Dōmei News Agency ( 同盟通信社 , Dōmei Tsūshinsha , lit. ' Federated News Agency ' ) was the official news agency of the Empire of Japan .
31-633: Dōmei was the result of years of efforts by Japanese journalists and business leaders to create a national news agency in Japan that could compete with (and if necessary counter) Reuters and other internationally recognized news agencies on a global basis. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, president Yukichi Iwanaga (岩永 裕吉 Iwanaga Yūkichi ) of the Nihon Shimbun Rengosha (日本新聞聯合社 Associated Press, or “Rengo”) proposed
62-629: A large industry. Syndication properly took off in 1896 when the competitors the New York World and the New York Journal began producing Sunday comic pages. The daily comic strip came into practice in 1907, revolutionizing and expanding the syndication business. Syndicates began providing client newspaper with proof sheets of black-and-white line art for the reproduction of strips." By 1984, 300 syndicates were distributing 10,000 features with combined sales of $ 100 million
93-713: A score of newspapers in the U.S. northeast. By the end of the Civil War, three syndicates were in operation, selling news items and short fiction pieces. By 1881, Associated Press correspondent Henry Villard was self-syndicating material to the Chicago Tribune , the Cincinnati Commercial , and the New York Herald . A few years later, the New York Sun ' s Charles A. Dana formed
124-488: A syndicate to sell the short stories of Bret Harte and Henry James . The first full-fledged American newspaper syndicate was the McClure Newspaper Syndicate , launched in 1884 by publisher S. S. McClure . It was the first successful company of its kind, turning the marketing of columns , book serials (by the likes of Rudyard Kipling and Arthur Conan Doyle ), and eventually comic strips , into
155-686: A year. With the 1960s advent of the underground press , associations like the Underground Press Syndicate , and later the Association of Alternative Newsmedia , worked together to syndicate material — including weekly comic strips — for each other's publications. Prominent contemporary syndication services include: IFA-Amsterdam (International Feature Agency) provides news and lifestyle content to publications. Cagle Cartoons offers newspaper editorial cartoons and columns. 3DSyndication comprises syndication service from India,
186-747: Is the European Alliance of Press Agencies, while the OANA is an association of news agencies of the Asia-Pacific region. MINDS is a global network of leading news agencies collaborating in new media business. Newspaper syndicate Print syndication distributes news articles , columns , political cartoons , comic strips and other features to newspapers , magazines and websites . The syndicates offer reprint rights and grant permissions to other parties for republishing content of which they own and/or represent copyrights. Other terms for
217-519: Is the philosophical basis for their enterprises – or failing that, widely acceptable neutrality. Newspaper syndicates generally sell their material to one client in each territory only, while news agencies distribute news articles to all interested parties. Only a few large newspapers could afford bureaus outside their home city; they relied instead on news agencies, especially Havas (founded 1835) in France—now known as Agence France-Presse (AFP)—and
248-849: The Agenzia Stefani , which became the most important press agency in Italy from the mid-19th century to World War II , in Turin in 1853. The development of the telegraph in the 1850s led to the creation of strong national agencies in England, Germany, Austria and the United States. But despite the efforts of governments, through telegraph laws such as in 1878 in France, inspired by the British Telegraph Act of 1869 which paved
279-639: The Associated Press (founded 1846) in the United States. Former Havas employees founded Reuters in 1851 in Britain and Wolff in 1849 in Germany. In 1865, Reuter and Wolff signed agreements with Havas's sons, forming a cartel designating exclusive reporting zones for each of their agencies within Europe. For international news, the agencies pooled their resources, so that Havas, for example, covered
310-544: The Internet ). Corporations, individuals, analysts, and intelligence agencies may also subscribe. News sources, collectively, described as alternative media provide reporting which emphasizes a self-defined "non-corporate view" as a contrast to the points of view expressed in corporate media and government-generated news releases. Internet -based alternative news agencies form one component of these sources. There are several different associations of news agencies. EANA
341-530: The Tribune Content Agency and The Washington Post Writers Group also in the running. Syndication of editorial cartoons has an important impact on the form, since cartoons about local issues or politicians are not of interest to the national market. Therefore, an artist who contracts with a syndicate will either be one who already focuses their work on national and global issues, or will shift focus accordingly. An early version of syndication
SECTION 10
#1732801749722372-526: The French Empire, South America and the Balkans and shared the news with the other national agencies. In France the typical contract with Havas provided a provincial newspaper with 1800 lines of telegraphed text daily, for an annual subscription rate of 10,000 francs. Other agencies provided features and fiction for their subscribers. In the 1830s, France had several specialized agencies. Agence Havas
403-750: The Japanese government. Domei maintained a network of offices outside Japan, dispatching reporters to all allied and neutral countries, and was also involved in film and radio work. It also collected news and information from various sources to pass on to the government and military, and produced various works of propaganda aimed at foreign countries. Dōmei issued news to the public that was censored along government-approved lines, and broadcast news in Japanese and in major European languages through an extensive network of radio stations in east Asia, Manchukuo and in Japanese-occupied China . It
434-418: The cartoons and strips in as many newspapers as possible on behalf of the artist. In some cases, the work will be owned by the syndicate as opposed to the creator. A syndicate can annually receive thousands of submissions from which only two or three might be selected for representation. The leading strip syndicates include Andrews McMeel Syndication , King Features Syndicate , and Creators Syndicate , with
465-632: The creation of newspaper cooperatives in the Commonwealth and national agencies in Asia, two of its strong areas. After the Second World War, the movement for the creation of national agencies accelerated, when accessing the independence of former colonies, the national agencies were operated by the state. Reuters, became cooperative, managed a breakthrough in finance, and helped to reduce the number of U.S. agencies from three to one, along with
496-429: The end of World War II. News agency A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers , magazines and radio and television broadcasters . News agencies are known for their press releases . A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service , newswire , or news service . Although there are many news agencies around
527-522: The huge U.S. domestic market, boosted by the runaway success of radio, all three major agencies required the dismantling of the "cartel agencies" through the Agreement of 26 August 1927. They were concerned about the success of U.S. agencies from other European countries which sought to create national agencies after the First World War. Reuters had been weakened by war censorship, which promoted
558-539: The internationalization of the Spanish EFE and the globalization of Agence France-Presse. In 1924, Benito Mussolini placed Agenzia Stefani under the direction of Manlio Morgagni , who expanded the agency's reach significantly both within Italy and abroad. Agenzia Stefani was dissolved in 1945, and its technical structure and organization were transferred to the new Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA). Wolffs
589-415: The major agencies were provided with new opportunities in television and magazine, and news agencies delivered specialized production of images and photos, the demand for which is constantly increasing. In France, for example, they account for over two-thirds of national market. By the 1980s, the four main news agencies, AFP, AP, UPI and Reuters, provided over 90% of foreign news printed by newspapers around
620-547: The material themselves. Generally, syndicates sell their material to one client in each territory. News agencies differ in that they distribute news articles to all interested parties. Typical syndicated features are advice columns (parenting, health, finance, gardening, cooking, etc.), humor columns , editorial opinion, critic 's reviews, and gossip columns . Some syndicates specialize in one type of feature, such as comic strips. A comic strip syndicate functions as an agent for cartoonists and comic strip creators, placing
651-490: The merger of his news agency with the Nihon Dempo Tsushinsha (日本電報通信社 Japan Telegraphic News Agency, or “Dentsu”). Despite government backing for the move, the merger was resisted by Dentsu president Hoshio Mitsunaga ( 光永 星郎 Mitsunaga Hoshio ), who was reluctant to give up control of his company’s lucrative advertising business, and by concerns that a merger would threaten his advertising customer base –
SECTION 20
#1732801749722682-412: The philosophy: To achieve such wide acceptability, the agencies avoid overt partiality. Demonstrably correct information is their stock in trade. Traditionally, they report at a reduced level of responsibility, attributing their information to a spokesman, the press, or other sources. They avoid making judgments and steer clear of doubt and ambiguity. Though their founders did not use the word, objectivity
713-522: The provincial newspapers who competed against Rengo. As a compromise, Mitsunaga agreed to split Dentsu, and separate the news agency from the advertising agency. The news agency was reorganized in a merger with Rengo on 28 December 1935 to form the Dōmei Tsūshinsha. During World War II , Dōmei News Agency came under the control of the Ministry of Communications , a pre-war cabinet level ministry in
744-410: The service include a newspaper syndicate , a press syndicate , and a feature syndicate . The syndicate is an agency that offers features from notable journalists and authorities as well as reliable and established cartoonists. It fills a need among smaller weekly and daily newspapers for material that helps them compete with large urban papers, at a much lesser cost than if the client were to purchase
775-668: The way for the nationalisation of telegraph companies and their operations, the cost of telegraphy remained high. In the United States, the judgment in Inter Ocean Publishing v. Associated Press facilitated competition by requiring agencies to accept all newspapers wishing to join. As a result of the increasing newspapers, the Associated Press was now challenged by the creation of United Press Associations in 1907 and International News Service by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in 1909. Driven by
806-420: The world, three global news agencies, Agence France-Presse (AFP), the Associated Press (AP), and Reuters have offices in most countries of the world, cover all areas of media, and provide the majority of international news printed by the world's newspapers. All three began with and continue to operate on a basic philosophy of providing a single objective news feed to all subscribers. Jonathan Fenby explains
837-1181: The world. News agencies can be corporations that sell news (e.g., PA Media , Thomson Reuters , dpa and United Press International ). Other agencies work cooperatively with large media companies, generating their news centrally and sharing local news stories the major news agencies may choose to pick up and redistribute (e.g., Associated Press (AP), Agence France-Presse (AFP) or the Indian news agency PTI ). Governments may also control news agencies: China ( Xinhua ), Russia ( TASS ), and several other countries have government-funded news agencies which also use information from other agencies as well. Commercial newswire services charge businesses to distribute their news (e.g., Business Wire , GlobeNewswire , PR Newswire , PR Web , and Cision ). The major news agencies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations. They provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services (originally they used telegraphy ; today they frequently use
868-593: Was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas , to supply news about France to foreign customers. In the 1840s, Havas gradually incorporated other French agencies into his agency. Agence Havas evolved into Agence France-Presse (AFP). Two of his employees, Bernhard Wolff and Paul Julius Reuter , later set up rival news agencies, Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau in 1849 in Berlin and Reuters in 1851 in London. Guglielmo Stefani founded
899-680: Was later authorized by the Japanese military to develop a news network and radio stations in Japanese-occupied Singapore and Malaya . A number of documented incidents from the period around the outbreak of the Pacific War show that on a personal level Dōmei's staff had good relationships with foreign journalists. Under the Allied occupation of Japan Dōmei was disbanded, and its functions divided split between Kyodo News (共同通信社) and Jiji Press (時事通信社) in 1945 following
930-615: Was practiced in the Journal of Occurrences , a series of newspaper articles published by an anonymous group of "patriots" in 1768–1769 in the New York Journal and Packet and other newspapers, chronicling the occupation of Boston by the British Army. According to historian Elmo Scott Watson , true print syndication began in 1841 with a two-page supplement produced by New York Sun publisher Moses Yale Beach and sold to
961-510: Was taken over by the Nazi regime in 1934. The German Press Agency (dpa) in Germany was founded as a co-operative in Goslar on 18 August 1949 and became a limited liability company in 1951. Fritz Sänger was the first editor-in-chief . He served as managing director until 1955 and as managing editor until 1959. The first transmission occurred at 6 a.m. on 1 September 1949. Since the 1960s,