-tailed godwit is a relatively short-legged species of godwit . The bill-to-tail length is 37–41 cm (15–16 in), with a wingspan of 70–80 cm (28–31 in). Males average smaller than females but with much overlap; males weigh 190–400 g (6.7–14.1 oz), while females weigh 260–630 g (9.2–22.2 oz); there
1534-551: The ceremonial flight is potentially to give signaling value are pivoting take off during ascent, diving and breaking with primaries during descent and wings-high after landing. It is the most highly possible for long-distance signalling to be aimed only to a nearby mate. Another common flight that occurs in this species is the pursuit flight which is initiated by a paired female. The males will follow closely behind. Sometimes, another male can join in if they are not mated yet. The aggressive and courtship behaviour should not be similar as
1593-425: The cliff, but he leapt off before they could get there. His body was not found at the base and it was believed that he had somehow ended up in the cave, which he had earlier predicted would be his tomb. Whatihua married Rua-pū-tahanga and Apakura, but it is not certain which of them he married first. Rua-pū-tahanga was a descendant of Turi , leader of the Aotea canoe. With Whatihua, she had two sons: Apakura
1652-622: The coast of Asia northwards and southwards, but those breeding in Alaska migrate directly across the Pacific to Australasia 11,000 km (6,835 mi) away. To track the return journey, seven birds in New Zealand were tagged with surgically implanted transmitters and tracked by satellite to the Yellow Sea in China, a distance of 9,575 km (5,950 mi); the actual track flown by one bird
1711-678: The coast of Asia to the Yalu Jiang coastal wetland in the north Yellow Sea, the most important staging grounds for godwits and great knots ( Calidris tenuirostris) in their northern migration. L. l. baueri birds rested for about 41 days before continuing approximately 7,000 km (4,350 mi) on to Alaska. L. l. menzbieri spent on average 38 days in the Yellow Sea region and flew an additional 4,100 km (2,548 mi) to high Arctic Russia. Birds will often depart early from New Zealand if there are favourable winds; they seem to be able to predict weather patterns that will assist them on
1770-441: The eggs for 20 to 21 days, the male during the day and the female at night. The young fledge when they are around 28 days old. They first breed when aged 2 years. The earliest clutch may start by mid-May on coastal Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. There are never 2 broods at once but it may replce the first clutch. The nest site is variable in selection where there is a slighly elevated ridge drier than surrounding vegetation. The site
1829-549: The entire migration route. Birds that had nested in southern Alaska were larger and departed New Zealand earliest; this pattern was repeated six months later, with birds departing Alaska in the same order they arrived, and over the same span of days. Birds in southern New Zealand departed on average 9–11 days earlier than birds in more northern sites. Godwits arrive at the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska in two waves; local breeders in early May, and larger flocks in
Tamāio - Misplaced Pages Continue
1888-433: The females tend to feed in deeper water than males. Males that feed in deeper water are less successful than males that feed in the tide line. Meanwhile, females are successful at both locations. Birds that prey in flocks have higher prey capture than birds that prey alone. The individuals also capture fewer prey when there is drop in ambient temperature that slows the activity of prey. The degree of feeding activity depends on
1947-465: The females. There are 3 categories in ceremonial flights: (A) A straight line, (B) performing 1 or more circles, (C) wide circles. The ceremonial flight is also known to be similar to Black-tailed godwit. They lack the flight that corresponds to the tumbling flight and the limping flight is not so erratic as in Black-tailed Godwit. The main purpose of this flight is to announce to the females that they are not mated yet. Their territorial defence behaviour
2006-429: The first part of their migration from New Zealand, and so they are most likely to receive wind assistance to Australia. Sometimes during Southward migration, they will make some stopovers in different staging sites if their destinations are likely to be father north than Australia or Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. These massive flights might involve extensive fueling periods before and during migration. This calls for
2065-449: The first-born son, but his mother was the younger of Tāwhao's wives, Maru-tē-hiakina. His younger brother Tūrongo was born to the senior wife, Pūnui-a-te-kore. As a result, the relative status of the two sons was unclear and they competed for pre-eminence. As youths, Whatihua and Tūrongo went hunting kūaka ( Bar-tailed godwits ) on Kaiwhai island off Kāwhia. At first, all the birds came to Tūrongo and he caught great numbers, but while he
2124-409: The highest fat load, but we cannot conclude that for all godwits migrating from the same breeding ground since juveniles are still growing and have smaller body sizes than adults. The female godwits are found to be the heaviest due to their body size being larger than males, and the fat content was also found to be high, from 197-280g. In the size comparison of the subspecies with taymyrensis which
2183-518: The individuals from northern New Zealand potentially to Japan or South Korea. New Zealand godwits would need to have wind assistance comparable to taymyrensis , the European birds, or the European bird would need to retain significant amounts of fat after migration in order for the greater flight ranges to be feasible. This species is able to "ride" high-pressure systems over the Tasman Sea during
2242-503: The loss of intertidal staging areas in the Yellow Sea. The construction of seawalls and the reclamation of mudflats have led to a critical reduction in food supplies for migrating birds, particularly subspecies like L. l. menzbieri that rely on the Yalu Jiang estuary on both their northward and southward migrations. Numbers of L. l. baueri have declined in New Zealand from over 100,000 in the late 1980s to 67,500 in 2018. Meanwhile,
2301-597: The migrating birds can fly distances up to 5000km non stop. All bar-tailed godwits spend the Northern Hemisphere summer in the Arctic, where they breed, and make a long-distance migration south in winter to more temperate areas. L. l. lapponica make the shortest migration, some only as far as the North Sea , while others travel as far as India. Bar-tailed godwits nesting in Alaska ( L. l. baueri ) travel all
2360-544: The other went to Waimiha and then on to Ōngarue , establishing a fortress where the Ōngārue River meets the Whanganui River (modern Taumarunui ). Tamāio pursued the latter group, but their chief Te Hoata came to meet him and negotiated a peace by marrying his daughter Hinemata to Tamāio. Tamāio and Hinemata had a daughter, Rangi-ānewa, who married her cousin Rereahu. They had one child, Te Ihinga-a-rangi , who
2419-535: The outline of the house is still visible in the grass in the summer. While Tūrongo was waiting to harvest his kumara, Whatihua summoned Rua-pū-tahanga from Patea. Rua-pū-tahanga made the journey up the Whanganui River , through Tāngarākau , and Ōhura , into the Mokau Valley . The places Te Umu-Kaimata, Taorua, and Te Puna-a-Rua-pū-tahanga are named after events that took place on her journey. When she arrived at Kāwhia, Tūrongo had no food for her and his house
Tamāio - Misplaced Pages Continue
2478-400: The risks of continuing to fly over open oceans when the wind is unfavourable. This migration strategy of Australasian bar-tailed godwits is exemplify by their exceptional travels, which cross hemispheres and encompass 10,000km, and their reliance on a few number of refueling sites. These extreme flights are also dependent on the presence and productivity of these staging sites. The status of
2537-556: The third week of May en route to breeding grounds further north. The bar-tailed godwit is a non-breeding migrant in Australia and New Zealand. Birds first depart for their northern hemisphere breeding sites at age 2–4. Breeding take place each year in Scandinavia, northern Asia, and Alaska. The nest is a shallow cup in moss sometimes lined with vegetation. Clutch size is from 2 to 5, averaging four. Both sexes share incubation of
2596-615: The third year, and there are three distinguishable age classes; during their first migration north, immature males are noticeably paler in colour than more mature males. Non-breeding birds seen in the Southern Hemisphere are plain grey-brown with darker feather centres, giving them a striped look, and are whitish underneath. Juveniles are similar to non-breeding adults but more buff overall with streaked plumages on flanks and breast. Alaska-breeding bar-tailed godwits show an increase in body size from north to south, but this trend
2655-598: The tide, weather, season and the behaviour exhibited by the prey. In New Zealand, the female baueri has a probe rate of 26.5 probes per 4 minutes period which is 1.6 times higher than that of males but the feeding success is observed to be similar in both sexes. The tapping technique is seen to be more useful in males than the females. During breeding season, shore birds such as bar-tailed godwit will exhibit conspicuous acts such as song flight, courtship, copulation and antagonistic behaviour. They can produce 9 different vocalizations with increasing and decreasing frequency which
2714-519: The utilization of a flight's network of locations. They will rest, moult and refuel themselves for the remaining distance. Baueri are highly conservative in their use of staging sites to refuel and most of them just stopped in one or two countries when migrating northwards. During southwards migration, some of them will stop in a few islands in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. These altered routes are suggested to be adaptive reactions to
2773-595: The village. While he did this, Rua-pū-tahanga swum across the Kawhia Harbour, reaching the shore at Te Maika. From there, she passed Lake Taharoa , Taumatakanae, and Harihari, crossed the Marokopa River at the coast, crossed Kiri-te-here stream and reached the base of Mount Moeātoa, where cliffs extend right to the sea. She stopped to rest there and a small stream at the spot is named for the event, Te Mimi-o-Rua-pū-tahanga ('Rua-pū-tahanga's pee'). As she
2832-516: The way to Australia and New Zealand. They undertake the longest non-stop migrations of any bird, and to fuel they carry the greatest fat loads of any migratory bird so far studied, reducing the size of their digestive organs to do so. L. l. bauri breeds in Alaska and spends the non-breeding season in eastern Australia and New Zealand. L. l. menzbieri breeds in Siberia and migrates to northern and western Australia. Birds breeding in Siberia follow
2891-558: Was 11,026 km (6,851 mi), taking nine days. At least three other bar-tailed godwits also appear to have reached the Yellow Sea after non-stop flights from New Zealand. One specific female of the flock, nicknamed "E7", flew onward from China to Alaska and stayed there for the breeding season. Then in August 2007 she departed on an eight-day non-stop flight from western Alaska to the Piako River near Thames , New Zealand, setting
2950-518: Was Rereahu's eldest son. The story is reported by Pei Te Hurinui Jones , based on a version told to him by his uncle Te Hurinui Te Wano before 1911. The raid is also referred to in evidence presented to the Ōtorohanga Land Court by Te Naunau Hīkaka on 15 December 1892. Whatihua Whatihua was a Māori rangatira (chief) in the Tainui confederation of tribes, based at Kāwhia , New Zealand . He quarrelled with his brother, Tūrongo , and as
3009-526: Was also too well-defended to besiege. Tamāio therefore pretended to encamp on one side of the village and then sent a group of his troops around to the woods on the other side of the village, with their weapons tied to the side of their bodies that was not visible from the village. Believing them to be unarmed men collecting firewood, the three chiefs of Ngāti Hā sallied forth from the village with their warriors and were killed. The remaining Ngāti Hā fled, splitting into two groups, one of which went to Taupō, while
SECTION 50
#17328012896563068-511: Was born after Uenuku-te-rangi-hōkā had moved to south Taranaki , and Mōtai. There was a tribe called Ngāti Hā, led by three chiefs, Hā-nui ('Big Hā'), Hā-roa ('Long Hā'), and Hā-kūhā-nui ('Big-thigh Hā'), who was the great-grandson of Tia , who arrived in New Zealand on the Arawa canoe. Ngāti Hā had been driven out of the Taupō region by Ngāti Tūwharetoa and headed west, establishing a village on
3127-475: Was descended from Tamatea, the captain of the Tākitimu canoe. Her children with Whatihua were the ancestors of Ngāti Apakura . Bar-tailed godwit The bar-tailed godwit ( Limosa lapponica ) is a large and strongly migratory wader in the family Scolopacidae , which feeds on bristle-worms and shellfish on coastal mudflats and estuaries . It has distinctive red breeding plumage, long legs, and
3186-449: Was focussed on cooking the birds, Whatihua snuck up behind him and "snatched the hau " (the spiritual essence) from Tūrongo's head. After that all of Tūrongo's mana passed to Whatihua. When the two brothers reached adulthood, Tūrongo travelled south to Patea and got engaged to Rua-pū-tahanga , of Ngāti Raukawa . He then returned to Kāwhia and began to build a house at Te Whare-o-Ngarue in Kāwhia in preparation for her arrival. As he
3245-533: Was known to be a large eel, and caught it, using one of Rua-pū-tahanga's mauri (magic talismans). This so infuriated Rua-pū-tahanga that she left Kāwhia, taking the baby Uenuku-te-rangi-hōkā with her. After a while Whatihua noticed that she had gone and set off in pursuit. At the Matatua headland, she realised that Whatihua was following her and buried the baby in the sand up to his neck, so that Whatihua had to stop to uncover him and fetch people to take him back to
3304-410: Was no longer seen as an important leader. Whatihua had made his base at the village of Manu-aitu. When he grew old he went out to a seaside cliff, which has a cave partway up called Poho-tangi ('sounding belly'), because of the sound it makes as the wind and waves crash against the cliff face. When the people saw Whatihua at the top of the cliff, some rushed to the top and others rushed to the bottom of
3363-414: Was resting, Whatihua caught up with her and there was nowhere to run, so Rua-pū-tahanga leapt off the cliffs into the roiling waves, where a taniwha , Rākei, picked her up and carried her away. She shouted to Whatihua, "Go back! You will die in your pursuit of my body, now set apart" or "The tides of Rākei of the hundred monster's eyes have risen," both now proverbial sayings. He returned to Kawhia. Mangō,
3422-521: Was too small to fit all the people whom she had brought along with her, while Whatihua had plenty of food and space, so she married him instead. Beaten, Tūrongo left Kāwhia. After Tūrongo left Kāwhia, he had travelled east and married Māhina-o-rangi at Pukehou in Hawke's Bay . After the marriage had taken place, the elderly Tāwhao, travelled there and invited Tūrongo to return to Kāwhia. There he divided his lands between Whatihua and Tūrongo, roughly along
3481-469: Was working on the house, Whatihua came and advised him that the planned house was too big, convincing him to shorten the tāhuhu (ridge beam) in order to complete the task on time. He also convinced him to plant huge gardens, using up all of his kumara , so that he had none remaining in his storerooms. Meanwhile, Whatihua at Te Wharenui ('The Big House') on the Aotea Harbour , where it is said that
#655344