50-547: Pūloʻuloʻu , often called "kapu sticks", are symbols denoting the kapu of Hawaiian aliʻi (chiefs or royals) and symbolizing the deceased ancestors of the aliʻi . They are traditional symbols of authority which are used in modern times including the Seal of the State of Hawaii . Pūloʻuloʻu are often called " kapu sticks". They were symbol of the authority and protection of the aliʻi (chiefs) of Ancient Hawaii and also represented
100-639: A common cause of illness, Yersinia enterocolitica —which causes gastroenteritis—is present in various foods, but is most frequently caused by eating uncooked or undercooked pork and can grow in refrigerated conditions. The bacteria can be killed by heat. Nearly all outbreaks in the US have been traced to pork. Pork may be the reservoir responsible for sporadic, locally acquired cases of acute hepatitis E (HEV) reported in regions with relatively mild climates. It has been found to transmit between swine and humans. Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis,
150-531: A golden sphere and is currently displayed in the throne room of ʻIolani Palace between the two thrones of Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani . The pūloʻuloʻu are also displayed at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at Mauna ʻAla where they are placed in the chapel and where metal representations are placed outside the chapels and the crypts. The coat of arms of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the seal of
200-410: A head higher than his. Wearing red and yellow feathers (a sign of royalty) was kapu , unless an individual was of the highest rank. Places that are kapu are often symbolized by Pahu Kapu , two crossed staffs, each with a white ball atop. The ʻAi kapu was the kapu system governing contact between men and women. Many aliʻi obtained their power through this system, and then would give thanks to
250-555: A part of the USDA, currently recommends cooking ground pork to 71 °C (160 °F) and whole cuts to 63 °C (145 °F) followed by a 3-minute rest. Pigs can be carriers of various helminths , such as roundworms , pinworms , hookworms . One of the more common is Taenia solium , a type of tapeworm , which may transplant to the intestines of humans after consuming undercooked meat. Raw and undercooked pork can also cause other diseases, such as toxoplasmosis . Although not
300-663: A pork menu option because Muslims, Jews and Hindus do not consume pork and it had seemed inconsistent with the purpose of bringing together persons of different faiths, though after the complaints raised by the Orthodox community a pork alternative was added. Pork is known to carry some diseases such as pork tapeworm and trichinosis and pigbel , thus uncooked or undercooked pork can be dangerous to consume, although raw pork products are sometimes still consumed in Central European and Eastern European countries of which
350-467: A significant non-Muslim population. The Qur'anic basis for the Islamic prohibition of pork can be found in surah 2:173 , 5:3 , 6:145 and 16:115 . He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion , blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—they will not be sinful. Surely Allah
400-474: A succulent finish. Many brands of American hot dogs and most breakfast sausages are made from pork. Processing of pork into sausages and other products in France is described as charcuterie . Ham and bacon are made from fresh pork by curing with salt ( pickling ) or smoking . Shoulders and legs are most commonly cured in this manner for Picnic shoulder and ham , whereas streaky and round bacon come from
450-554: A threat to spiritual power, or theft of mana . Kapus were strictly enforced. Breaking one, even unintentionally, often meant immediate death, Koʻo kapu . It is related to the concept of tapu or tabu found in other Polynesian cultures, from whence came the English word " taboo ." The Hawaiian word kapu is usually translated to English as "forbidden", though it also carries the meanings of "keep out", "no trespassing", "sacred", "consecrated", or "holy". The opposite of kapu
500-520: A wide variety of cuts and flavours, and is predominantly known as "streaky bacon", or "streaky rashers". Bacon made from the meat on the back of the pig is referred to as " back bacon " and is part of traditional full breakfasts commonly eaten in Britain and Ireland . In the United States, back bacon may also be referred to as "Canadian-style Bacon" or "Canadian Bacon". The canned meat Spam
550-450: Is noa , meaning "common" or "free". The Kahili were restrictions placed upon contact with chiefs (kings), but these also apply to all people of known spiritual power. Kapu Kū mamao means prohibited from a place of the chief, while Kalu noho was to assemble before the chief. It was kapu when entering a chief's personal area to come in contact with his hair or fingernail clippings, to look directly at him, and to be in sight of him with
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#1732798205659600-600: Is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Forbidden to you are carrion , blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars . You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever
650-523: Is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion, blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. While most Christians do consume pork, some sects prohibit it based on Leviticus chapter 11, Deuteronomy chapter 14, and Isaiah chapters 65 and 66. Some denominations that forbid pork consumption are: When pork
700-404: Is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis , commonly called the trichina worm. Infection was once very common, but is now rare in the developed world . From 2002 to 2007, an annual average of 11 cases per year were reported in the United States; the majority were from consuming wild game or the source
750-532: Is a "flitch" or "slab bacon", while an individual slice of bacon is a "rasher" (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) or simply a "slice" or "strip" (North America). Slices of bacon are also known as " collops ". Traditionally, the skin is left on the cut and is known as "bacon rind". Rindless bacon, however, is quite common. In both Ireland and the United Kingdom , bacon comes in
800-495: Is a national delicacy. China was the largest producer of pork in the world in 2020 followed by the European Union and the United States. China, EU and the United States accounted for roughly 76% of the world's pork production as per FAS / USDA Pork may be cooked from fresh meat or cured over time. Cured meat products include ham and bacon . The carcass may be used in many different ways for fresh meat cuts , with
850-422: Is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “I do not find in what has been revealed to me anything forbidden to eat except carrion, running blood, swine—which is impure—or a sinful offering in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely your Lord
900-454: Is lower than that of beef, but much higher than that of chicken, so the USDA treats pork as a red meat . In 1987, the U.S. National Pork Board began an advertising campaign to position pork as " the other white meat "—due to a public perception of chicken and turkey (white meat) as healthier than red meat. The campaign was highly successful and resulted in 87% of consumers identifying pork with
950-414: Is made of chopped pork shoulder meat and ham. Due to the fact that pigs can eat unused food originally meant for humans, and due to the high availability of such food in many industrialized countries, pork and other products from pigs have become securely sourced and low-priced commodities. This makes pig products very popular as raw material in many industrially produced products. Its myoglobin content
1000-399: Is preferred over beef for economic and aesthetic reasons; the pig is easy to feed and is not used for labour. The colours of the meat and the fat of pork are regarded as more appetizing, while the taste and smell are described as sweeter and cleaner. It is also considered easier to digest. In rural tradition, pork is shared to celebrate important occasions and to form bonding. In China, pork
1050-464: Is so important that the nation maintains a "strategic pork reserve". Red braised pork ( hong shao rou ), a delicacy from Hunan Province , was one of Mao Zedong 's favorite dishes. Other popular Chinese pork dishes are sweet and sour pork, bakkwa , and charsiu . In the Philippines , due to 300 years of Spanish colonization and influence, lechon , which is an entire roasted suckling pig,
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#17327982056591100-472: Is the culinary name for the meat of the pig ( Sus domesticus ). It is the second-most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BCE. Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved; curing extends the shelf life of pork products. Ham , gammon , bacon , and pork sausage are examples of preserved pork. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork. Pork
1150-422: Is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products such as bacon , ham , sausage , terrines , galantines , pâtés and confit , primarily from pig. Originally intended as a way to preserve meats before the advent of refrigeration, these preparations are prepared today for the flavors that are derived from the preservation processes. In 15th-century France , local guilds regulated tradesmen in
1200-856: Is the most popular meat in the Western world , particularly in Central Europe . It is also very popular in East and Southeast Asia ( Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines , Singapore , and East Timor ). The meat is highly prized in Asian cuisines , especially in China (including Hong Kong ) and Northeast India , for its fat content and texture. Some religions and cultures prohibit pork consumption , notably Islam and Judaism . Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 13,000 BC. Charcuterie
1250-568: Is traditionally prepared with pork trimmings: ears, tail and feet. According to the USDA 's Foreign Agricultural Service , nearly 100 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide in 2006 (preliminary data). Increasing urbanization and disposable income has led to an uprising in pork consumption in China, where 2006 consumption was 20% higher than in 2002, and a further 5% increase projected in 2007. In 2015 recorded total 109.905 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide. By 2017, half
1300-450: Is used primarily in cubes ( lardons ) as a cooking ingredient valued both as a source of fat and for its flavour. In Italy , besides being used in cooking, bacon ( pancetta ) is also served uncooked and thinly sliced as part of an antipasto . Bacon is also used for barding roasts, especially game birds. Bacon is often smoked with various wood fuels for up to ten hours. Bacon is eaten fried, baked, or grilled. A side of unsliced bacon
1350-442: Is what you shall not eat from what brings up its cud or possesses split hooves—the camel, because it brings up its cud but does not possess split hooves...and the pig, because it has split hooves that are completely cloven, but it does not bring up its cud—it is impure to you and from its flesh you may not eat. And the pig, because it possesses split hooves and does not bring up its cud—from its flesh you may not eat. As indicated by
1400-614: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . There is also a theory that pork was taboo in Scotland until roughly 1800 . Pork is a well-known example of a non-kosher food . This prohibition is based on Leviticus chapter 11 and Deuteronomy chapter 14: These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the animals that are upon the land. Everything that possesses a split hoof, which is fully cloven, and that brings up its cud—this you may eat. But this
1450-480: The mana (spiritual power) of the aliʻi. It was made by wrapping bundles of kapa cloth on a stick. They were given ancestral names and placed in areas of prominence. They represented the ancestors of an aliʻi who had died and return from Po (heaven). The round shape denoted the shape of stars as seen from the traditional Hawaiian perspective. They often contain the relics of deceased ancestors such as bones, teeth, hair and other important remains. Their use as symbols of
1500-548: The Eastern European countries are believed to have a higher risk of trichinosis. Undercooked or untreated pork may harbour pathogens, or can be recontaminated after cooking if left exposed for a long period of time. In one instance, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) detected Listeria monocytogenes in 210 kg (460 lb) of Polidori brand fully cooked pork sausage crumbles, although no one
1550-603: The English point of view) are reflected in the different senses of the word in different national Englishes: in modern usage in Hawaii, "kapu" is often substituted for the phrase "No Trespassing" on private property signage. Although kapu can be taken to mean "keep out", kapu has a larger meaning to most residents of Hawaii. By contrast, in New Zealand , the comparable word "tapu" is almost always applied in English as meaning "sacred". Some terms using 'kapu': Pork Pork
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1600-416: The State of Hawaii features the pūloʻuloʻu as a symbol of authority. [REDACTED] Media related to Pūloʻuloʻu at Wikimedia Commons Kapu (Hawaiian culture) Kapu is the ancient Hawaiian code of conduct of laws and regulations. The kapu system was universal in lifestyle, gender roles, politics and religion. An offense that was kapu was often a capital offense, but also often denoted
1650-628: The Torah verses, pork is non-kosher because Jews may not consume an animal that possesses one trait but not the other of cloven hooves and regurgitating cud . Hogs, which are not ruminants , do not chew cud as cattle and sheep do. Practicing Jews suffice on the biblical explanation of the swine as 'unclean'. Maimonides shared this view in classifying the swine as an unclean creature in both its habit and diet. The prohibition of swine-eating in Ancient Israelite cuisine , according to Douglas,
1700-490: The food production industry in each city. The guilds that produced charcuterie were those of the charcutiers . The members of this guild produced a traditional range of cooked or salted and dried meats, which varied, sometimes distinctively, from region to region. The only "raw" meat the charcutiers were allowed to sell was unrendered lard . The charcutier prepared numerous items, including pâtés , rillettes , sausages , bacon , trotters , and head cheese . Before
1750-512: The god of politics Kū . ʻAi means "to eat" and Kapu means sacred. Therefore, it is translated to "sacred eating". In this practice men and women could not eat meals together. Furthermore, certain foods such as pork (the body form of the god Lono ), most types (67 of the 70 varieties) of bananas (body form of the god Kanaloa ), and coconuts (body form of the god Kū ) were considered kapu to women. This not only prohibited women from eating these, but also their contact in contexts such as
1800-516: The importation or consumption of pork products. Examples are Iran , Mauritania , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Algeria , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Yemen , Somalia , Sudan , Afghanistan , Djibouti , Kuwait , Mali , Niger , Senegal , Gambia , Libya , Pakistan (except in some communities) and the Maldives . However, in other Muslim-majority countries with significant non-Muslim minorities, such as Indonesia (except
1850-459: The kapu was introduced by Paʻao , a high priest (kahuna nui) from Kahiki . The pūloʻuloʻu were often placed at the residence of the aliʻi, at a heiau (temple) and at the burial sites of the aliʻi. Whaling captain Alfred N. Tripp gave King Kalākaua a pūloʻuloʻu made of a narwhal tusk on the occasion of the king's 1883 coronation. The tusk, which measured seven feet two inches, was capped with
1900-575: The manufacture of coconut rope. Taro (body form of the god Kāne ) was kapu for women to cook and prepare. Some large fish were also kapu for women to eat. Isabella Abbott, a leading ethnobotanist of Hawaii, theorizes that because of the limited "noa" (free) diet for Hawaiian women, seaweeds were relied upon more heavily for Hawaiians than other Pacific islands. The kapu system was used in Hawaii until 1819, when King Kamehameha II , acting with his mother Queen Keōpūolani , his father's other queen Kaʻahumanu , and Kahuna-nui Hewahewa , abolished it by
1950-588: The mass production and re-engineering of pigs in the 20th century, pork in Europe and North America was traditionally an autumn dish—pigs and other livestock coming to the slaughter in the autumn after growing in the spring and fattening during the summer. Due to the seasonal nature of the meat in Western culinary history, apples (harvested in late summer and autumn) have been a staple pairing to fresh pork. The year-round availability of meat and fruits has not diminished
2000-540: The popularity of certain cuts varying worldwide. Most of the pig can be used to produce fresh meat and, in the case of a suckling pig , the whole body of a young pig ranging in age from two to six weeks is roasted. Danish roast pork or flæskesteg , prepared with crispy crackling is a national favourite as the traditional Christmas dinner. Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in sausages . Many traditional European sausages are made with pork, including chorizo , fuet , Cumberland sausage and salami giving it
2050-474: The popularity of this combination on Western plates. Pigs are the second most widely eaten animal in the world, accounting for about 34% of meat production worldwide. As a result, large numbers of pork recipes have been developed throughout the world. Jamón , made from the hind legs of a pig, is the most well-known Spanish dry-cured ham. Feijoada , the national dish of Brazil (also served in Portugal),
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2100-537: The province of Aceh ), Malaysia , Brunei , Lebanon , Iraq , Tunisia , Egypt , Morocco , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Jordan , Albania , Azerbaijan , Turkey , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Syria , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Chad and the United Arab Emirates (except the Emirate of Sharjah ), pork is available in hotels, restaurants and supermarkets that cater to
2150-569: The side (round from the loin and streaky from the belly). Ham and bacon are popular foods in the West, and their consumption has increased with industrialisation. Non-western cuisines also use preserved meat products. For example, salted preserved pork or red roasted pork is used in Chinese and Asian cuisine. Bacon is defined as any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly, or back that have been cured or smoked. In continental Europe, it
2200-418: The slogan. The board retired the slogan on 4 March 2011. Pork is very high in thiamin (vitamin B 1 ). Pork with its fat trimmed is leaner than the meat of most domesticated animals, but is high in cholesterol and saturated fat . Eating of pork is prohibited by Jewish dietary laws and Islamic dietary laws , and is also avoided by mainstream Seventh-day Adventists , Rastafarians , and members of
2250-464: The symbolic act of sharing a meal of forbidden foods with the women of his court. Abolishing the ʻai kapu assured political power to the line of Kamehameha rulers as monarchs because it limited the power of the rulers below them. Originally, it was from this political system that the rulers throughout the island would gain rank, power, and prestige. The ambiguities in the Polynesian concept (from
2300-624: The world's pork was consumed in China. Pork is popular throughout eastern Asia and the Pacific, where whole roast pig is a popular item in Pacific Island cuisine. It is consumed in a great many ways and highly esteemed in Chinese cuisine . Currently China is the world's largest pork consumer, with pork consumption expected to total 53 million metric tons in 2012, which accounts for more than half of global pork consumption. In China, pork
2350-536: Was 2.7 kg in 2009. Although pork marketing is prohibited in some religious localities, pork products are available elsewhere at non-kosher butchers and by the Mizra and Tiv Ta'am non-kosher supermarket chain, which caters to Russian immigrants. A modern Hebrew euphemism for pork is "white meat". Pork meat is prohibited by the Islamic dietary laws . Throughout the Islamic world many countries severely restrict
2400-711: Was because the pig was raised by non-Israelites, ate carrion and did not fit into the classification of ungulates . Harris disagrees and points out that Egyptians and Sumerians also restricted pigs and that goats also ate corpses, yet were not declared unclean in Ancient Israel. Harris offers an explanation based on environmental and economic factors instead. In Israel , pig-raising has been limited by law to certain areas and institutions. Some pig-related laws are openly circumvented. Swine production has increased from an estimated annual slaughter of 50,000 swine in 1960 to 180,000 in 2010. Pig meat consumption per capita
2450-414: Was made ill from consumption of the product. The FSIS has previously stated that listeria and other microorganisms must be "...destroyed by proper handling and thorough cooking to an internal temperature of 71 °C (160 °F)," and that other microorganisms, such as E. coli , Salmonella , and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in inadequately cooked pork, poultry, and other meats. The FSIS,
2500-604: Was not included on the menu of the Liverpool Council's first Christian Orthodox Interfaith lunch some members of the Macedonian Orthodox community objected, citing the historical significance of the dish to the community during the Ottoman era and raising complaints that the council was discriminating against Orthodox Christians . A spokeswoman for the council explained that the council had not prepared
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