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66-915: In 1927 the Chinese Communists retaliated against Kuomintang following a betrayal of its members in Shanghai by National Revolutionary Army commander Chiang Kai-shek , which marked the end of the KMT's four-year alliance with the Soviet Union and its cooperation with the CCP during the Northern Expedition (aka First United Front ) to defeat warlords and unify China. In 1931 the Japanese launched its invasion and subsequent occupation of Manchuria . Chiang Kai-shek, who de facto led

132-614: A network of unions with allegiance to the Kuomintang and under the control of Du Yuesheng. Some sources say that over 1,000 Communists and KMT leftists were arrested, some 300 were executed and more than 5,000 went missing; some state that 5,000 Communists and leftists were killed while others claim up to 10,000 were killed. Western news reports later nicknamed Gen. Bai "The Hewer of Communist Heads". Some National Revolutionary Army commanders with Communist backgrounds who were graduates of Whampoa Military Academy kept their sympathies for

198-676: A number of civilian and military positions after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. In 1955, his contributions to the victory of the Chinese Communist Party were recognized when he was named one of the Ten Marshals , and he served as China's vice premier . He did not support Mao Zedong's attempts to purge Peng Dehuai in 1959 and attempted to rehabilitate Peng. After the Cultural Revolution

264-604: A number of civilian positions. He was made Vice Premier . He headed the National Sports Commission , and in that role facilitated sports exchanges with the Soviet Union and the eastern European countries. He was one of the most well-traveled members of the CCP elite, and led numerous delegations abroad, meeting with leaders of other Asian countries, the Soviet Union , and East Germany . After Mao Zedong purged Peng Dehuai in 1959, Mao appointed He to

330-731: A reputation as a " Robin Hood -like figure". His signature weapon was a butcher knife. Around 1918 He raised a volunteer revolutionary army that was aligned with a local Hunan warlord, and in 1920, his personal army joined the National Revolutionary Army . In 1923 He was promoted to command the Nationalist Twentieth Army. In 1925 He ran a school for training Kuomintang soldiers. While running this school, He became close with some of his students who were also Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members. During

396-612: A result of CCP efforts to expand their military strength through absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind enemy lines. For Chinese militia who refused to switch their allegiance, the CCP would call them "collaborators" and then attack to eliminate their forces. For example, the Red Army led by He Long attacked and wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June, 1939. In December 1940, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that

462-537: A temporary end to the Chinese Civil War and the forming of a united front between the CCP and KMT against Japan on 24 December 1936. However, by the time Chiang arrived in Xi'an on 4 December 1936, negotiations for a united front had been in the works for two years. The China Democratic League , an umbrella organization for three political parties and three political pressure groups , also agreed to take part in

528-606: A year after forces associated with Mao Zedong and Zhu De were forced to do so. He met with forces led by Zhang Guotao , but he disagreed with Zhang about the strategy of the Red Army and led his forces to join and support Mao. After settling and establishing a headquarters in Shaanxi , He led guerrilla forces in Northwest China in both the Chinese Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War , and

594-864: The April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT). Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha . The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in

660-727: The Beiyang government 's capital of Beijing, leading to the nominal unification of China and worldwide recognition of the Republic as the legal government of China. [REDACTED] Communist Party / [REDACTED] Soviet Republic ( [REDACTED] Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( [REDACTED] 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → [REDACTED] People's Liberation Army ) → [REDACTED]   People's Republic of China He Long He Long ( simplified Chinese : 贺龙 ; traditional Chinese : 賀龍 ; pinyin : Hè Lóng ; March 22, 1896 – June 9, 1969)

726-550: The Fourth Encirclement Campaign . He's forces abandoned their bases, moved southwest, and established a new base in northeast Guizhou in mid-1933. In 1934 Ren Bishi joined He in Guizhou with his own surviving forces after also being forced to abandon his soviet in another Encirclement Campaign. Ren and He merged forces, with He becoming the military commander and Ren becoming the commissar. He joined

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792-689: The Kuomintang , but failed. After the failure of the Nanchang Uprising, He turned down an offer by the CCP Central Committee to study in Russia and returned to Hunan, where he raised a new force in 1930. His force controlled a broad area of the countryside in the Hunan-Hubei border region, around the area of Lake Hong , and organized this area into a rural soviet. In mid-1932 Kuomintang forces targeted He's soviet as part of

858-643: The Long March in November 1935, over a year after forces led by Zhu De and Mao Zedong were forced to evacuate their own soviet in Jiangxi . He's ability to resist the Kuomintang was partially due to his position on the periphery of Communist-controlled territory. While on the Long March He's forces met Communist forces led by Zhang Guotao in June 1936, but both He and Ren disagreed with Zhang about

924-683: The New Fourth Army Incident , weakened but didn't end the CCP position in Central China and effectively ended any substantive co-operation between the Nationalists and the CCP and both sides concentrated on jockeying for position in the inevitable Civil War. It also ended the Second United Front formed earlier to fight the Japanese. Afterwards, within the Japanese occupied provinces and behind enemy lines

990-399: The Northern Expedition . He rebelled against the Kuomintang after Chiang Kai-shek began violently suppressing Communists , when he planned and led the unsuccessful Nanchang Uprising . After escaping, he organized a soviet in rural Hunan (and later Guizhou ), but was forced to abandon his bases when pressured by Chiang's Encirclement Campaigns . He joined the Long March in 1935, over

1056-620: The "biggest bandit". He was the second highest-ranking member of the Military Affairs Commission at the time that he was purged, and the method in which he and those close to him were purged set the pattern for multiple later purges of the PLA leadership throughout the Cultural Revolution. After being purged, He was placed under indefinite house arrest for the last two and a half years of his life. He described

1122-670: The 1926 Northern Expedition , He commanded the 1st Division, 9th Corps of the National Revolutionary Army. He served under Zhang Fakui during the Northern Expedition. In late 1926 He joined the CCP. In 1927, after the collapse of Wang Jingwei 's leftist Kuomintang government in Wuhan and Chiang Kai-shek's suppression of communists , He left the Kuomintang and joined the Communists, commanding

1188-538: The 20th Corps, 1st Column of the Red Army. He and Zhu De planned and led the main force of the Nanchang Uprising in 1927. In the Nanchang Uprising He and Zhu led a combined force of 24,000 men and attempted to seize the city of Nanchang , but they were not able to secure it against the inevitable Kuomintang attempt to retake the city. The campaign suffered from logistical difficulties, and

1254-550: The April 12 Incident go back to the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union , formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923. The alliance included both financial and military aid and a small but important group of Soviet political and military advisors, headed by Mikhail Borodin . The Soviet Union's conditions for alliance and aid included co-operation with

1320-610: The CCP resulted in their retreat and a 90% reduction in their fighting strength, he was unable to eliminate their forces entirely, and his policy of "internal pacification before external resistance" ( (in Chinese) : 攘外必先安内 ) was very unpopular with the Chinese populace, which caused widespread resentment and demonstration against the ruling KMT leadership and its regional warlord allies. In 1936, Chiang Kai-shek assigned "The Young Marshal" Zhang Xueliang , leader of Northeastern Army ,

1386-821: The CCP's New Fourth Army evacuate Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces. Despite the intense pressure, the New Fourth Army commanders committed insubordination by marching in an unauthorized direction and also missed the deadline to evacuate. Added to this were the attacks by the CCP on the Kuomintang Forces in Hebei in August 1939 and in Jiangsu in October 1940, so they were ambushed and defeated by Nationalist troops in January 1941. This clash, which would be known as

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1452-454: The CCP. After the commencement of full-scale war between China and Japan, CCP forces fought in alliance with the KMT forces during the Battle of Taiyuan , and the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan . However, the CCP submission to the chain of command of the National Revolutionary Army was in name only. The CCP acted independently and hardly ever engaged

1518-554: The Communists hidden and were not arrested, and many switched their allegiance to the CCP after the start of the Chinese Civil War . During the White Terror , local Kuomintang officials specifically targeted short-haired women who had not been subjected to foot binding . These officials presumed that women who rejected foot binding and traditional hair styles were radicals. Kuomintang forces would cut off their breasts and shave their heads, displaying their mutilated corpses to cow

1584-486: The Japanese in conventional battles. The level of actual coordination between the CCP and KMT during the Second Sino-Japanese War was minimal. In the midst of the Second United Front, the CCP and the Kuomintang were still vying for territorial advantage in "Free China" (i.e. those areas not occupied by the Japanese or ruled by puppet governments). The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938 as

1650-484: The Japanese surrender, the command of He's forces was transferred to Peng Dehuai , which operated as the "Northwest Field Army". He became Peng's second-in-command, but spent most of the rest of the Chinese Civil War in central CCP headquarters, in and around Yan'an . After the Japanese surrender, in 1945, He was elected to the CCP Central Committee , and his influence rose within both the military and

1716-456: The KMT allocated many divisions of its regular army to carry out military blockade of the CCP areas in an attempt to neutralize the spread of their influence until the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong attempted to engage in peace talks. This effort failed and by 1946 the KMT and the CCP were engaged in all-out civil war. The CCP were able to obtain seized Japanese Army weapons in

1782-479: The KMT and CCP forces carried on warfare with each other, with the CCP eventually destroying or absorbing the KMT partisan forces or driving them into the puppet forces of the Japanese. The CCP under the leadership of Mao Zedong also began to focus most of their energy on building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while

1848-405: The KMT, were discredited and lost their leadership roles in the CCP. Chen was personally blamed, forced to resign and replaced by Qu Qiubai , who did not change Chen's policies in any fundamental way. The CCP planned for worker uprisings and revolutions in the urban areas. The White Terror completely routed the Communists, and only 10,000 party members out of 60,000 survived. The first battles of

1914-600: The KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in Nanjing , in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in Wuhan , which was led by Wang Jingwei . By 15 July 1927, the Wuhan regime had expelled the Communists in its ranks, effectively ending the First United Front , a working alliance of both the KMT and CCP under the tutelage of Comintern agents. For

1980-588: The Kuomintang, 39 members of the Kuomintang Central Committee in Wuhan publicly denounced Chiang Kai-shek as a traitor to Sun Yat-sen, including Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling immediately after the purge. However, Chiang was defiant, forming a brand new Nationalist Government to rival the Communist-tolerant Nationalist Government in Wuhan controlled by Wang Jingwei on 18 April. The purges garnered

2046-598: The Nanjing government the support of much of the NRA, the Chinese merchant class, and foreign businesses, bolstering its economic and military position. The twin rival KMT governments, known as the Ninghan Split ( simplified Chinese : 宁汉分裂 ; traditional Chinese : 寧漢分裂 ; pinyin : Nínghàn Fēnliè ; Wade–Giles : Ning -han Fen -lie ), did not last long. In May 1927, Communists and peasant leaders in

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2112-654: The Nationalist government reorganized the Military Commission and placed Chiang under its jurisdiction while it secretly plotted to arrest him. Chiang found out about the plot, which most likely led to his determination to purge the CCP from the KMT. In response to the advances of the NRA, Communists in Shanghai began to plan uprisings against the warlord forces controlling the city. On 21–22 March, KMT and CCP union workers, led by Zhou Enlai and Chen Duxiu , launched an armed uprising in Shanghai and defeated

2178-768: The Northeast – with Soviet acquiescence – and took the opportunity to engage the already weakened KMT. In October 1949, Mao established the People's Republic of China, while Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan. [REDACTED] Communist Party / [REDACTED] Soviet Republic ( [REDACTED] Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( [REDACTED] 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → [REDACTED] People's Liberation Army ) → [REDACTED]   People's Republic of China April 12 Incident [REDACTED] Republic of China [REDACTED] Chinese Communist Party [REDACTED] China portal The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927,

2244-494: The Wuhan Nationalist Government's policy of cooperation with the CCP. On 11 April, Chiang issued a secret order to all provinces under the control of his forces to purge Communists from the KMT. Before dawn on 12 April, gang members began to attack district offices controlled by the union workers, including Zhabei , Nanshi , and Pudong . Under an emergency decree, Chiang ordered the 26th Army to disarm

2310-403: The Wuhan area were repeatedly attacked by Nationalist generals. On 1 June, Joseph Stalin sent a telegram to the Communists in Wuhan, calling for mobilisation of an army of workers and peasants. This alarmed Wang Jingwei, who decided to break with the Communists and come to terms with Chiang Kai-shek. On the Communists' side, Chen Duxiu and his Soviet advisers, who had promoted cooperation with

2376-553: The alliance among prominent KMT members. Internal conflicts between left- and right-wing leaders of the KMT with regards to the United Front with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the Northern Expedition . Plans for a Northern Expedition originated with Sun Yat-sen. After his expulsion from the government in Peking , he had by 1920 made a military comeback and gained control of some parts of Guangdong province. His goal

2442-457: The central government of China, decided that China must avoid all-out war with Japan due to domestic turmoil and inadequate preparation. Therefore, he "pursued a strategy of appeasing Japan while struggling for real national unity and over time sufficient strength to confront the Imperial army. This appeasement policy lasted for another six years". Even though his encirclement campaigns against

2508-623: The communist political system. Near the end of the Chinese Civil War He was promoted to command the First Field Army , which was active in Southwest China . After the Communists won the civil war in 1949, He spent most of the 1950s in both civilian and military roles in the southwest. He's military accomplishments were recognized when he was promoted to being one of the Ten Marshals in 1955, and he served in

2574-600: The communists suffered 50% casualties in the two months of fighting. Most of He's soldiers who survived surrendered, deserted, and/or rejoined the KMT. Only 2,000 survivors eventually returned to fight for the Communists in 1928, when Zhu reformed his forces in Hunan. After his forces were defeated, He fled to Lufeng, Guangdong . He spent some time in Hong Kong , but was later sent by the CCP to Shanghai , then to Wuhan. Chiang Kai-shek continuously tried to persuade him rejoin

2640-403: The conditions of his imprisonment as a period of slow torture, in which his captors "intended to destroy my health so that they can murder me without spilling my blood". During the years that he was imprisoned, his captors restricted his access to water, cut off his house's heat during the winter, and refused him access to medicine to treat his diabetes. He died in 1969 after being hospitalized for

2706-715: The direction of the Long March, and He eventually led his forces into Shaanxi to join Mao Zedong by the end of 1936. In 1937 He settled his troops in northwestern Shaanxi and established a new headquarters there. Because the Second Army of the Chinese Red Army under He Long's command was one of the few Communist forces to arrive in Yan'an mostly intact, his force was able to assume the responsibility of protecting

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2772-505: The duty of suppressing the Red Army of the CCP. Battles with the Red Army resulted in great casualties for Zhang's forces, but Chiang Kai-shek did not provide any support to his troops. On 12 December 1936, a deeply disgruntled Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an to force an end to the conflict between KMT and CCP. To secure the release of Chiang, the KMT was forced to agree to

2838-441: The end of World War II He commanded a force of approximately 175,000 troops across northwestern China. He's most notable subordinates included Zhang Zongxun , Xu Guangda , and Peng Shaohui . He was successful in expanding Communist base areas throughout the period of World War II. Part of He's success was due to the social confusion caused by Japan's Ichi-Go offensive in the areas of China that Japanese operations effected. He

2904-400: The event as either the April 12 Counter-revolutionary Coup ( simplified Chinese : 四一二反革命政变 ; traditional Chinese : 四一二反革命政變 ; pinyin : Sìyī'èr Fǎngémìng Zhèngbiàn ; Wade–Giles : Ssu -i -erh Fan -ko -ming Cheng -pien ) or the April 12 Massacre ( Chinese : 四一二慘案 ; pinyin : Sìyī'èr Cǎn'àn ; Wade–Giles : Ssu -i -erh Ts'an -an ). The roots of

2970-520: The first elements of what would become the People's Liberation Army . By the time the CCP Central Committee was forced to flee Shanghai in 1933, Mao had established peasant-based soviets in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, turning the Communist's base of support from urban proletariat to the countryside , where the People's War would be fought. In June 1928, the National Revolutionary Army captured

3036-623: The growth of KMT authority and military strength, the struggle for control of the Party's direction and leadership intensified. In January 1927, the NRA, commanded by Chiang Kai-shek captured Wuhan and went on to attack Nanchang , and KMT leader Wang Jingwei and his left-wing allies, along with the Chinese Communists and the Soviet agent Borodin, transferred the seat of the Nationalist Government from Guangzhou to Wuhan. On 1 March,

3102-429: The growth of the influence of the Communists, who continued to organize daily mass student protests and labor strikes to demand the return of Shanghai international settlements to Chinese control. With Bai's army firmly in control of Shanghai, on 2 April the Central Control Commission of KMT, led by former Chancellor of Peking University Cai Yuanpei , determined that the CCP actions were anti-revolutionary and undermined

3168-402: The head of an office to investigate Peng's past and find reasons to criticize Peng. He accepted the position but was sympathetic to Peng, and stalled for over a year before submitting his report. Mao's prestige weakened when it became widely known that Mao's Great Leap Forward had been a disaster, and He eventually presented a report that was positive, and which attempted to vindicate Peng. Peng

3234-442: The national interest of China, and it voted unanimously to purge the Communists from the KMT. On 5 April, Wang Jingwei arrived in Shanghai from overseas and met with the CCP leader Chen Duxiu. After their meeting they issued a joint declaration re-affirming the principle of cooperation between the KMT and the CCP, despite urgent pleas from Chiang and other KMT elders to eliminate Communist influence. When Wang left Shanghai for Wuhan

3300-481: The new capital after their arrival. When the Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army in 1937, He was placed in command of the 120th Division. From late 1938 to 1940 He fought both the Japanese army and Kuomintang-affiliated guerrillas in Hubei . He's responsibilities increased during the Second Sino-Japanese War , and in 1943 he was promoted to be the overall commander of Communist forces in Shanxi , Shaanxi, Gansu , Ningxia , and Inner Mongolia . By

3366-554: The next day, Chiang asked Green Gang leader Du Yuesheng and other gang leaders in Shanghai to form a rival union to oppose the Shanghai labor union controlled by the Communists, and made final preparations for purging CCP members. On 9 April, Chiang declared martial law in Shanghai and the Central Control Commission issued the "Party Protection and National Salvation" proclamation ( simplified Chinese : 保党救国 ; traditional Chinese : 保黨救國 ; pinyin : Bǎo dǎng jiùguó ; Wade–Giles : Pao tang chiu -kuo ), denouncing

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3432-403: The populace. During the White Terror, the Kuomintang killed more than one million people, primarily peasants. More than 10,000 communists were executed in Changsha within 20 days. The Soviet Union officially terminated its cooperation with the KMT while Wang, fearing retribution as a Communist sympathizer, fled to Europe. The Wuhan Nationalist government soon disintegrated, leaving Chiang as

3498-568: The rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising . With the failure and the crushing of the Guangzhou Uprising at Guangzhou however, the power of the Communists was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive. In KMT historiography, the event is occasionally referred to as the April 12 Purge ( simplified Chinese : 四一二清党 ; traditional Chinese : 四一二清黨 ; pinyin : Sìyī'èr Qīng Dǎng ; Wade–Giles : Ssu -i -erh Ch'ing Tang ), while Communist historiography refers to

3564-402: The small Chinese Communist Party . Sun agreed to let the Communists join the KMT as individuals but ruled out an alliance with them or their participation as an organized bloc. In addition, he demanded that the Communists, upon joining the KMT, adhere to KMT ideology and observe party discipline. Following their admission to the KMT, Communist activities, often covert, soon attracted opposition to

3630-473: The sole legitimate leader of the Kuomintang. In the years after April 1927, 300,000 people were killed in Hunan in three years of warfare against the Communists while many Hakkas and She people 's whole families killed in the mountains, including infants, while young women were sold to prostitution. About 80,000 people were killed in Hunan's Liling and about 300,000 Hunanese civilians were killed in Hunan's Chaling County, Leiyang, Liuyang and Pingjiang. For

3696-441: The ten-year Chinese Civil War began with armed Communist insurrections in Changsha, Nanchang, and Guangzhou. During the Nanchang Uprising in August, Communist troops under Zhu De were defeated but escaped from Kuomintang forces by withdrawing to the mountains of Jiangxi. In September Mao led a small peasant army in the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan. It was brutally crushed and the survivors retreated to Jiangxi as well, forming

3762-515: The united front formed by KMT and the CCP. As a result of the truce between KMT and CCP, the Red Army was reorganized into the New Fourth Army and the 8th Route Army , which were placed under the command of the National Revolutionary Army . The CCP agreed to accept the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, and began to receive some financial support from the central government run by KMT. In agreement with KMT Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region and Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region were created. They were controlled by

3828-422: The warlord forces of the Zhili clique . The victorious union workers occupied and governed urban Shanghai except for the international settlements prior to the arrival of the NRA's Eastern Route Army, led by Generals Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren . After the Nanking Incident in which foreign concessions in Nanjing were attacked and looted, both the right wing of the Kuomintang and Western powers became alarmed by

3894-480: The workers' militias; that resulted in more than 300 people being killed and wounded. The union workers organized a mass meeting denouncing Chiang Kai-shek on 13 April, and thousands of workers and students went to the headquarters of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army to protest. Soldiers opened fire, killing 100 and wounding many more. Chiang dissolved the provisional government of Shanghai, labor unions and all other organizations under Communist control, and reorganized

3960-423: Was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and a Marshal of the People's Republic of China . He was from a poor rural family in Hunan, and his family was not able to provide him with any formal education. He began his revolutionary career after avenging the death of his uncle, when he fled to become an outlaw and attracted a small personal army around him. Later his forces joined the Kuomintang , and he participated in

4026-464: Was a member of the Gelaohui (Elder Brother Society), a secret society dating back to the early Qing dynasty. A cowherd during his youth, he received no formal education. When He was 20 he killed a local government tax assessor who had killed his uncle for defaulting on his taxes. He then fled and became an outlaw, giving rise to the legend that he began his revolutionary career with just two kitchen knives. After beginning his life as an outlaw he gained

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4092-413: Was declared in 1966, he was one of the first leaders of the PLA to be purged. He died in 1969 when a glucose injection provided by his jailers complicated his untreated diabetes. He Long was a member of the Tujia ethnic group. Born in the Sangzhi , Hunan , he and his siblings, including He Ying , grew up in a poor peasant household, despite his father being a minor Qing military officer. His father

4158-406: Was frequently able to expand Communist areas of operation by allying with local, independent guerrilla forces who were also fighting the Japanese. He's experience fighting the Kuomintang and the Japanese led him to question Mao's unconditional emphasis on the importance of ideological guerrilla warfare at the expense of conventional tactics and military organization. In October 1945, one month after

4224-414: Was generally successful in expanding areas of Communist control. He commanded a force of 170,000 troops forces by the end of 1945, when his force was placed under the command of Peng Dehuai and He became Peng's second-in-command. He was placed in control of Southwest China in the late 1940s, and spent most of the 1950s in the Southwest administering the region in both civilian and military roles. He held

4290-594: Was partially rehabilitated in 1965, but then purged again at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution 1966. He long was accused of a mutiny in feb 1964, after a Soviet Union trip with Zhou Enlai. The Soviet were unhappy, with China direction. Cultural revolution followed soon after, to purged communist and rightist leanings in China. Jiang Qing denounced He in December 1966 of being a "rightist" and of intra-CCP factionalism. Following Jiang's accusations He and his supporters were branded an anti-CCP element and quickly purged. He's persecutors singled him out by labeling him

4356-513: Was to extend his control over all of China, particularly Peking. After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the " Canton Coup " on 20 May 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that June. Initial successes in the first months of the Expedition soon saw the KMT National Revolutionary Army (NRA) in control of Guangdong and large areas in Hunan , Hubei , Jiangxi and Fujian . With

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