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30-410: Gümüşhane is surrounded by high mountains, Zigana-Trabzon Mountains to the north, Çimen Mountains to the south, Giresun Mountains to the west and Pulur, Soğanlı Mountains to the east. Trekking is popular sport is at these mountains. The Zigana Mountain has a ski center on it and it is a well known touristic place for winter sports. Abdal Musa Peak (3331 m.) is the highest peak within it. The main trees in

60-511: A humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cf) under both the Köppen and Trewartha climate classifications , with warm, humid summers and cool, damp winters. As a part of the very humid southern Black Sea coast, it experiences frequent precipitation throughout the year, with a small peak in rainfall days in spring and fall. Giresun is the cloudiest city in Turkey, as well as one of the cloudiest cities of

90-519: A ruined Byzantine fortress, sheltering the small natural harbor. Nearby is Giresun Island , called Aretias in ancient times, which is the only major Black Sea island in Turkish territory. According to legend, the island was sacred to the Amazons , who had dedicated a temple to the war god Ares here. Even today, fertility rites are performed there every May, usually involving the famed boulder named

120-488: Is a city in the Black Sea Region of northeastern Turkey, about 175 km (109 mi) west of the city of Trabzon . It is the seat of Giresun Province and Giresun District . It has a population of 125,682 (2022). Giresun was known to the ancient Greeks as Choerades or more prominently as Kerasous or Cerasus ( Ancient Greek : Κερασοῦς ), the origin of the modern name. The name Kerasous consists of

150-559: Is certain, at least, that he was on the throne before 183 BC, in which year he succeeded in reducing the important city of Sinope , which had been long an object of ambition to the Kings of Pontus. The Rhodians sent an embassy to Rome to complain of this aggression, but without effect. About the same time Pharnaces became involved in disputes with his neighbour, King of Pergamon , Eumenes II , which led to repeated embassies from both monarchs to Rome, as well as to partial hostilities. But in

180-510: Is considered to be 2.5 meters long is believed to be under the ground. Gümüşhane province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold ): Historically, the province had silver mines. However, production ceased due to deforestation by 1920. 40°23′17″N 39°25′07″E  /  40.38806°N 39.41861°E  / 40.38806; 39.41861 Giresun Giresun ( pronounced [ɟiˈɾesun] ), formerly Cerasus ( Ancient Greek : Κερασοῦς, Greek : Κερασούντα),

210-574: Is dated in the Archonship of the Athenian Tychandros or Tychander which is now generally accepted as 160 BC or 159 BC. Nysa bore Pharnaces two children: a son called Mithridates V of Pontus and a daughter called Nysa of Cappadocia , who is also known as Laodice . Nysa died at an unknown date in the 2nd century BC; she is believed to have died during childbirth. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

240-672: Is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople also considers Cerasus (Kerasous), together with Chaldia and Cheriana, as a titular metropolitanate in Turkey. During the medieval period, Kerasunt was part of the Byzantine Empire and later the second city of the Empire of Trebizond ruled by the Komnenian dynasty. Alexios II Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond, defeated

270-615: The Hamza Stone on the east side of the island, now shrouded as a popular practice but in reality a 4,000-year-old celebration. Cerasus in late antiquity became a Christian bishopric, and the names of several of its bishops are preserved in the acts of church councils: Gregorius at the Council of Ephesus in 431, Gratianus at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Theophylactus at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, Narses at

300-632: The Trullan Council in 692, Ioannes at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and Simeon at the Photian Council of Constantinople in 879. An episcopal seal records a Leo of the 9th century, and a Michael was transferred from here to the see of Ancyra at the time of Michael Caerularius . It was the seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan until 1703, when the city was placed under the metropolitan of Trebizond . Accordingly, it

330-641: The Amazons and a flock of vicious birds. The Greeks of the island held out against the Ottomans for 7 years after the fall of Trebizond (modern Trabzon ) in 1461. Kerasounta became known by its Turkish name Giresun after 1923. Surviving Greeks fled to Greece after the 1923 Population Exchange founding villages such as Nea Kerasounta in Preveza , Greece . Historically, Giresun was known for producing hazelnut . As of 1920, hazelnuts covered 460 square miles of

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360-461: The Greek words κερασός (kerasós) " cherry " + -ουντ (a place marker). Thus, the Greek root of the word "cherry", κερασός (kerasós), predates the name of the city, and the ultimate origin of the word cherry (and thus the name of the city) is probably from a Pre-Greek substrate , likely of Anatolian origin , given the intervocalic σ in Κερασοῦς and the apparent cognates of it found in other languages of

390-626: The Romans. Pharnaces married a Seleucid Princess called Nysa , who was the child of princess Laodice IV and crown prince Antiochus . Nysa and Pharnaces were related as the parents of Nysa were Pharnaces' first cousins. Pharnaces married Nysa either in 172 BC or 171 BC, through the diplomatic work of the Seleucid King Demetrius I Soter . Honorific statues and inscriptions have survived that were dedicated to Pharnaces and Nysa. Pharnaces set about to establish good relations with

420-881: The Turkmen "Koustoganes" at Kerasunt in September 1302; to secure his victory, Alexios II built a fortress which overlooks the sea. From 1244 onwards, the Seljuk Turks moved into the area, pursued at times by the Mongol hordes until in 1461, subsequent to the Fall of Constantinople , the whole of this coast was brought within the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed II . It was briefly occupied by Emirate of Hacıemiroğlu (Emirate of Chalybia ) between 1398 and 1400. Local traditions claim that Kerasunt held out for many months after

450-657: The area. Manganese mines were also in the area, producing 470 tons as of 1901. The city owns a football team Giresunspor and a football stadium Çotanak Sport Complex. Alperen Şengün (25 July 2002) a professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) was born in Giresun. Giresun is twinned with: Pharnaces I of Pontus Pharnaces I ( Greek : Φαρνάκης ; lived 2nd century BC)

480-553: The citizens of Athens and the Greek island of Delos . Pharnaces made a benefaction to the people of Athens. The exact nature of the benefaction is unknown; Pharnaces may have made some kind of voluntary donation to Athens, possibly soon after 183 BC. A lengthy honorific inscription from the Athenians on Delos honors Pharnaces and Nysa. Pharnaces and Nysa received a crown of gold from them and bronze statues of themselves were set up on Delos. Their lengthy Athenian honorific inscription

510-456: The demands of Pharnaces being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable, and the war was in consequence renewed. It continued, apparently with various interruptions, until the summer of 179 BC, when Pharnaces, finding himself unable to cope with the combined forces of Eumenes II and Ariarathes IV, was compelled to purchase peace with the cession of all his conquests in Galatia and Paphlagonia , with

540-408: The exception of Sinope. How long he continued to reign after this we know not; but it appears, from an incidental notice, that he was still on the throne in 170 BC, while he was certainly dead in 154 BC, when his brother Mithridates IV of Pontus is mentioned as King. The Greek historian Polybius accuses Pharnaces of having an arrogant and violent character, siding with the opinion of Eumenes II and

570-583: The fall of Trebizon in 1461, then surrendered on terms that the Christian inhabitants could remain and retain their arms, but were required to maintain a boat for the use of the Turks on a nearby river. 4.2 km east-northeast of Kerasus is a fortified island called Ares (Αρητιας νήσος or Αρεώνησος). According to the poetic account of Apollonius of Rhodes , it was here that the Argonauts encountered both

600-404: The forests are Scotch pine and fir, and there are many animals and birds in the area. There are many lakes such as Karanlık Göl, Beş Göller, Artebel Gölü, Kara Göller which are at the peak of Gavurdağı Mountain, and are preserved as natural parks. Mountainous territory comprises 56% of the total area of Gümüşhane province. In September 1935 the third Inspectorate General ( Umumi Müfettişlik, UM)

630-615: The region. According to Pliny , the cherry was first exported from Cerasus to Europe in Roman times by Lucullus . Another theory suggests that Kerasous comes from κέρας (keras) "horn" + -ουντ (a place marker), due to the prominent horn-shaped peninsula that the city is situated on (compare with the Greek name for the horn-shaped Golden Horn waterway in Istanbul, Κέρας (Keras) "Horn"). The toponym would have later mutated into Kerasunt (sometimes written Kérasounde or Kerassunde ), and

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660-511: The spring of 181 BC, without waiting for the return of his ambassadors, Pharnaces suddenly attacked both Eumenes II and King Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and invaded Galatia with a large force. Eumenes II opposed him at the head of an army: but hostilities were soon suspended by the arrival of the Roman deputies, appointed by the Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations were accordingly opened at Pergamon but led to no result,

690-479: The surrounding districts. Like everywhere else on the Black Sea coast, it rains (and often snows in winter) and is very humid throughout the year, with a lack of extreme temperatures both in summer and winter. As a result, Giresun and the surrounding countryside are covered with luxuriant flora. Just beyond the city are hazelnut groves, and there are high pastures ( yayla ) further in the mountains. Giresun has

720-414: The temperate latitudes; with annual sunshine of around 1,000 hours, it is more akin to far northwestern Europe. Snowfall is somewhat common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be heavy once it snows. The water temperature is cool in winter and warm in summer and fluctuates between 8 °C (46 °F) and 24 °C (75 °F) throughout the year. Giresun

750-453: The word "cherry" (as well as its cognates found in other local languages) was derived from the name of the city itself, rather than the other way around. Pharnaces I of Pontus renamed the city Pharnacia after himself after he captured the city in 183 BC, and it was called by that name as late as the 2nd century AD. According to A. H. M. Jones , the city officially reverted to its original name, Kerasous, in 64 AD. The Greek name Kerasous

780-417: Was Turkified into Giresun ( Ottoman Turkish : گیره‌سون ) after Turks gained permanent control of the region in the late 14th century. The surrounding region has rich agriculture, growing most of Turkey's hazelnuts as well as walnuts, cherries, leather and timber, and the port of Giresun has long handled these products. The harbor was enlarged in the 1960s, and the town is still a port and commercial center for

810-507: Was created from part of Gümüşhane Province. In November 2017, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 1400-year-old Byzantine sarcophagus in the antique village of Sadak in Satala in Kelkit . According to researchers, there were Greek inscriptions on the cover saying "Blessed Kandes sleeps here". According to Gümüşhane Museum Director Gamze Demir, the broken part of the sarcophagus, which

840-670: Was created. Its creation was based on the Law 1164 from June 1927, which was passed in order to Turkify the Kurdish population. The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum , Artvin , Rize , Trabzon , Kars Gümüşhane, Erzincan and Ağrı . It was governed by a Inspector General seated in the city of Erzurum . The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party . In 1989 Bayburt Province

870-466: Was founded circa 180 BC by Pharnaces I of Pontus , who sent Greek citizens from Kotyora (modern Ordu ) to colonize the area. The name of the city was first cited in the book Anabasis by Xenophon as Kerasus. Historic records reveal that the city was dominated by the Miletians , Persians , Romans , Byzantines and the Empire of Trebizond . The older parts of the city lie on a peninsula crowned by

900-481: Was the fifth king of Pontus . Of Persian and Greek ancestry, he was the son of King Mithridates III of Pontus and his wife Laodice , whom he succeeded on the throne. Pharnaces had two siblings: a brother called Mithridates IV of Pontus and a sister called Laodice who both succeeded Pharnaces. He was born and raised in the Kingdom of Pontus. The date of his accession cannot be fixed with certainty; but it

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