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83-622: Vinča is located on the confluence of the Bolečica river into the Danube , on the Danube's right bank, 13 km (8.1 mi) east of Belgrade and 15 km (9.3 mi) west of its own municipal seat of Grocka. It is situated along the stream of Makački potok , which empties into the Bolečica. Vinča is statistically classified as a rural settlement (village). Originally it was situated 3 km from

166-484: A commercial zone as gas pumps, restaurants, workshops and supermarkets are built. Vinča is on the route of the projected highway in the Bolečica river valley (separating from the Belgrade- Niš highway at Bubanj Potok ) and a new bridge over the Danube (Vinča- Omoljica bridge) but a construction date is not yet given. Tourism is mostly centered on the archeological site of Belo brdo (Serbian for white hill ) and

249-673: A deal with investors, in the form of the strategic partnership to manage the landfill. With layers of untreated garbage that reach 70 m (230 ft), the landfill is considered to be the most problematic ecological spot in Europe. In August 2021, city officials estimated that the landfill, after 44 years of existence, contains 20 million tonnes (20,000,000 long tons; 22,000,000 short tons) of garbage, annually receives additional 0.5 million tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) and, in total, released over 4 billion cubic metres (140 × 10 ^  cu ft) of methane in

332-483: A municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.' The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality, and it changes significantly with time. In municipalities which have a well-developed waste recycling system, the waste stream mainly consists of intractable wastes such as plastic film and non-recyclable packaging materials . At

415-418: A worldwide online registry of unwanted items that would otherwise be thrown away, for individuals and nonprofits to reuse or recycle. Therefore, this free Internet-based service reduces landfill pollution and promotes the gift economy . Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area, usually a hole or sidehill. After

498-566: Is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. " Garbage " can also refer specifically to food waste , as in a garbage disposal ; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from a number of sources that has nothing to do with

581-479: Is a problem, a group of activists brought two metal barrels under the windows of the City Hall and burned rubbish in them. Commenting on the performance, titled "Greetings from Vinča", Mali said that it is "irresponsible that some five people come to me in front of the City Hall, light fires and scare my people". Acting ombudsman of Serbia, Miloš Janković asked from all involved institutions to make public, not only

664-419: Is a short river in north-central Serbia , a 12 km-long right tributary to the Danube . During its entire flow it runs through the suburban section of Belgrade and despite being short it flows through the three Belgrade's municipalities, next to the half dozen of suburbs of Belgrade (giving its name to one of them) with a total population of 35,000 and is a route to important roads. Bolečica originates in

747-627: Is bridged by the Kružni put in Leštane and by the Smederevski put , near the crossroad with Kružni put . Works on building additional 3 kilometers of the road from that point to the river's mouth into the Danube are halted in 2006. However, this section of the Bolečica's valley is projected route of the future modern highway which should begin at the Bubanj Potok highway crossroad and continue through

830-627: Is no single approach that can be applied to the management of all waste streams, therefore the Environmental Protection Agency , a U.S. federal government agency, developed a hierarchy ranking strategy for municipal solid waste. The waste management hierarchy is made up of four levels ordered from most preferred to least preferred methods based on their environmental soundness: Source reduction and reuse; recycling or composting; energy recovery ; treatment and disposal. The functional element of collection includes not only

913-403: Is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of groundwater . In recent years, environmental organizations, such as Freegle or The Freecycle Network , have been gaining popularity for their online reuse networks. These networks provide

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996-695: Is performed by the municipality within a given area. The term residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for processing. Waste can be classified in several ways, but the following list represents a typical classification: For example, typical municipal solid waste in China is composed of 55.9% food residue, 8.5% paper, 11.2% plastics, 3.2% textiles, 2.9% wood waste, 0.8% rubber, and 18.4% non-combustibles. The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling , composting , disposal , and waste-to-energy via incineration. There

1079-409: Is the amount paid to Suez-Itochu by the contract. Instead of making much lesser investments in promotion and expansion of recycling and construction of smaller recycle units which would employ hundreds of the poorest citizens, city administration decided to pour huge amount of money to private investor. Also, city is denouncing a valuable resource of recycled garbage this way and is additionally polluting

1162-408: Is to "scare the citizens and to raise panic". On 26 June 2017 the city garbage managing company, "Gradska čistoća", announced that after filling of the burning section of the landfill with over 65,000 m (2,300,000 cu ft) of earth, the fire was extinguished. Only then, the information that at one point the exploding methane burned on an area of 20 ha (49 acres) (or 30% of the landfill)

1245-734: The Coronavirus outbreak , pollution in Belgrade skyrocketed, followed again with smell and haze, despite the strong košava wind . Head of one of the trade unions in the company "Gradska čistoća" which manages the landfill, Željko Veselinović, named the latest fire in Vinča as one of the sources of the pollution. Being accused of spreading fear and panic with false information, head of the company announced criminal complaint against Veselinović, repeating that "all landfill processes are results of natural occurrences". In November 2020, private investors behind

1328-536: The Resource Conservation Recovery Act , such as requiring liners and groundwater monitoring. This is because landfills pose the threat of pollution and can contaminate groundwater. The signs of pollution are effectively masked by disposal companies, and it is often hard to see any evidence. Usually, landfills are surrounded by large walls or fences hiding the mounds of debris. Large amounts of chemical odor eliminating agent are sprayed in

1411-473: The Selective non-catalytic reduction system, and emitted into the atmosphere from the 60.5 m (198 ft) tall chimneys. The air will be constantly monitored. Several kilometers long pipeline and canals grid is built which will drain and collect both atmospheric precipitation and wastewater, channeling it to the foothills of old landfill. There, it will be treated by the reverse osmosis process, and, as

1494-411: The domestic waste but also earth and rubble. Out of 17 city municipalities, 13 use this landfill. The government decided in 2007 to remediate the landfill, but they soon stopped searching for the partner in the project. The landfill raised many ecological questions for years as only in the 2000s some of the major problems concerning waste managing began to solve. However, despite some recent improvements,

1577-567: The radioactive materials from the Institute, the U.S. government aided Serbia in the removal of the material. In 2010, large convoys moved the remaining 2.5 tonnes of nuclear fuel to a reprocessing facility in Mayak in Russia . Belgrade's city landfill ( deponija ) is located in Vinča. Official city landfill from 1960 used to be Ada Huja . When the new General Urban Plan (GUP) was adopted in

1660-570: The EU). Minister of Environmental Protection Goran Trivan said this was not true, that the plant will be built by the "highest European standards", but that EIB withdrew because of the politics. EU delegation in Serbia then explained that incineration should be allowed only for the small part of the waste, which can not be recycled or treated in any other way, while by this project much larger quantities of waste will be burnt and that government should "adjust"

1743-545: The administration that the entire project is just a scheme to drain money from the city. Partial documentation, though not the full contract, have been handed to the city deputies and was posted online by the Transparency Serbia . The analysis of the City defender's office, needed for the city to adopt the contract, wasn't positive. City defender stated: "Translation of the contract has not been done in accordance with

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1826-455: The air surrounding landfills to hide the evidence of the rotting waste inside the plant. Municipal solid waste produces enormous amounts of methane , a potent greenhouse gas . However, nearly 90% of these methane emissions could be avoided with existing technologies. In particular, municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy because of the lipid content present within it. A lot of MSW products can be converted into clean energy if

1909-434: The air. Strategic documents on the garbage management never envisioned the incineration plant, quite the opposite. According to the reports, the garbage will not be sorted prior to incineration, so everything from the paints, batteries, PVC, etc. will be burned. Despite constant claims by the opponents of the project that city, at the expense of its citizens, will pay to the investor, now a deputy mayor Goran Vesić, stated that

1992-443: The atmosphere. Largest deposits are estimated to be 100 metres (330 ft) deep. The devastating 2014 Southeast Europe floods triggered a mass wasting in one part of the landfill. As a result of the mass wasting which continued, and of the fact that the waste is not being treated, just piled on the top, a pockets of methane formed deep under the garbage layers. On 18 May 2017 several of these pockets, on different locations and at

2075-495: The case of smoky haze". Among the substances checked by the Institute are carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , sulfur dioxide , ground level ozone , suspended particulate matter below 10 μm ( PM 10 ) and phenols . However, dean of the University of Belgrade 's Faculty of Chemistry, Ivan Gržetić, stated that the smoke is not that harmless, since Vinča is not a managed landfill but rather a plain, unregulated dump. He said that

2158-421: The city and traffic pollution, but experts claimed there is no need for panicking. Still, health recommendations were issued for both the healthy and ill citizens, including to spend more time indoors as the city was covered in dirty fog. Citizens then began to report fire and smoke on the landfill, claiming it's one of the sources of the smog, but this was denied by the authorities. Even after photos and videos of

2241-435: The city will now collect communal bills from all 17 city municipalities, instead of only central 10, as until that date. On 6 October 2019, Vesić announced that the works on the landfill makeover began. The existing landfill will be sanitized, re-cultivated and closed as concurrently the new landfill will be built. The combined waste treatment (incineration) plant will be built, which would also produce electricity and heat from

2324-418: The city. He added that Vinča is probably going to burn for years and suggested the piling of the porous pipes which would conduct the methane into the atmosphere. Only then, after almost a month, city administration addressed the issue. Mayor Siniša Mali stated that there is a problem, but not that much of a problem as it is presented, and that "such things happen". In order to prove him that burning garbage

2407-466: The clear water, conducted via the creek of Ošljanski Potok into the Danube. In February 2020, the schedule of the works was announced: waste treatment facility will be finished by mid-April; construction of the power plant on waste energy will start in the mid-2020; finishing of the wastewater treatment facility is set for the end of 2020; the entire project will be finished by the end of 2022. The new sanitation landfill should be opened in early 2021 when

2490-446: The contract uses legal terms which are not provided by the positive law , therefore we are not in a position to confirm, with certainty, whether they are in accordance with the positive law." The deal includes the construction of an incineration plant . According to "Ne davimo Beograd" and environmentalist Vladimir Radojičić, the incineration will cost citizens obligatory €1.15 billion in the next 30 years, or €38 million per year, which

2573-456: The cracks open which release methane, which in turn produces fumes and smoke. It was stated that the mobile units on the non-stop watch are organized to deal with the problem when it appears. As media reported of new fires in February, the authorities threatened that this is fake news and spreading of panic, saying again it is normal for the landfill to smother all the time. They also stated that

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2656-481: The dam, which cost €2 million, was built in 2018 to prevent the draining of the polluted water into the Danube, though no one mentioned this dam before nor reported its construction. Few weeks later it was said that the dam was finished in March 2019. Company administration threatened to sue anyone who continue to claim that the landfill is burning. In March 2020, despite the massive reduction of traffic in Belgrade due to

2739-420: The deal (16, 20 or 25 years). In February 2017 Vesić stated that the selection of the bidders is in the finishing phase and that in the first half of 2017 the strategic partner will be selected. On 11 June 2017, during the fire, mayor Mali said that the Vinča problem will be solved on 6 July, when the bids from the "largest world companies" will be opened. The date was moved to 13 July and the deadline for selecting

2822-481: The depths of 10 to 15 m (33 to 49 ft), bursted into flames. Being covered with dirt and earth, fire above the ground was extinguished quickly, but the smoldering in the deep continued. Wide section of Belgrade was covered in smoke and bad smell, sometimes completely, forcing citizens to use masks. Smoggy neighborhoods included Lešće , Višnjica , Višnjička Banja , Krnjača , Kotež , Borča , Rospi Ćuprija , Karaburma , Slanci and Veliko Selo . By 23 May 2017

2905-403: The disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost , or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill

2988-453: The early 1970s, the projected location of the new landfill was the marsh around Veliko Selo in the municipality of Palilula . The municipality of Grocka endorsed the GUP, but in 1973 the idea of placing the landfill in Vinča was announced by the city. Grocka rejected the proposal and refused to endorse the new decision but the city administration bypassed the local authorities and the new landfill

3071-461: The energy production will start in April, while the heating will start during the 2023/2024 heating season. New management then announced that further enhancement of the entire project will be needed, as they misjudged the waste quantity almost by a quarter. Instead of 510,000 tons yearly, 625,000 tons are produced by the residents. As the power plant is still not treating the waste, from August 2021 when

3154-404: The estuary preventing the waters drained by Bolečica to flow into the Danube (inverse flow). As a result, during high levels, Bolečica overspills itself, sometimes causing the traffic breach on a major roads that cross over the river, like Kružni put and Smederevski put . Due to the much larger impact the river has on Leštane than it has on Boleč, through which it basically doesn't flow, some of

3237-419: The facilities on the landfill, and the surplus will be distributed to the city. Construction of the heat pipeline from Vinča to the heating plant in Belgrade's neighborhood of Konjarnik also began. It is planned for the gas produced by the secondary waste separation process from the incineration plant, which will be used for heating. In October 2019, European Investment Bank (EIB) announced it refused to fund

3320-412: The fire probably started years ago at the much deeper level, 20 to 40 m (66 to 131 ft), and that it is highly likely that the fumes contain polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins , but that Serbia has no special measuring devices to check their levels. He asserted that those compounds are cancerogenic but a good thing is that the smoke is partially dispersed by wind before it reaches

3403-415: The fires were posted, denials continued. When reporters and several groups of activists wanted to visit the landfill and check the situation, the police blocked access to the facility. Authorities then admitted that there are fires, but not open ones, while minister Trivan added this is "not a rare occurrence" and that "soon, everything will be under control". Ombudsman Zoran Pašalić began proceedings regarding

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3486-449: The gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses

3569-404: The geographers tend to call the river Leštanska reka ( Cyrillic : Лештанска река , lit.   ' Leštane river ' ) but the name has not been accepted officially neither among the local population. A short valley of Bolečica, which can be divided in two sections, Vrčin-Bubanj Potok and Bubanj Potok- Leštane-Vinča is a natural route for several important transportation lines: Bolečica

3652-604: The incineration plant. After the internal evaluation, the EIB decided to concur with the negative findings of the European Commission and to withdraw from the project. The bank stated the project is going to affect both the citizens of Belgrade (as the health risk) and all citizens of Serbia (as the project is not in accordance with the European Union negotiations chapter No. 27, which would prevent Serbia to join

3735-461: The landfill is still far from the European standards of environmental management, like leachate collection and treatment system. It is, as of 2014, not only the Europe's biggest landfill, with between 6,650,000 and 9,500,000 tons of waste deposited in it, but also largest untreated landfill on the continent. Since the city's plan on the waste management for the 2011-202 period, authorities try to make

3818-404: The landfills, in long terms, proves inefficient and unprofitable, citing Barcelona as an example. The city accepted the offer and the contract was signed on 29 September 2017. Mayor Mali stated that the project as a good investment and that contract is transparent. Political opposition claimed that the contract may be "even more scandalous than the one on Belgrade Waterfront " and openly accused

3901-549: The late 1990s was clear brook with small fishes and frogs, but today is dead, murky and full of waste deposits and not suitable even for the industrial use anymore. In March 2019, the environmentalists described the Bolečica as "less of a watercourse, more of a sewage watershed". Domestic waste Municipal solid waste ( MSW ), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain ,

3984-550: The left and forms the border between the four suburbs area: Leštane, Boleč , Ritopek and Vinča (where it receives the creek of Makački potok from the left), where it empties into the Danube by a small estuary at an altitude of 68 meters, just east of Belo Brdo , the archeological find of the Vinča culture . The majority of the Bolečica's flow has been channeled, mostly in the Bubanj Potok-Leštane section. For that purpose,

4067-543: The lipid content can be accessed and utilized. Several technologies have been developed that make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture, combustion, pyrolysis , gasification , and plasma arc gasification . While older waste incineration plants emitted a lot of pollutants, recent regulatory changes and new technologies have significantly reduced this concern. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations in 1995 and 2000 under

4150-400: The massive reconstruction of the landfill admitted that the fires are "frequent and constant". On 1 April 2015, city manager Goran Vesić announced that the private strategic partner will be chosen to clean, upgrade, modernize and operate the landfill. He said that by June or July 2015 the invitation for tender will be opened and that the partner will be known by the end of the year. June 2016

4233-440: The mornings and evenings, and to spread even further, reaching the hilly Dedinje , and more distant Mostar interchange and Vidikovac . City Institute for Public Health continuously issued statements that the levels of the basic pollutants in the air are not above the allowed levels, but also admitted that the actions to extinguish the fire are not solving the problem and that "sensitive groups" should "reduce time spent outdoors in

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4316-459: The movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Separating different types of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source of collection. The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include kerbside collection, drop-off, and buy-back centres. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at

4399-544: The municipal settlements. The experimental farm of Radmilovac , a section of the Agricultural Faculty of the Belgrade University is located to the east. In 2006 began the reconstruction and expansion of the farm, with new pools and projected covered areas that will turn Radmilovac into and experimental ground for future agricultural production. The area along the Smederevski put turns into

4482-445: The museum of the Vinča culture, with boat trips down the Danube from downtown Belgrade to the small Vinča dock, right below the find, with several fish restaurants on the bank. In order to strengthen the slope below the site, an embankment was built in the early 1980s, which is today a quay along the Danube. Hotel 'Radmilovac' on the Smederevski put is the major such facility from Belgrade to Smederevo . The Vinča Nuclear Institute

4565-481: The new landfill became operational, to January 2023, entire capacity for the storage was filled, so the new storage area was finished by the end of 2022. The management stated that "Belgraders, obviously produce more communal waste faster and faster", while the "extraction of the reusable waste components progresses slowly". Even when the power plant becomes optimally operational, it will treat 340,000 tons yearly, which would leave 285,000 tons of untreated waste, instead of

4648-577: The northern, low Šumadija region, between two "Belgrade mountains", Avala and Kosmaj , on the slopes of the Begaljica Hill, at an altitude of 105 meters. Originally, it flows to the north along the eastern slopes of the Avala, crossing between the municipalities of Grocka and Voždovac , next to the villages of Vrčin and Zuce , where it receives the Vranovac creek from the right and enters

4731-428: The partner to August. When the bids were opened on 13 July 2017 it turned out there is only one, French-Japanese consortium of Suez - Itochu . If accepted, even in the best case scenario, no work will begin before the second half of 2018. The "Ne davimo Beograd" movement, which opposes the politics of the city administration and continuously organizes the protests and performances, stated that the strategy partnerships for

4814-520: The previously planned 170,000 tons. Works on the stabilization of the old landfill are planned for the second quarter of 2023. A recent motion, as a result of big economic and demographic discrepancy between the western and eastern parts of the municipality, mentions Vinča of the possible seat of the future municipality formed from the western part of the municipality of Grocka , comprising Kaluđerica , Boleč , Leštane , and Ritopek . Bole%C4%8Dica The Bolečica ( Serbian Cyrillic : Болечица )

4897-416: The project won't cost citizens a dime. But already in 2017, manager of the "Suez" in Serbia, Philippe Thiel, stated that "payments from the City of Belgrade to the newly formed company, owned by the "Suez" and the "Itochu", will be significantly financed from the new, special tax for waste management" and on 1 October 2019, a new item on the communal bill was added, regarding the "management of the waste". Also,

4980-559: The project. Private investors said they will continue the funding. Investors rebutted the claims on bad technology claiming the process, when finished, will provide much cleaner air in Belgrade. The waste burning technology is the same as in Europe (450 facilities in European Union) and Japan (23 in Tokyo). The reverse acting grate Martin, used for incineration, is used in 90% of waste-to-energy facilities. The smoke will be filtered by

5063-413: The projected bridge Vinča- Omoljica into the province of Vojvodina . Despite frequent discussion by the city government on this subject, no projects have been accepted so far. The name of the river means literally "(the water) that cures the illness" (Serbian: bol , ilneess, pain and lečiti , to heal, to cure). Today however, the river is highly polluted, becoming merely an open sewage canal. Dumping of

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5146-413: The recovery of the old one will start. 42 ha (100 acres) will be covered with 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) thick layer of mineral materials, but also by the geo-synthetic membrane which will prevent water to reach inside the landfill, but also to prevent carbon gases to spread out of it. The reclamation should be finished in 2024, after several stages in 30 months. Opening of the sanitation landfill

5229-399: The results, but also to disclose all information about the way they measure the fumes and a detailed list of all substances covered by those measurements. He was supported by Rodoljub Šabić , state Commissioner for the information of public importance, but the city administration called their initiative "utterly pointless, unjustified and malicious" and that the intended purpose of their action

5312-402: The river bed has been concreted and moved to the west, so the river is now further away from Boleč, which was named after the river. It enabled for a usually minor water flow to conduct abundantly larger quantities of water during heavy rains and floods. However, the final 3 kilometers of the river, through Vinča, has not been channeled, so with the growth of the Danube's level, the water overflows

5395-399: The road of Smederevski put , but as the settlement expanded it now stretches from the Danube to the Smederevski put , making urbanistic connections to the surrounding settlements of Ritopek , Boleč , Leštane and Kaluđerica , though making one continuous built-up area with Belgrade itself. Like the surrounding settlements, Vinča is an immigrant settlement with steady population growth, and

5478-529: The rules of Serbian language and in case of different interpretations of the Serbian and English versions, precedence has the English version, per Article 71, section 9a of the contract. The English version was not analyzed by the defender's office and the majority of the contract is not susceptible to changes. We are also noting that (one) contractual part is also (functioning as) an arbitration and that text of

5561-404: The sewage begins already at Vrčin , and the sewages of all the adjoining settlements, even much larger and distant Kaluđerica . As of March 2007, the projected sewage collector is still not finished. In addition, Bolečica flows through two emerging industrial zones, those of Bubanj Potok and Leštane. The dumping of industrial waste contributed to the demise of the wildlife in the river, which until

5644-402: The smoke reached downtown Belgrade. As the methane fire can not be extinguished with water, it has to be covered with earthy materials which are to isolate methane from oxygen, all trucks bringing earth to the landfill were rerouted to cover the burning section. However, as that area is located on the mass wasting ground, it went slow, preventing the quick damping of the fire. As the winds changed,

5727-476: The smoke turned from spreading upstream the Danube to Belgrade, to downstream, in the direction of Smederevo . In order to extinguish the fire completely, for the first time was used a concentrated solution of the brown algae . The preparation acts like the fermentor , organically decomposing the matter, binding methane, ammonia, and oxygen thus preventing the spreading of the fire. In June smoky haze and bad smell continued to cover parts of Belgrade, especially in

5810-402: The source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and treatment plants. This element involves two main steps. First, the waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. Today,

5893-629: The start of the 20th century, the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires. In developed areas without significant recycling activity it predominantly includes food wastes, market wastes, yard wastes , plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include industrial wastes , agricultural wastes, medical waste , radioactive waste or sewage sludge . Waste collection

5976-405: The total population number of 6,779 by the 2011 census. Small bridge across the Bolečica on the Smederevski put marks a place where boundaries of four settlements meet (Vinča, Ritopek, Leštane and Boleč). Together they would make a settlement with the population of 22,345 in 2002 and 26,275 in 2011. Vinča's economy is mostly based on agriculture, but it also experiences the most diversity of all

6059-450: The valley of Bubanj Potok where it marks the eastern border of the woods of Stepin Lug , turns to the north-east through the southernmost tip of the municipality of Zvezdara (for some 300 meters) and receives two more creeks from the left, Bubanj Potok and Zavojnička reka . Bolečica continues through the southern section of Leštane , where it receives the creek of Kaluđerički potok from

6142-586: The waste is dumped, it is then compacted by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then "sealed" with a plastic sheet and covered in several feet of dirt. This is the primary method of dumping in the United States because of the low cost and abundance of unused land in North America. Landfills are regulated in the US by the Environmental Protection Agency , which enforces standards provided in

6225-750: The waste. The planned power capacity is 103 kW with treatment of 43 tons of waste per hour. The energy will be available for the Belgraders, but the city will have to pay higher prices than the average. Capacity is planned to 340.000 tons yearly. Another plant will treat the construction waste and rubble, with the capacity of 100.000 tons per year. Treatment products will be reused in building, road construction, etc. There are plans for third and fourth treatment plants: for water treatment (which will then be used as technical water) and for collecting landfill gases, which will be used for energy production. Biogas will be primarily used for energy production needed for

6308-422: The way public was notified on the Vinča fire by the administration. In January 2020, citizens again reported smoke from the landfill, which coincided with one of the worst periods of pollution and smog in Belgrade's history. Authorities this time admitted immediately that the smoke, but not the fire, is a normal appearance in such type of landfills. As the mass wasting is now constantly active, during each landslide

6391-598: The year. Old landfill was officially declared closed in August 2021. It was announced in November 2021 that 20 metres (66 ft) wide and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long green belt will be formed around the landfill. Deadlines were moved again, and it was stated that the power plant will be operational, in the beginning at a lower level, in January 2023, but the "final testing" was then announced for February. If successful,

6474-469: Was again postponed (from 30 September 2020, to 31 January 2021, then to March). The main issue is the landslide of the old landfill, especially a massive one in December 2020, when part of the road was also destroyed. In 2021 landslide occurred in the section of the new, still unfinished landfill. This caused changes in the project and additional works, so the opening was postponed for the "second quarter" of

6557-409: Was announced as the date when the contract should be signed while January 2020 was set as the date when the new waste-to-energy plant should open. 11 companies applied but in the later phases, that number fell down to 4 or 5, and the city officials (Vesić, mayor Mali, deputy mayor Andreja Mladenović) also couldn't agree on the amount of the investment (ranging from 250 to 400 million) or the duration of

6640-579: Was disclosed. Still, authorities stated that they can not be sure if the fire was really extinguished in the deep. In October 2019, smog began to engulf the city. Several specialized foreign pollution and air quality sites reported Belgrade as one of the most polluted cities in the world in this period, ahead of traditionally most polluted Asian cities like Beijing, Jakarta and Delhi. Reasons were various: warm above average autumn and high difference between daily and night temperatures, high atmospheric pressure, lack of rain and wind, massive stubble burning around

6723-455: Was officially established on 21 January 1948 by the Serbian top physicist Pavle Savić as the Institute for Physics, though construction of the site began in 1947. On 15 October 1958, the institute was the site of a fatal criticality excursion in its heavy water-moderated research reactor . One researcher was killed and four others injured. The institute operated two research reactors . The larger 6.5 MW reactor achieved criticality in 1959 and

6806-514: Was opened in Vinča in 1977. The location was chosen specifically because of the clay bedrock, which will prevent the draining of the waste water deeper into the ground. However, the drainage system for both the water and the gas was never built, and the depositing of the water and gas at the bottom caused numerous problems since then. As of 2017, the landfill covers an area of 68 ha (170 acres) and receives some 2,700 t (2,700 long tons; 3,000 short tons) of garbage daily, which includes not only

6889-402: Was shut down in 1984. Another very low power reactor achieved criticality in 1958 and as of 2002 was operational. The institute was named the Institute for Physical Sciences 'Boris Kidrič' in 1953 and has its present name since 1 January 1992. In the 1970s a modern urban settlement with small residential buildings was constructed for the employees of the Institute. In 2003, in an effort to secure

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