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73-443: The plan to develop a medium-weight helicopter program was initiated in 1994 with the attack helicopter program formally beginning in 1998. The preliminary design of the aircraft was provided by Kamov, while prototyping was conducted by the 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The Z-10 first flew on 29 April 2003 and entered Chinese Army Aviation service in 2009. Nicknames of characters in

146-639: A mockup , which is an inert representation of a machine's appearance, often made of some non-durable substance. An electronics designer often builds the first prototype from breadboard or stripboard or perfboard , typically using "DIP" packages. However, more and more often the first functional prototype is built on a "prototype PCB " almost identical to the production PCB, as PCB manufacturing prices fall and as many components are not available in DIP packages, but only available in SMT packages optimized for placing on

219-597: A second (thus defining the speed of light to be 299,792,458 meters per second). In many sciences, from pathology to taxonomy, prototype refers to a disease, species, etc. which sets a good example for the whole category. In biology, prototype is the ancestral or primitive form of a species or other group; an archetype. For example, the Senegal bichir is regarded as the prototypes of its genus, Polypterus . Aviation International News Aviation International News (AIN Media Group / The Convention News Company)

292-425: A PCB. Builders of military machines and aviation prefer the terms "experimental" and "service test". In electronics , prototyping means building an actual circuit to a theoretical design to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for debugging it if it does not. The prototype is often constructed using techniques such as wire wrapping or using a breadboard , stripboard or perfboard , with

365-499: A TV camera, a laser rangefinder, and a laser designator. The development of the primary electro-optical fire control systems (FCS) was influenced by French and Israeli systems but with locally programmed software. The YH millimeter-wave radar was also developed for Z-10 to detect longer-range targets, and targets behind flog, smoke, and dust. The mmWave radar can be installed on top of the main rotor mast. The stepped tandem cockpit houses two pilots. The front pilot primarily controls

438-529: A favorite among US Military modelers), railroad equipment, motor trucks, motorcycles, and space-ships (real-world such as Apollo/Saturn Vs, or the ISS). As of 2014, basic rapid prototype machines (such as 3D printers ) cost about $ 2,000, but larger and more precise machines can cost as much as $ 500,000. In architecture , prototyping refers to either architectural model making (as form of scale modelling ) or as part of aesthetic or material experimentation , such as

511-750: A modular weapon system. The system uses the GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553 B databus architecture, which enables weaponry of Chinese, Soviet, and Western origin to be adopted by the Z-10. Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft with 180° of horizontal traverse. Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods. Each stub wings have two hardpoints , for

584-452: A range of 800 km (430 nmi; 500 mi). The Z-10 features a comprehensive self-defense suite. The YH-96 electronic warfare system includes a set of infrared missile approach warning system (MAWS), radar warning receivers (RWR) and laser warning receivers (LWR), both are connected with the 6×4 countermeasure dispensers (two on each side, four in total) to release flare and chaff when incoming missiles are detected. The system

657-449: A single semirigid five-blade main rotor at the top and a four-blade tail rotor at the aft section. The airfoil of the primary 95KT rotor blade features a significant camber with swept tips, designed to reduce the blade length, vibration, and acoustic signature. The tail rotor consists of two sets of dual composite blades (four blades in total) mounted in an angled, non-orthogonal (scissor) arrangement designed to reduce noise generated by

730-457: A stealth enclosure, and is capable of providing multi-target jamming, spectrum searching, and digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) signal processing. External fuel tanks be attached to further its operational and ferry ranges. The helicopter can also underslung all-terrain vehicles (ATV) for special operation insertion support. The Z-10 can underslung around 3 tonnes. In 2011, the Z-10 can be observed operating at PLAGF bases. In September 2016,

803-437: A theoretical one. Physical prototyping has a long history, and paper prototyping and virtual prototyping now extensively complement it. In some design workflow models, creating a prototype (a process sometimes called materialization ) is the step between the formalization and the evaluation of an idea. A prototype can also mean a typical example of something such as in the use of the derivation ' prototypical '. This

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876-499: A time to the initial prototype. In many programming languages , a function prototype is the declaration of a subroutine or function (and should not be confused with software prototyping). This term is rather C / C++ -specific; other terms for this notion are signature , type and interface . In prototype-based programming (a form of object-oriented programming ), new objects are produced by cloning existing objects, which are called prototypes. The term may also refer to

949-422: A total of four, and each hardpoint can carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of 16 missiles. The autocannon on the serial production Z-10 is the 23 mm (0.91 in) PX-10A automatic chain gun, but the aircraft can also mount 20 mm (0.79 in), 25 mm (0.98 in), and 30 mm (1.2 in) autocannons, with some of them marketed for export customers. The air-to-surface missiles deployed by

1022-472: A way that the Planck constant h is prescribed a value of exactly 6.626 070 15 × 10  joule-second (J⋅s) Until 1960, the meter was defined by a platinum-iridium prototype bar with two marks on it (that were, by definition, spaced apart by one meter), the international prototype of the metre , and in 1983 the meter was redefined to be the distance in free space covered by light in 1/299,792,458 of

1095-557: Is a periodical and newspaper publisher about aviation , published through its website and in hard copy. The Convention News Company was founded by aviation editor James Holahan and publisher Wilson S. Leach in 1972 and published its first issues at that year's NBAA convention. Now branded as AIN Media Group, it has branched into other aviation sectors and other products, and still publishes NBAA Convention News. In 2002, Aviation International News received an award for "excellent, accurate and insightful reporting of issues related to

1168-518: Is a form of functional or working prototype. The justification for its creation is usually a data migration , data integration or application implementation project and the raw materials used as input are an instance of all the relevant data which exists at the start of the project. The objectives of data prototyping are to produce: To achieve this, a data architect uses a graphical interface to interactively develop and execute transformation and cleansing rules using raw data. The resultant data

1241-463: Is a useful term in identifying objects, behaviours and concepts which are considered the accepted norm and is analogous with terms such as stereotypes and archetypes . The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon , "primitive form", neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos , "original, primitive", from πρῶτος protos , "first" and τύπος typos , "impression" (originally in

1314-472: Is also available, capable of firing the larger FS90A 90 mm (3.543 in) guided rocket or Tianjian 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket. Aside from the common calibers, the helicopter can support rockets from 20 mm (0.787 in) to 130 mm (5.118 in). For other types of payloads, the Z-10 can carry a KG300G self-defense electronic warfare (EW) pod, providing organic survivability for frontline ELINT and ESM defense. The EW pod features

1387-399: Is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics , design , electronics , and software programming . A prototype is generally used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts and users. Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real, working system rather than

1460-517: Is becoming practical to eliminate the creation of a physical prototype (except possibly at greatly reduced scales for promotional purposes), instead modeling all aspects of the final product as a computer model . An example of such a development can be seen in Boeing 787 Dreamliner , in which the first full sized physical realization is made on the series production line. Computer modeling is now being extensively used in automotive design, both for form (in

1533-605: Is exclusively online with the exception of an annual print buyers' guide. Its publishers want "to help maximize its readers' investment in private air transport." It reviews taxes, law, and finance; new and used jets; charter, jet cards and fractional-jet shares; travel and luxury autos. It interviews prominent travelers, including Sir Richard Branson , Suze Orman, Wolfgang Puck, T. Boone Pickens, Rudy Giuliani, Mark Cuban, Donald Trump , Arnold Palmer, James Carville, Buzz Aldrin, William Shatner, Morgan Freeman, Herbie Hancock, and many other celebrities. Annual features include results of

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1606-550: Is fitted with the Hover Infrared Suppression System (HIRSS), mixing in the engine exhaust with cold air to reduce the helicopter's infrared characteristic. Later serial production of Z-10 modified the engine nozzle from sideway-facing to the upward-facing direction, further reducing the signature from heat radiation . The upward-facing exhaust nozzle, albeit beneficial for suppressing the infrared signature, would lead to additional drag, To resolve this,

1679-551: Is provided for the front pilot. Each pilot also wears a helmet-mounted sight (HMS), similar to the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) on the AH-64 Apache . The helmet sight is fully integrated with FCS to control guided and unguided munitions and display onboard navigation information. The pilots can slave the sensor suite and 23 mm (0.91 in) autocannon to their helmets, controlling

1752-414: Is then evaluated and the rules refined. Beyond the obvious visual checking of the data on-screen by the data architect, the usual evaluation and validation approaches are to use Data profiling software and then to insert the resultant data into a test version of the target application and trial its use. When developing software or digital tools that humans interact with, a prototype is an artifact that

1825-499: Is used as the standard of measurement of some physical quantity to base all measurement of that physical quantity against. Sometimes this standard object is called an artifact . In the International System of Units ( SI ), there remains no prototype standard since May 20, 2019 . Before that date, the last prototype used was the international prototype of the kilogram , a solid platinum-iridium cylinder kept at

1898-409: Is used to ask and answer a design question. Prototypes provide the means for examining design problems and evaluating solutions. HCI practitioners can employ several different types of prototypes: In the field of scale modeling (which includes model railroading , vehicle modeling, airplane modeling , military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the real-world basis or source for a scale model—such as

1971-683: Is wrapped inside carbon fibers , while the canopy is protected by bulletproof glasses of 38 mm (1.5 in) in thickness. Additional protection layers made of aluminum alloy and kevlar are applied to the bottom of the cockpit, side of the engine bays, and around the self-sealing fuel tank . The honeycomb composite layer is applied to the fuselage bottom, while the pilot seats, landing gears, and fuel tank are reinforced for improved crashworthiness . The early model of Z-10 prioritizes protection in critical areas for weight reduction without sacrificing structural integrity, range, and payload. In later serial production, graphene armor plates are mounted on

2044-594: The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in Sèvres France (a suburb of Paris ) that by definition was the mass of exactly one kilogram . Copies of this prototype are fashioned and issued to many nations to represent the national standard of the kilogram and are periodically compared to the Paris prototype. Now the kilogram is redefined in such

2117-528: The Forty Wall House open source material prototyping centre in Australia. Architects prototype to test ideas structurally, aesthetically and technically. Whether the prototype works or not is not the primary focus: architectural prototyping is the revelatory process through which the architect gains insight. In the science and practice of metrology , a prototype is a human-made object that

2190-536: The Prototype Javascript Framework . Additionally, the term may refer to the prototype design pattern. Continuous learning approaches within organizations or businesses may also use the concept of business or process prototypes through software models. The concept of prototypicality is used to describe how much a website deviates from the expected norm, and leads to a lowering of user preference for that site's design. A data prototype

2263-421: The styling and aerodynamics of the vehicle) and in function—especially for improving vehicle crashworthiness and in weight reduction to improve mileage. The most common use of the word prototype is a functional, although experimental, version of a non-military machine (e.g., automobiles, domestic appliances, consumer electronics) whose designers would like to have built by mass production means, as opposed to

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2336-423: The wingtip vortices . All blades are made with carbon fiber-wrapped spars with layered honeycomb composite for the skin , capable of sustaining damage against 12.7 mm (0.50 in) rounds. The deicing device is fitted to the blades to increase flight safety in adverse weather. The fuselage is primarily made of aluminum alloy , with 30 percent of the mass being composite materials . The cockpit compartment

2409-466: The 6-ton class China Helicopter Medium (CHM) program in 1994, headed by the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes. This program was later developed into Harbin Z-20 . In 1995, China commissioned Kamov to develop a preliminary design for the 6-ton helicopter, known as Project 941 internally. Project 941 was a large departure from traditional Soviet design, focusing entirely on the Chinese requirement. The concept

2482-783: The AH-1Z and then the TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK (which uses the American LHTEC CTS800–4A engine) fell through because of worsening relations with the United States . In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway; the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020. In June 2022, Pakistan's deal with T129 ATAK was reportedly canceled, and the Pakistan government

2555-812: The Chinese classic novel Water Margin have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the Harbin Z-19 by Chinese Army Aviation Corps; Z-10 is called Fierce Thunderbolt (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of Qin Ming , while Z-19 is called Black Whirlwind (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of Li Kui . The People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) established its army aviation units in January 1988. The unit used helicopters transferred from People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), including Mil Mi-4 , Harbin Z-5 , Mil Mi-8 , and Aérospatiale Gazelle . By

2628-568: The PLA announced that all of its army aviation units had been equipped with the Z-10. The helicopter is stationed in frontline regions, such as the Tibet plateau , and Taiwan Strait . The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan 's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials, but they rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine. Pakistan then chose Turkey's AH-1Z; however, contracts to acquire

2701-414: The Z-10 can also carry SW6 air-launched drones, CM-501G A none-line-of-sight air-to-surface missiles CM-502KG anti-tank missiles, CM-501XA loitering munitions, ET60 324 mm (12.8 in) lightweight torpedo, with the last one providing Z-10 with useful, albeit limited, naval warfare capabilities. The helicopter is compatible with GB25 and GB50 guided bombs. The main air-to-air missile deployed by

2774-478: The Z-10 include HJ-8 , HJ-9 , HJ-10 , AKD-9, and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles. Early AKD-10 utilizes semi-active laser (SAL) guidance, while later variants reportedly incorporate millimeter wave (MMW) seekers. The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles with a millimeter wave/semi-active laser dual model guidance seeker. The missile can be fired from Z-10 and data-linked by millimeter-wave radar mounted on friendly platforms. Aside from anti-tank missiles,

2847-875: The Z-10 is the TY-90 , a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat. The TY-90 is much heavier than the MANPAD missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range. The Z-10 can launch a great variety of unguided and guided rockets. Under the stub wings, a total of four rocket pods can be mounted on the hardpoints . Options include the 19-tube 57 mm (2.244 in) rocket pod, 7-tube 70 mm (2.756 in) Fire Snake rocket pod with FS70A (GR-5) 70 mm (2.756 in) guided rocket or FS70B 70 mm (2.756 in) air burst fragmentation rocket, or 19-tube 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod with anti-infantry fragmentation rockets. 7-tube 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket pod

2920-500: The Z-10ME offered the capability gap of operating air-launched UAVs, and potential candidates included Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, etc. However, Davis believed the demand for advanced helicopters was quite small in these economies. In June 2012, the United States charged United Technologies and two of its subsidiaries, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand , of selling engine control software to China which aided in

2993-417: The Z-10ME standard with the 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) engines, armor plates, and infrared suppresion nozzles. The Pakistan Army eventually purchased the Z-10ME as well. The Z-10 features a tandem cockpit compartment at the front section. The airframe bulges below the cockpit, extending backward and merging with the stub wings and tail boom, creating a distinctive ridge dividing the top and bottom half of

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3066-465: The blended fuselage, which are both canted inward, creating a hexagon -shaped frontal profile. This slim, rhombic configuration ensures structural strength, increases internal volumes for equipment, and reduces the frontal projected area and overall radar cross section (RCS). The radar-absorbent material is applied to the fuselage, further reducing the radar reflection and providing a certain degree of low observability . The rotor system consists of

3139-495: The business aviation industry" from the National Business Aviation Association at its 55th Annual Meeting & Convention. AIN Publications publishes the following media: Business Jet Traveler (ISSN: 1554-1339) is a magazine for business jet end-users: executives and other high-net-worth individuals . The magazine was published in print from 2003 through 2020. Beginning in 2021, it

3212-407: The cycle returns to customer evaluation. The cycle starts by listening to the user, followed by building or revising a mock-up, and letting the user test the mock-up , then back. There is now a new generation of tools called Application Simulation Software which help quickly simulate application before their development. Extreme programming uses iterative design to gradually add one feature at

3285-590: The development of the Changhe Z-10. While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $ 75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges. [REDACTED] Islamic Republic of Pakistan Data from Military Digest General characteristics Performance Armament Avionics Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Prototyping A prototype

3358-404: The engine on the Z-10 was upgraded to from 1,300 shp (970 kW) to 1,600 shp (1,200 kW) to make up the loss. The Z-10 prototype was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67C turboshaft engines, which is equipped with Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system and sports a maximum continuous power of 1,142 kW (1,531 shp). The early batches of Z-10

3431-573: The failed bid, Chinese engineers began to upgrade to the Z-10 platform to improve its competitiveness. A new prototype, designated Z-10ME, emerged in 2018 with a larger ammunition magazine size, new intake filtration systems, and new missile approach warning system (MAWS). In the same year, more equipment was added to the prototype, such as a more powerful WZ-9C turboshaft with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) power, new infrared signature-reducing engine exhaust nozzle, appliqué graphene-based armor plates, etc. The PLAGF's domestic Z-10 fleet were upgraded to

3504-663: The final design, which was designated the Z-10. Initially, the Z-10 project was planned to share its propulsion system with the CHM program, however, the two programs were separated and the Z-10 was prioritized to be completed first. During the development in 2000, Denel also provided technical assistance to the project in the area of flight stability. After the US government cut off engine sources from Pratt & Whitney, China turned to domestic replacements with lower thrust-rating, leading to further weight-saving design changes. The replacement engine

3577-480: The final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials and processes. Prototypes are also used to revise the design for the purposes of reducing costs through optimization and refinement. It is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. Building the full design is often expensive and can be time-consuming, especially when repeated several times—building

3650-528: The final production design. This is due to the skill and choices of the designer(s), and the inevitable inherent limitations of a prototype. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably although the production design may have been sound. Conversely, prototypes may perform acceptably but the production design and outcome may prove unsuccessful. In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be substantially greater than

3723-417: The final version uses WZ-9 turboshaft engines due to its fully indigenous origin. The Z-10 took its maiden flight on 29 April 2003. The Z-10 entered PLA service in 2009 or 2010. In March 2014, the Z-10 helicopter began deck trials with a People's Liberation Army Navy Type 072A-class landing ship . The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from

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3796-504: The flight maneuver, while the back pilot handles the weapon system. Both pilots have identical flight instrumentation, serving as backups to each other, and both are capable of flight control and weapons operation. Inside the cockpit is the digital flight instrument, with the fly-by-wire Hands-On Collective And Stick (HOCAS) flight control. Each pilot has two LCD multi-function displays (MFD) and multiple small displays for other information. An additional holographic heads-up display (HUD)

3869-464: The full design, figuring out what the problems are and how to solve them, then building another full design. As an alternative, rapid prototyping or rapid application development techniques are used for the initial prototypes, which implement part, but not all, of the complete design. This allows designers and manufacturers to rapidly and inexpensively test the parts of the design that are most likely to have problems, solve those problems, and then build

3942-508: The full design. In technology research, a technology demonstrator is a prototype serving as proof-of-concept and demonstration model for a new technology or future product, proving its viability and illustrating conceivable applications. In large development projects, a testbed is a platform and prototype development environment for rigorous experimentation and testing of new technologies, components, scientific theories and computational tools. With recent advances in computer modeling it

4015-477: The function of missile approach warning system. The electro-optical suites include new laser, infrared, ultraviolet warning receivers, and directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) to defend against infrared homing (IR) missiles. The primary sensor suite of Z-10 is the WXG1006 electro-optical (EO) package located at the nose section. The ball-shaped package contains a forward-looking infrared sensor,

4088-475: The impact of these differences on the intended role for the prototype. For example, if a visual prototype is not able to use the same materials as the final product, they will attempt to substitute materials with properties that closely simulate the intended final materials. Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design. Prototypes represent some compromise from

4161-646: The mid-1980s, the Chinese decided to field dedicated attack helicopters . The brief honeymoon period between China and the West provided China opportunities to evaluate Agusta A129 Mangusta , AH-1 Cobra , and BGM-71 TOW missiles. However, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and the proceeding arms embargo prevented many deals from going through. Nevertheless, China successfully imported or licensed aircraft types such as Changhe Z-8 , Harbin Z-9 , Sikorsky S-70 , Mi-17 , and Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma . There

4234-411: The prototyping platform, or replace it with only the microcontroller chip and the circuitry that is relevant to their product. Prototype software is often referred to as alpha grade , meaning it is the first version to run. Often only a few functions are implemented, the primary focus of the alpha is to have a functional base code on to which features may be added. Once alpha grade software has most of

4307-438: The real EMD GP38-2 locomotive—which is the prototype of Athearn 's (among other manufacturers) locomotive model. Technically, any non-living object can serve as a prototype for a model, including structures, equipment, and appliances, and so on, but generally prototypes have come to mean full-size real-world vehicles including automobiles (the prototype 1957 Chevy has spawned many models), military equipment (such as M4 Shermans,

4380-463: The required features integrated into it, it becomes beta software for testing of the entire software and to adjust the program to respond correctly during situations unforeseen during development. Often the end users may not be able to provide a complete set of application objectives, detailed input, processing, or output requirements in the initial stage. After the user evaluation, another prototype will be built based on feedback from users, and again

4453-459: The result being a circuit that is electrically identical to the design but not physically identical to the final product. Open-source tools like Fritzing exist to document electronic prototypes (especially the breadboard-based ones) and move toward physical production. Prototyping platforms such as Arduino also simplify the task of programming and interacting with a microcontroller . The developer can choose to deploy their invention as-is using

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4526-478: The rotor system and AgustaWestland in 1997 for the transmission system in 1998. Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand secretly provided PT6C-67C engines and digital engine control systems to aid the programs, leading to them receiving investigations and penalties from the United States government. In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed the Special Armed Project to develop

4599-493: The sense of a mark left by a blow, then by a stamp struck by a die (note "typewriter"); by implication a scar or mark; by analogy a shape i.e. a statue, (figuratively) style, or resemblance; a model for imitation or illustrative example—note "typical"). Prototypes explore different aspects of an intended design: In general, the creation of prototypes will differ from creation of the final product in some fundamental ways: Engineers and prototype specialists attempt to minimize

4672-498: The sensors and autocannon direction by turning their heads. For all-weather operation, the helmet visor can be attached with a binocular-like night vision goggles (NVG), which was later replaced with integrated NVGs that can display night-vision image directly inside the visor. Other navigation instruments of Z-10 include laser gyrocompass , radio altimeter , Doppler radar , inertial navigation , satellite navigation , and identification friend or foe (IFF) systems. The Z-10 has

4745-418: The ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger Type 071 amphibious transport dock . The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan 's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials, but ultimately rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine. After

4818-433: The side of the cockpit and engine housing to further improve the protection level. The Z-10's engine air intake is protected by a metal mesh to prevent foreign objects from being sucked in. Newer variants can be installed with integrated inlet particle separators (IPS) for engine intake filtration, preventing harmful solid particulates such as sand and dust to damage the critical propulsion components. The Z-10's engine system

4891-618: Was also debate in China about whether the PLAGF or PLAAF should operate attack helicopters. Eventually, the PLAGF won and began to induct armed helicopters based on the Harbin Z-9 design. The use of the Z-9WA modification helped China realize the requirement for a dedicated attack helicopter platform. A preprimary plan to develop an attack helicopter in China began in 1992. China began to develop

4964-443: Was originally designed for export, but subsequently used to upgrade early Z-10s batches. The WZ-9C provides 30% more power than the original version, providing the Z-10 with enough lift for a variety of payloads. The Z-10 emphasizes extended-range operation. The WZ-9A turboshaft engine allows the aircraft to fly at a maximum speed of 290 km/h (160 kn) and cruise speed of 230 km/h (120 kn). The internal tank supports

5037-476: Was powered by domestic Zhuzhou WZ-9 or WZ-9A turboshaft engine, providing 957–1,000 kW (1,283–1,341 shp) of power. The reduced performance of WZ-9 turboshaft engines prevented Z-10 to carry its maximum payload of 16 anti-tank guided missiles. Multiple engines were developed to upgrade the propulsion of the Z-10. China and European partners reportedly developed WZ-16. WZ-9 was upgraded to WZ-9C with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) of maximum power. The engine

5110-535: Was seeking the acquisition of Z-10ME. Pakistan military reportedly received the first batch of Z-10ME in 2023. According to Boneham of Janes Information Services , the advantages of the Z-10ME were its capabilities and affordability, when compared with similar Western platforms. The helicopter is suitable for countries without access to Western and Russian hardware. Malcolm Davis of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute believed

5183-521: Was the indigenous WZ-9 turboshaft. David Donald of Aviation International News claimed the Z-10 had a universal engine bay capable of fitting various types of engines, including Ukrainian Motor Sich TV3-117. However, Chinese sources indicated the TV3-117 is incompatible with the Z-10's engine bay due to the driveshaft shape and prototypes were fitted with either Pratt & Whitney PT6C-67C or Chinese-built Turbomeca Makila turboshaft engines, whereas

5256-447: Was then handed to China for further development, which Kamov did not participate in. Based on the concept, Chinese engineers developed prototypes and iterate designs based on the testing results. The changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize radar cross section (RCS), changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines, and the engine nozzle layout. China also secured assistance from Eurocopter France for

5329-437: Was upgraded on later variants with a different avionics layout, replacing previously mounted radar and electro-optical sensors with integrated countermeasure suite, indicated by several active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar panels around the fuselage and two electro-optical suites mounted on the stub wings. The radar panels are capable of passive signal detection, target searching, and active jamming, which also replace

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