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58-506: Trenčín ( Slovak pronunciation: [ˈtrentʂiːn] , also known by other alternative names ) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech border, around 95 km (59 mi) from Bratislava . It has a population of more than 55,000, which makes it the eighth largest municipality of the country and is the seat of the Trenčín Region and

116-418: A population density of 692 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,790/sq mi). According to the 2001 census, the religious makeup was: 65.8% Roman Catholics , 22.3% people with no religious affiliation , and 7.1% Lutherans . 95.3% inhabitants were Slovaks and 2.4% Czechs . Handball of the 1984 Friendship Games was hosted at Hala na Sihoti. Association football club AS Trenčín currently plays in

174-619: A "free royal town" to a "town with municipal government" and came under the direct control of the chief of Trenčín county . Trenčín flourished again during the era of the first Czechoslovak republic and became the capital of the Trenčín county again between 1940 and 1945 when the Slovak Republic was in existence. Shortly after the Slovak National Uprising began, Trenčín was occupied by Nazi Germany and it became

232-533: A large main square, with a large baroque church and various shops, as well as a town tower. The Trenčín Synagogue , built in 1913 is now a cultural center with exhibitions and concerts. Pohoda , the most visited music festival in Slovakia, has been organized in Trenčín since 1997. As of 2004, it takes place at the Trenčín Airport. In 2005 the city had a population of 56,750, which rose to 60,012 in 2009, with

290-662: A number of Habsburg provinces, Charles would soon find himself lacking allies. North was where he looked for allies, finding them easily. The Piast dynasty in Poland and the Luxembourgs in Bohemia would give him constant support during his time of need. But this support first came from Charles. Starting in 1306, he provided arms to Wladislas Lokietek, future King of Poland. This alliance remained very strong from that point on. Charles would also send troops to support Casimir III when he

348-554: A number of kingdoms, Hungarians decided to pursue a greater purpose. Starting in 894, the Hungarian people would come to occupy the Carpathian basin. This occupation is better known as " The Conquest ". Unfortunately, no existing sources contain reliable accounts of The Conquest. Using pieces of novelistic speculation from a former notary of King Bela III (1172 - 1196), historians have been able to form an educated hypothesis about

406-463: A possessive suffix -ín . The German, Hungarian, and Polish forms are Trentschin , Trencsén , and Trenczyn , respectively. The site of Trenčín has been inhabited since time immemorial . Trenčín Castle, a typical medieval fortified castle is situated high on a rock above the city. Trenčín is best known for a Roman inscription on the rock below the Trenčín Castle dating from 179 AD, the era of

464-744: A religious belief. In the case of the Hungarians, they remained Pagan for quite a long time. In the late 9th century, these "Pagan Hungarians" were known for their consistent attacks upon different kingdoms. Most notably among these were the Eastern Franks. According to the Annales Bertiniani from 862, the Eastern Frankish kingdom was raided by a group of people known as the Ungri . To the knowledge of many historians, this

522-640: Is twinned with: List of towns in Slovakia This is a list of cities and towns in Slovakia , called mestá (singular mesto ) in Slovak . Although mesto is variously translated into English as "town" or "city", there is no such legal distinction in Slovak. As of 25 September 2019, there were 141 mestá in Slovakia . (For German and Hungarian names of these towns, which are used by

580-528: Is an important stop on the main railway line from Bratislava to Žilina and Košice . Roads from the city also lead into the Czech Republic to Brno and other parts of Slovakia; Prievidza / Nitra . Railway tracks from the aforementioned cities end in Trenčín. Trenčín has also an airport . But the closest international airport is in Bratislava . Trenčín is divided into four main boroughs: Trenčín

638-628: Is crucial to understand the history of the relationship between the Franks and Slavs in Central Europe. Throughout the 9th century, Frankish rulers sought to control the central Danubian basin . By installing client dukes in certain areas of their Empire, the Franks quickly became a commanding force in the region. But the Frankish kingdom did not stand unopposed. According to historians, a certain variety of Slavic people were gaining notoriety in

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696-482: Is dominated by Trenčín Castle, which is the third-largest castle in Slovakia. Trenčín Castle is divided into upper and lower sections, with extensive fortifications. The upper castle has several palace buildings which surround the central medieval tower, which remains the highest point of the city. Below the castle, on the hillside, is the old parish church and a small upper square which is reached by historic covered stairs as well as by winding side streets. The old town has

754-471: Is the first recorded instance of Hungarian action in Western texts. This conflict with the Frankish people continued in 881 when the Hungarians allied with Moravian ruler Svatopluk in a series of two battles against the Franks. However, following a change of heart in 892, Franks and Hungarians would partner to defeat Svatopluk, a former ally of Hungary. After a long period of raids and battles led against

812-542: The Carpathian basin amidst Frankish dominance. Speculated to be of Bulgar-Turkic origin, these Slavs played a crucial part in the disruption of the Franks. While these Slavic people often sought to benefit from Frankish support, they also rejected Frankish dominance. They craved independence, desiring to break free from the chains of taxation. When looking at the history preceding the Treaty of Trencin, it lines up with

870-476: The Cseszneky brothers because they were supporting his rival Charles Robert , and donated it to Matúš Čák . Between 1302 and 1321 the castle was the seat of the powerful magnate Matthew Csák who controlled most of present-day Slovakia. Challenging the authority of King Charles Robert, Csák maintained a large court and pursued his own foreign policy. The Treaty of Trentschin between Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland

928-705: The Imperial Diet . According to canon law , the Diocese of Wrocław remained a suffragan of the Polish Archdiocese of Gniezno . While the Silesian lands also comprised the former Moravian Duchy of Opava , the Upper Silesian duchies of Siewierz , Oświęcim and Zator were acquired by Poland in the 15th century. The Lower Silesian duchy of Krosno fell to Brandenburg in 1476. Upon

986-671: The Marcomannic Wars , a series of wars between the Roman Empire and the Germanic Quadi and Marcomanni . It denotes the site as Laugaricio and for long time it was the most northern known evidence of the presence of Roman soldiers in central Europe (until the Roman fort by Mušov and marching camps by Olomouc and Hulín were found). Trenčín is one of the suggested locations for the capital of Samo's Empire in

1044-687: The National Hockey League (NHL) in North America. Additionally, long-time Liverpool centre back Martin Škrtel hails from Trenčín. The festival for non-Olympic sports will be held in town 2017. The top-level professional ice hockey championship trophy in North America, the Stanley Cup , has been brought to Trenčín six times between the years 2008 and 2015: Trenčín is home to the public Alexander Dubček University with 7,140 students, including 110 doctoral students, and

1102-538: The Roman Curia and settled the rising conflict with King John of Bohemia by the provisory Trentschin treaty on St Bartholomew's Day 1335. The negotiations at Trenčín Castle were attended personally by king of Bohemia John of Luxembourg, his son Charles (the future Holy Roman emperor Charles IV) and king of Hungary Charles Robert. King of Poland Casimir III the Great was represented by his deputies. The representatives of

1160-552: The Trenčín Basin of north-western Slovakia, which is surrounded by the Strážov Mountains , Považský Inovec and White Carpathians , with the last mentioned being a protected area . The Váh River flows in the north–south axis. Trenčín lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The city

1218-703: The Trenčín District . It has a medieval castle, Trenčín Castle , on a rock above the city. Trenčín is chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2026. Trenčín was first mentioned under the Greek name Leukaristos (Λευκάριστος), depicted on the Ptolemy world map around 150 AD . During the course of the Marcomannic Wars between the Roman Empire and Germanic Quadi , the Romans carved an inscription on

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1276-640: The 7th century. Wogastisburg (Vogast castle) was probably located somewhere on the Vogas river and was also the site of a decisive battle between the Slavic and Frankish armies in 631. It is plausible that Trenčín Castle was founded during the Great Moravian era. In the beginning of the 11th century, the region was controlled by king Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. In 1017, Stephen I of Hungary conquered

1334-548: The German Empire. In 1308 he called upon the Teutonic Knights to help retake the castle of Gdansk from Otto and Waldemar, margraves of Germany. Following this event, the knights would help Lokietek gain control of the vast majority of Polish Pomerania by 1311. His alliance with the Teutonic Knights would diminish about a decade before his death on March 2, 1333. It was at this time that Casimir III would take

1392-627: The Germans and Hungarians. However, after this time, the status of their alliance saw a rapid decline. For a few years, Charles participated in petty feuds with the Habsburgs. But in 1328, he was able to push back by acquiring the region known as Medjumurje . This was significant as this was the border lying between the Drava and Mura Rivers occupied by the Austrians. After successfully diminishing

1450-653: The Polish Seniorate Province of Cracow, paid homage to King Rudolf I of Germany and was able to succeed Leszek II the Black as Polish high duke in 1288. Because the Polish sovereignty was weakening, the occasion arose for the Přemyslids to, once again, expand their sphere of influence into Silesia. In 1289 King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia made Duke Casimir of Bytom his vassal. In the renewed struggle over

1508-605: The Polish Seniorate Province upon the sudden death of Duke Henry IV in 1290, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia forged an alliance with Casimir's brother Bolko I of Opole against the rivaling Polish Piasts Władysław I the Elbow-high and Przemysł II , who finally had to cede Cracow to the Bohemian king one year later. King Wenceslaus failed at first to gain Polish regality as Przemysł II became High Duke and

1566-567: The Polish king, in perpetuity, renounced all claims to Silesia in favour of Bohemia while King John and his son Charles in turn finally waived their claims to the Polish throne derived from the Přemyslids. The agreement was to be confirmed, when the rulers met at the Congress of Visegrád later in November 1335. King John now had a free hand to continue vassalizing the Silesian duchies of Ziębice/Münsterberg (1336) and Nysa/Neisse (1342). It

1624-703: The accepted nomenclature. In 965, Mieszko I or the prince of the Polanie , had severed an alliance between the Christian Czechs and the Slavs to the west. He did so by marrying the daughter of Boleslav I of Bohemia. The next year, Poland would convert to Latin Christianity , allowing Mieszko to take advantage of the many military and political resources of the German Empire, an action that would have been inconceivable prior to conversion. But this alliance

1682-475: The appointment of Wenceslas , the son of Wenceslas II of Bohemia , although he would change his name to Ladislaus. For most of the Middle Ages, the Polish kingdom would fall under the rule of what modern historians call “ Piasts ”. However, a phrase more commonly found in medieval Polish sources is “duces et principes Poloniae” or “the dukes and princes of Poland”. Regardless, Piast Poland would come to be

1740-403: The case until the end of the Middle Ages when Polish would again become the dominant language amongst commoners. Just before the Treaty of Trencin, many small events of importance occurred. In 1305, Lokietek , former Silesian duke, was able to acquire Hungarian territories thanks to Hungary’s support of Charles I of Anjou in his desire for the throne. This led to conflicts between Lokietek and

1798-413: The city. Finally, in 1790 the town, along with the castle, was burned down and the castle has been in ruins ever since. In the 19th century, Trenčín flourished as the railways to Žilina and Bratislava were built and many new enterprises were established, particularly in the textile, food and machine industries. The town became the hub of the middle Považie region. In 1867 Trenčín was downgraded from

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1856-651: The death of his widow Agnes of Austria , 1392, the Duchy of Jawor would finally fall to Bohemia. With the Treaty of Trentschin, the split of Silesia from the Polish Crown was made. In 1348 King Charles IV attached it to the Bohemian crown lands together with Moravia and the Lusatias . The Silesian dukes became indirect vassals of the Holy Roman Empire with no immediate status and no representation at

1914-465: The death of the Bohemian king Louis II during the 1526 Battle of Mohács , his crown lands were inherited by the Habsburg king Ferdinand I and became a constituent of the Habsburg monarchy . Archduchess Maria Theresa , Bohemian queen from 1740 on, lost most of the Silesian crown land in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau . It was conquered by King Frederick II of Prussia . The bulk of Silesia returned to

1972-588: The dukes of Legnica , Żagań , Oleśnica , Ścinawa and Brzeg in 1329. The tensions intensified when King John campaigned and annexed the Silesian Duchy of Głogów in 1331. He began to interfere in the Polish-Teutonic War that broke out in Kuyavia and Dobrzyń Land in the aftermath of the 1308 takeover of Gdańsk . In order to understand the events leading to the Treaty of Trencin, it

2030-508: The eldest son of King Henry VII of Germany , married the Přemyslid princess Elizabeth , taking over the power in Prague and also the claims to the Polish throne. Though he failed to succeed his father as King of the Romans , he had more Silesian dukes swore an oath of allegiance to him against the resistance of King Władysław. In 1327 he vassalized the dukes of Wrocław and Opole , followed by

2088-642: The events in the Carpathian basin. However, there has been an interpretation compiled by a number of historians that starts with the Bulgaro-Frankish alliance in 892. This was short lived when Khan Simeon took the throne of Bulgaria in 893, ending the alliance. Bulgaria found new allies in the form of the Moravian kingdom the same year. Hungarians are recorded as the attackers of both the Moravians and Bulgarians. This holds great historical significance as

2146-541: The exile of Wladyslaw from both Poland and the duchy of Silesia (inherited from his father) in 1146. The consequences of these actions would create instability in the relations between the elder and younger generations of the Piast dynasty. About 60 years later, Silesia looked very different than in the time of Boleslaw III . Many towns had been established, most of which were governed by Germans. A majority of these towns spoke German and practiced German mannerisms. This would be

2204-515: The first large-scale attack led by Hungarians in Western Europe. In the many years following the occupation of the Carpathian basin, the kingdom of Hungary underwent several societal changes. Keeping it brief, an evolution from barbarianism to Christianity was one of the most significant changes. This transition even led to a close relationship between Hungary and Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) . The formation of this alliance provided some of

2262-689: The headquarters of the Sicherheitsdienst and the Gestapo . Trenčín was captured by the Romanian and Soviet troops on 10 April 1945. Since 1990, the historical centre of the city has been largely restored and since 1996 it has been the seat of Trenčín Region and Trenčín District . The castle and its Roman inscription have attracted tourism since. Trenčín lies at an altitude of 262 metres (860 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 82 square kilometres (31.7 sq mi). It lies in

2320-434: The history of the three kingdoms involved in the signing of the treaty. The issues addressed and remedied in the treaty all directly relate to the kingdoms themselves. In order to have a better understanding of what each kingdom was experiencing, it is vital to look back at their individual histories. It is well known that the vast majority of Europe in the Middle Ages identified with some denomination of either Christianity or

2378-521: The lands in favour of Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth . He was urged by Emperor Lothair III . Bolesław died the next year and in his testament bequested the newly established Duchy of Silesia to his eldest son Władysław II . Władysław, however, was expelled by his younger half-brothers and had to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor . That was the beginning of the gradual alienation of Władysław. The rule of Duke Bolesław I over Silesia

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2436-460: The last Přemyslid ruler, was murdered the following year. The Polish sovereignty turned to the Piast dynasty again when Władysław I, the elbow-high, began to unite the kingdom under his rule. Wenceslaus' successors in Bohemia, Henry of Carinthia and Rudolph of Austria also claimed the title of a Polish king but could not prevail. While Władysław was crowned king in 1320, the Bohemian aspirations to power rose again in 1310. Count John of Luxembourg ,

2494-616: The most detailed pieces of information regarding the foreign policy of Hungary and the internal affairs of Central Europe. The occurrence of Christianization in Hungary is crucial to understanding the events preceding the Treaty of Trencin. At end of the 13th century, Hungary would experience one of the greatest power struggles in the kingdom's history. After the death of Andrew III , the royal bloodline of Saint Stephen would come to an end. Adverse effects also took place as recognition of Central power would lose nearly all significance. This sent

2552-424: The private College of Management in Trenčín with 1,275 students. The city's system of primary education consists of nine public schools and one religious primary school, enrolling 4,623 pupils overall. Secondary education is represented by five gymnasia with 1,974 students, 5 specialized high schools with 1,892 students, and 6 vocational schools with 3,975 students. Trenčín lies near the main Slovak motorway and

2610-462: The region which remained part of Hungary until 1918. By the end of the 11th century, the castle became the administrative centre of Trencsén county in the Kingdom. As one of the few stone castles in the country it resisted the disastrous invasion of Mongols in 1241. In 1263, Trenčín was in the possession of the royal Swordbearer Jakab Cseszneky , but in 1302 King Wenceslas I took it away from

2668-511: The respective ethnic minorities, see articles list of German exonyms for places in Slovakia and list of Hungarian exonyms for places in Slovakia ). Treaty of Trentschin Shortly before his death in 992, Mieszko I , the first ruler of Poland, had conquered the Silesian region that stretched along the common border. At Pentecost 1137, Duke Soběslav I of Bohemia officially renounced

2726-412: The rock under the present-day castle in 179 AD and the place was mentioned as Laugaricio . For a long time it was considered the northernmost known presence of the Romans in Central Europe. The first written mentions in the Middle Ages are from 1111 (as Treinchen ) and 1113 (adjective Trenciniensis ). The name is probably derived from a personal name Trnka/Trenka ( Slovak / Slavic - Blackthorn ) with

2784-564: The struggle over the territory, even in the earlier times of the Middle Ages. By 1202, the Piast dynasty would begin establishing duchies , another term for territories in possession of royalty. This trend continued through 1288 in which seventeen duchies were established. Ten of these territories were in Silesia, further stressing its importance in Polish history. Following his death, Boleslaw III Wrymouth ’s sons from his second wife joined forces against his successor Wladyslaw II . This led to

2842-406: The supporters of the rival king, János Szapolyai , the town was captured in 1528 by imperial troops. In the 17th century the Ottomans were another threat from the south but they failed to conquer the city. The town then suffered from the Kuruc uprising against the Habsburgs and on 3 August 1708 the Battle of Trenčín took place close to the city. Two years later a plague killed 1,600 inhabitants of

2900-443: The territories of Hungary into a frenzy. However, in 1301, Charles of Anjou would be crowned. His inheritance of the throne would be the first in Hungarian history to be conducted by election over actual inheritance. Backed by Pope Boniface VIII , Charles would soon become the illegitimate ruler of Hungary. Many barons believed this appointment was blasphemy. In August of the same year, the barons would succeed in removing Charles with

2958-400: The throne. In an attempt to establish stability within Poland, Casimir renewed the truce with the knights, setting up his rule only two year prior to the signing of the Treaty of Trencin. Up until 1322, Charles I of Anjou had held a strong alliance with the Habsburg people, a small kingdom that held territory at the time in Central Europe. This had helped Charles maintain his defense against

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3016-505: The top-tier Slovak Super Liga after winning promotion following the 2011–12 season as second-tier Slovak First League champions, while the ice hockey club Dukla Trenčín currently plays in the Slovak Extraliga , having won the Extraliga championship four times. Trenčín is the hometown of several professional ice hockey players, including Ottawa Senators forward Marián Gáborík , New York Islanders defenceman Zdeno Chára , and Chicago Blackhawks forward Marián Hossa , all playing in

3074-456: Was crowned in 1295 by Archbishop Jakub Świnka of Gniezno . That made Przemysł II the first Polish king after the deposition of Bolesław II the Bold in 1079. When Przemysł II was killed in 1296, Wenceslaus II again took the chance to assume the title of a High Duke. He married Przemysł's daughter Elisabeth Richeza and was finally crowned Polish king by Archbishop Jakub Świnka in 1300. In 1305 King Wenceslaus II died and his son Wenceslaus III ,

3132-401: Was fighting back against the Teutonic Order. This alliance eventually led to the events in 1335. In August of that year, with the support of King John of Bohemia, Charles was able to maintain Silesia with the signing of the Treaty of Trencin. In 1333 the Polish king Władysław was succeeded by his son Casimir III. He was prepared to compromise. Casimir III resorted to sue the Teutonic Order at

3190-585: Was not until February 9, 1339, that Casimir ratified the treaty in Kraków . The agreement was again reaffirmed in 1346 for the Holy Roman Empire by John's son Charles IV , elected King of the Romans. It was reaffirmed in the 1348 Treaty of Namslau with King Casimir III and again in 1372 by Casimir's successor King Louis I . Bolko II the Small remained the only Silesian duke, who was not content to accept Bohemian overlordship. However, he had no male heirs and his niece Anna von Schweidnitz married Emperor Charles IV in 1353. He signed an inheritance treaty whereupon

3248-539: Was restored under pressure from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1163. Bolesław's son Henry the Bearded became High Duke of Poland in 1232. The marriage of his successor Duke Henry II the Pious with Anne of Bohemia , daughter of King Ottokar I , strengthened the ties between the Silesian Piasts and the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty . After Henry's death during the 1241 Battle of Legnica , Silesia split up into numerous petty states under his descendants. In 1280 Duke Henry IV of Wrocław , induced by his ambition to gain

3306-439: Was short-lived due to the many conflicting interests of the two empires. After many years of testing his abilities, Mieszko learned his place when he married the German princess Oda in 980, solidifying his alliance with the German Empire. This would lead to the earliest mention of Polish intervention in Silesia when Mieszko used his roughly 3,000 soldiers to annex Silesia, reclaiming the land from Bohemia. This gives some insight into

3364-413: Was signed in the city in 1335. Trenčín gained a number of privileges during the Middle Ages : In 1324 the inhabitants were freed from paying tolls and the city received free royal town privileges in 1412 from King Sigismund . However, during the following decades and centuries there were catastrophes and wars which lasted until the end of the 18th century. During the conflict between the Habsburgs and

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