Misplaced Pages

#449550

43-719: Arawa may refer to: Arawa (canoe) , one of the canoes that carried the ancestral Māori migrants to New Zealand Te Arawa , a confederation of Māori tribes in New Zealand Arawa, Bougainville , a town in Papua New Guinea Arawa Rural LLG , a local-level government area in Papua New Guinea Arawá language (extinct) belonging to the Arawan languages Topics referred to by

86-427: A cutting fluid to enhance sharpening and carry away swarf . Those used with water for this purpose are often called water stones or waterstones , those used with oil sometimes oil stones or oilstones . Whetstones will wear away with use, typically in the middle. Tools sharpened in this groove will develop undesirable curves on the blade. In order to prevent this, a whetstone may be levelled out with sandpaper or

129-531: A micrometer abrasive particle size). A diamond plate is a steel plate, sometimes mounted on a plastic or resin base, coated with diamond grit , an abrasive that will grind metal. When they are mounted they are sometimes known as diamond stones. The plate may have a series of holes cut in it that capture the swarf cast off as grinding takes place, and cuts costs by reducing the amount of abrasive surface area on each plate. Diamond plates can serve many purposes including sharpening steel tools, and for maintaining

172-443: A tuahu altar out of weathered materials and tied the canoe to the jaw of the whale, covering the rope with sand, as if it had been covered up by the tide. He pointed these things out to the crew of Tainui and convinced them that Arawa had actually arrived first. This incident is the subject of much dispute between Arawa and Tainui, who tell a similar story, but with the roles reversed. On arrival, Tahu-whakatiki and Waitaha ,

215-555: A claim to, declaring it to be "the bridge of my nose." Other members of the crew began claiming the land: Tia declared the area northwest of Maketu to be the belly of his son Tapuika and Hei called the next hill north of that the belly of his son Waitaha . They brought the Arawa up the Kaituna River at Maketu, tying the bow to a rock called Tokaparore and the stern with an anchor called Tuterangiharuru. Both rocks are features of

258-430: A damaged edge. A finer grit is used to remove the scratches of larger grits and to refine an edge. There are two-sided plates with each side coated with a different grit. The highest quality diamond sharpeners use monocrystalline diamonds, single structures which will not break, giving them an excellent lifespan. These diamonds are bonded onto a precision ground surface, set in nickel, and electroplated. This process locks

301-403: A fine grit on the other enabling one stone to satisfy the basic requirements of sharpening. Some shapes are designed for specific purposes such as sharpening scythes, drills or serrations. Modern synthetic stones are generally of equal quality to natural stones, and are often considered superior in sharpening performance because of consistency of particle size and control over the properties of

344-402: A hundred. D. M. Stafford compiles a list of forty-nine men, who appear on the Arawa in different traditions, noting that some of them are otherwise attested on other canoes or seem implausible on genealogical grounds: The following women are attested on the Arawa in different traditions: Items brought to New Zealand on the Arawa included a tapu kōhatu (sacred stone). There was also

387-665: A levelling or flattening stone. The term is based on the word "whet", which means to sharpen a blade, not on the word "wet". The verb nowadays to describe the process of using a sharpening stone for a knife is simply to sharpen , but the older term to whet is still sometimes used, though so rare in this sense that it is no longer mentioned in, for example, the Oxford Living Dictionaries. Natural whetstones are typically formed of quartz , such as novaculite . The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas are noted as

430-471: A magic whetstone for sharpening axes called Hine-tua-hōanga, which Īhenga , later installed at a sacred spring called Waiorotoki ("waters of the echoing axes") on the Waitetī stream near Ngongotahā . The stone was shown to James Cowan still in situ in 1930 and was said to have made the stream so tapu that it was fatal to drink from it. In addition, the canoe brought over two gods, one called Itupaoa, which

473-449: A number, which indicates the spatial density of the particles; a higher number denotes a higher density and therefore smaller particles, which give a finer finish to the surface of the sharpened object.) Stones intended for use on a workbench are called bench stones, while small, portable ones, whose size makes it hard to draw large blades uniformly over them, especially "in the field", are called pocket stones. Often whetstones are used with

SECTION 10

#1732764988450

516-456: A single mine that is still quarrying Coticules and their Belgian Blue Whetstone counterparts. The Japanese traditionally use natural sharpening stones (referred to as tennen toishi ) wetted with water, as using oil on such a stone reduces its effectiveness. The geology of Japan provided a type of stone which consists of fine silicate particles in a clay matrix, somewhat softer than novaculite . Besides this clay mineral , some sedimentary rock

559-680: A source for these. Novaculite and other stone formations are found around the world such as in Eastern Crete which produces a stone known as the Turkish Stone , mined in the Elounda mountain but sold all throughout the Levant (hence its name) since antiquity. Similar stones have been in use since antiquity. The Roman historian Pliny described use of several naturally occurring stones for sharpening in his Natural History . He describes

602-407: A wide range of shapes, sizes, and material compositions. They may be flat, for working flat edges, or shaped for more complex edges, such as those associated with some wood carving or woodturning tools. They may be composed of natural quarried material or from man-made material. They come in various grades, which refer to the grit size of the abrasive particles in the stone. (Grit size is given as

645-503: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arawa (canoe) Arawa was one of the great ocean-going, voyaging canoes in Māori traditions that was used in the migrations that settled New Zealand . The Te Arawa confederation of Māori iwi and hapū based in the Rotorua and Bay of Plenty areas trace their ancestry from

688-418: Is difficult as the classes are broad and natural stones have no inherent "grit number". As an indication, ara-to is probably (using a non-Japanese system of grading grit size) 500–1000 grit. The naka-to is probably 3000–5000 grit and the shiage-to is likely 7000–10000 grit. Current synthetic grit values range from extremely coarse, such as 120 grit, through extremely fine, such as 30,000 grit (less than half

731-435: Is minimal due to diamond's hardness, a diamond plate retains its flatness. Rubbing the diamond plate on a whetstone to true (flatten) the whetstone is a modern alternative to more traditional truing methods. Diamond plates are available in various plate sizes (from credit card to bench plate size) and grades of grit. A coarser grit is used to remove larger amounts of metal more rapidly, such as when forming an edge or restoring

774-413: The ara-to , or "rough stone", the naka-to or "middle/medium stone" and the shiage-to or "finishing stone". There is a fourth type of stone, the nagura , which is not used directly. Rather, it is used to form a cutting slurry on the shiage-to (early finishing stone) or awasedo (late finishing stone), which are often too hard to create the necessary slurry. Converting these names to absolute grit size

817-408: The waka which came to be known as Arawa . "Hauhau-te-rangi" and "Tūtauru" (made from New Zealand greenstone brought back by Ngāhue) were the adzes used for the time-consuming and intensive work. D. M. Stafford records the karakia (invocation) sung when the tree was chopped down, which opens Kakariki powhaitere . Another canoe, Tainui , was made at the same place and time. Upon completion,

860-534: The coast, Ngātoro-i-rangi deposited the tapu kōhatu (sacred stone), holding the mauri to protect the Arawa peoples and their descendants from evil. Heading south again, the Arawa landed at Reponga island, where the crew left two magic birds, called Mumuhou and Takareto, to let voyagers know when the sea would be rough or calm. They continued until Tama-te-kapua caught sight of the Maketu peninsula, which he staked

903-465: The crew saw the bright red flowers of the pōhutukawa as they came in to land, they threw away their red-feather head-dresses, thinking that they could use the flowers instead. The feathers were found on the beach by Māhina, who refused to return them. After they had landed, the crew discovered that the Tainui canoe had already landed nearby. They also found a beached sperm whale . Tama-te-kapua built

SECTION 20

#1732764988450

946-554: The design and size of the Arawa . Most scholars have argued that it was a catamaran with two hulls, but some sources make it a single-hulled canoe. A drawing by Wi Maihi te Rangikaheke shows it with a single hull and a figurehead consisting of a horizontal plank with three vertical planks projecting out of it, decorated with feathers. Some accounts indicate that it had a large house on the deck. Another claims that it had three masts. The crew consisted of both men and women, with estimates of their number ranging from around thirty to over

989-424: The diamonds in place. There is no dominant standard for the relationship between "grit size" and particle diameter. Part of the difficulty is that "grit size" is used to refer to the smoothness of the finish produced by a sharpening stone, and not just the actual size of the grit particles. Other factors apart from particle diameter that affect the finish (and thus the "grit size" rating) are: In synthetic stones,

1032-426: The flatness of man-made waterstones, which can become grooved or hollowed in use. Truing (flattening a stone whose shape has been changed as it wears away) is widely considered essential to the sharpening process but some hand sharpening techniques utilise the high points of a non-true stone. As the only part of a diamond plate to wear away is a very thin coating of grit and adhesive, and in a good diamond plate this wear

1075-581: The landscape today. This landfall took place in December. The spot is commemorated by the centennial monument, erected at Maketu in 1940. After landfall, Ruaeo arrived on a separate canoe, Pukateawainui , took revenge on Tama-te-kapua, and led a group consisting of Tuarotorua, Marupunganui, Taunga, and Kawatutu inland towards Lake Rotorua . Tia led another party on a westerly route towards Lake Taupō , while Ngātoro-i-rangi went past Lake Tarawera and on to Taupō as well. Ika and Kahumatamomoe travelled down

1118-581: The people of this canoe. Te Arawa's ancestors on board the Arawa were of the Ngāti Ohomairangi of Ra'iātea Island . Following a battle that broke out between them and Uenuku , in which their own Whakatūria fell in battle, Tama-te-kapua promised to captain the voyage to the islands of New Zealand, which had been discovered by Ngāhue of the Tāwhirirangi canoe. A large tree was cut down by four men called Rata, Wahieroa, Ngāhue and Parata, to make

1161-584: The same name. The waka was completed and berthed in Whenuakura Bay while Tama-te-kapua, chief of the canoe, attempted to find a priest for the journey. Ngātoro-i-rangi and his wife Kearoa were tricked by Tama-te-kapua into boarding the canoe to perform the necessary appeasement incantations to the gods before the canoe departed. However, while they were on board, Tama-te-kapua signalled to his men to quickly set sail, and before Ngātoro-i-rangi and his wife could react they were far out to sea. During

1204-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Arawa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arawa&oldid=1255423213 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1247-653: The seas. During these events, all the kūmara on board the canoe were lost overboard, except a few in a small kete being held by Whakaotirangi . After the calming of the seas, a shark (known as an arawa ) was seen in the water. Ngātoro-i-rangi renamed the waka Te Arawa , after this shark, which then accompanied the waka to Aotearoa, acting as a kai-tiaki (guardian). The Arawa canoe continued on to New Zealand, finally sighting land at Whangaparaoa near Cape Runaway in Te Moana-a-Toi (the Bay of Plenty). When

1290-401: The speckled Tam'o Shanter stone, both forms of slate used as razor oilstones. Artificial stones usually come in the form of a bonded abrasive composed of a ceramic such as silicon carbide (carborundum) or aluminium oxide (corundum). Bonded abrasives provide a faster cutting action than natural stones. They are commonly available as a double-sided block with a coarse grit on one side and

1333-511: The stones. For example, the proportional content of abrasive particles as opposed to base or "binder" materials can be controlled to make the stone cut faster or more slowly, as desired. The use of natural stone for sharpening has diminished with the widespread availability of high-quality artificial stones with consistent particle size. As a result, the legendary Honyama mines in Kyoto , Japan, have been closed since 1967. Belgium currently has only

Arawa - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-532: The two sons of Hei , argued. Tahu-whakatiki therefore left the Arawa and eventually settled at Whangārei . The canoe then travelled north up the coast, past Whakaari (White Island), to the Coromandel Peninsula , where Tama-te-kapua first sighted the mountain Mount Moehau and laid claim to it as his home and final resting place. At the island Te Poito o te Kupenga a Taramainuku just off

1419-476: The use of both oil and water stones and gives the locations of several ancient sources for these stones. One of the most well-regarded natural whetstones is the yellow-gray "Belgian Coticule", which has been legendary for the edge it can give to blades since Roman times, and has been quarried for centuries from the Ardennes . The slightly coarser and more plentiful "Belgian Blue" whetstone is found naturally with

1462-414: The voyage to New Zealand, Tama-te-kapua became desirous of Kearoa. Ngātoro-i-rangi noticed this and guarded his wife during the night while he was on deck navigating, by tying one end of a cord to her hair and holding the other end in his hand. However, Tama-te-kapua untied the cord from Kearoa's hair and attached it to the bed in order to have sex with her, repeating this over a number of nights. One night he

1505-429: The waka was given the name Ngā rākau kotahi puu a Atua Matua (also known as Ngā rākau maatahi puu a Atua Matua , or more simply Ngā rākau rua a Atuamatua - the two trunks of Atuamatua) in memory of Tama-te-kapua's grandfather Atua-matua. The song sung as it was hauled into the sea, toia Te Arawa tapotu ki te moana is recorded by several sources. The traditional accounts do not provide much clear information about

1548-400: The western route to Taupō and Ika continued to Whanganui with Oro. Hei and Waitaha settled the area between Katikati and Te Puke , but Waitaha also occupied Ōtamarākau . Tapuika settled the area between Te Puke and Maketu. Tama-te-kapua and his son Kahumatamomoe settled at Maketu itself. Uruika settled the area between Ōtamarākau and Matatā . The Arawa was beached at Maketu, where it

1591-605: The yellow coticule in adjacent strata; hence two-sided whetstones are available, with a naturally occurring seam between the yellow and blue layers. These are highly prized for their natural elegance and beauty, and for providing both a fast-cutting surface for establishing a bevel and a finer surface for refining it. Different veins of this stone are suitable for knives, tools, and razors respectively. Certain versions (such as La Veinette) are very sought after for razor honing. The hard stone of Charnwood Forest in northwest Leicestershire, England , has been quarried for centuries, and

1634-518: Was a source of whetstones and quern-stones . Natural stones are often prized for their natural beauty as stones and their rarity, adding value as collectors' items. Furthermore, each natural stone is different, and there are rare natural stones that contain abrasive particles with different properties than are currently available in artificial stones. Two common stones in the UK are the Water of Ayr stone and

1677-401: Was nearly caught in the act by Ngātoro-i-rangi, but managed to escape, though forgetting the cord in his haste. Ngātoro-i-rangi found the cord and deduced that Tama-te-kapua had been with Kearoa. In revenge, he raised a huge whirlpool in the sea named Te korokoro-o-te-Parata ('The throat of Te Parata'). The waka was about to be lost with all on board, before Ngātoro-i-rangi took mercy and calmed

1720-399: Was originally called Ngāti Ohomairangi, but the people assumed the name Arawa in honour of their canoe, when Ngātoro-i-rangi led them back to Hawaiki to defeat Manaia . Today the descendants of the crew say that the bow piece of Arawa is Maketu and the stern-piece is Mount Tongariro , a metaphorical description of the territory they occupy. Sharpening stone Such stones come in

1763-409: Was placed under a protective shed and venerated as a highly tapu relic. Later, Raumati of Taranaki visited the area, while the people were away and burnt the canoe. It is unclear whether they did this intentionally or accidentally. This act of destruction was avenged by Hatupatu , who killed Raumati and brought his head to Mokoia Island on Lake Rotorua . The tribe that travelled on the Arawa

Arawa - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-417: Was represented by a roll of tapa , and another stone carving buried at Mokoia Island on Lake Rotorua , which is perhaps to be identified with Matuatonga . It had two stone anchors, called Toka-parore and Tu-te-rangi-haruru, now the name of two rocks in the Maketu estuary. A stone anchor in the churchyard at Ohinemutu is said to have come from the Arawa , but this is probably a 19th century waka of

1849-642: Was used by the Japanese for whetstones, the most famous being typically mined in the Narutaki District just north of Kyoto along the Hon-kuchi Naori stratum. There were many individual mines which produced stone from one of the three stratums in the region, many sought after for specific reputations such as Ohira Uchigumori, Hakka Tomae, and Nakayama stones. Historically, there are three broad grades of Japanese toishi (sharpening stones):

#449550