72-791: [REDACTED] Look up ccb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. CCB may refer to: Culture and religion [ edit ] Centro Cultural de Belém , a building with cultural facilities in Portugal Centro Cultural Brasileiro Christian Community Bible , a family of translations of the Christian Bible Christian Congregation in Brazil , (Portuguese: Congregação Cristã no Brasil )
144-665: A US Army badge that was never issued Combat Command-B , a level of military organization employed by the US Army from 1942 to 1963 Coastal Command Boat, a prototype variant of the Mark VI patrol boat of the US Navy Combined Communications Board, original name of the CCEB military communications organisation Science, medicine, and technology [ edit ] Calcium channel blocker ,
216-531: A class of drugs Center for Computational Biology , an NIH-funded center Centre for Cancer Biology at SA Pathology in Adelaide, Australia Change control board , (or Configuration Control Board), a committee that makes decisions on proposed changes to software projects Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance , which promotes development of responsible land management activities Coal combustion byproducts, such as fly ash Cold conveyor belt,
288-663: A counterpart to the warm conveyor belt in certain cyclone models Common Core Booster , first stage of the Atlas V rocket Critical Care Bypass, a hospital emergency code Crowd control barrier , a device used to control the movement of people Computer Control Bus a proprietary interface of Sanyo Community Centered Board , an organization that fits an individual who needs medical support, to facilities that can assist said individual. Carbon Ceramic Brakes , high performance brakes with ceramic engineering Other uses [ edit ] Clarens–Chailly–Blonay Railway ,
360-455: A denser product of significantly greater strength and fracture toughness . Another major change in the body during the firing or sintering process will be the establishment of the polycrystalline nature of the solid. Significant grain growth tends to occur during sintering, with this growth depending on temperature and duration of the sintering process. The growth of grains will result in some form of grain size distribution, which will have
432-543: A desired shape, dried and then sintered. Indeed, traditional pottery is done with this type of method, using a plastic mixture worked with the hands. If a mixture of different materials is used together in a ceramic, the sintering temperature is sometimes above the melting point of one minor component – a liquid phase sintering. This results in shorter sintering times compared to solid state sintering. Such liquid phase sintering involves in faster diffusion processes and may result in abnormal grain growth . A material's strength
504-433: A flat crack through the plain matrix. The magnitude of the toughening is determined by the mismatch strain caused by thermal contraction incompatibility and the microfracture resistance of the particle/matrix interface. The toughening becomes noticeable with a narrow size distribution of appropriately sized particles, and researchers typically accept that deflection effects in materials with roughly equiaxial grains may increase
576-638: A former railway company in Switzerland Cable Airport (IATA airport code CCB) in Upland, California Cross car beam , structural member located under the instrument panel of most vehicles See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "c-c-b" or "ccb" on Misplaced Pages. CB (disambiguation) CBB (disambiguation) C2B 2cb All pages with titles beginning with CCB All pages with titles containing CCB Topics referred to by
648-404: A high degree of order in the colloidal crystal or polycrystalline colloidal solid which results from aggregation. The degree of order appears to be limited by the time and space allowed for longer-range correlations to be established. Such defective polycrystalline colloidal structures would appear to be the basic elements of sub-micrometer colloidal materials science , and, therefore, provide
720-528: A molten mass that solidifies on cooling, formed and matured by the action of heat, or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using, for example, hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis. The special character of ceramic materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering , electrical engineering , chemical engineering and mechanical engineering . As ceramics are heat resistant, they can be used for many tasks for which materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable. Ceramic materials are used in
792-487: A noun in the singular to refer to a ceramic material or the product of ceramic manufacture, or as an adjective. Ceramics is the making of things out of ceramic materials. Ceramic engineering, like many sciences, evolved from a different discipline by today's standards. Materials science engineering is grouped with ceramics engineering to this day. Abraham Darby first used coke in 1709 in Shropshire, England, to improve
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#1732776364351864-408: A significant impact on the ultimate physical properties of the material. In particular, abnormal grain growth in which certain grains grow very large in a matrix of finer grains will significantly alter the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained ceramic. In the sintered body, grain sizes are a product of the thermal processing parameters as well as the initial particle size , or possibly
936-436: A so-called "controlled crystallization", which is typically avoided in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics often contain a crystalline phase which constitutes anywhere from 30% [m/m] to 90% [m/m] of its composition by volume, yielding an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. In the processing of glass-ceramics, molten glass is cooled down gradually before reheating and annealing. In this heat treatment
1008-566: A total of 100,000 m and is the work of architects Vittorio Gregotti and Manuel Salgado ; the interior design was planned by Daciano Costa. The centre's position, aligned with the Jerónimos Monastery, intentionally fronts the Império Square, and consists of structural blocks with courtyards and "patio-squares" that interconnect the three principal structures. Each centre is separated by transversal "streets", that link
1080-426: A transparent armour system is to not only defeat the designated threat but also provide a multi-hit capability with minimized distortion of surrounding areas. Transparent armour windows must also be compatible with night vision equipment. New materials that are thinner, lightweight, and offer better ballistic performance are being sought. Such solid-state components have found widespread use for various applications in
1152-465: A wide range of industries, including mining, aerospace, medicine, refinery, food and chemical industries, packaging science, electronics, industrial and transmission electricity, and guided lightwave transmission. The word " ceramic " is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ) meaning pottery . It is related to the older Indo-European language root "to burn". "Ceramic" may be used as
1224-462: Is a Brazilian evangelical denomination Christian Council of Britain , an organization which campaigns against Islam Communität Christusbruderschaft Selbitz , a German Lutheran Religious Order C-C-B , Japanese pop-rock band Economics and finance [ edit ] Central Carolina Bank and Trust , formerly headquartered in Durham, North Carolina China Construction Bank , founded in
1296-420: Is a materials constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement (or the resistance of the lattice to dislocation motion), d is the grain diameter, and σ y is the yield stress. Theoretically, a material could be made infinitely strong if the grains are made infinitely small. This is, unfortunately, impossible because the lower limit of grain size is a single unit cell of the material. Even then, if
1368-472: Is also interest too incorporating other ceramic particulates, especially those of highly anisotropic thermal expansion. Examples include Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , graphite, and boron nitride. In processing particulate composites, the issue is not only homogeneity of the size and spatial distribution of the dispersed and matrix phases, but also control of the matrix grain size. However, there is some built-in self-control due to inhibition of matrix grain growth by
1440-476: Is an increasing need in the military sector for high-strength, robust materials which have the capability to transmit light around the visible (0.4–0.7 micrometers) and mid-infrared (1–5 micrometers) regions of the spectrum. These materials are needed for applications requiring transparent armour . Transparent armour is a material or system of materials designed to be optically transparent, yet protect from fragmentation or ballistic impacts. The primary requirement for
1512-522: Is coating, where thermal spraying is very important, but chemical and physical vapor deposition and chemical (e.g., sol-gel and polymer pyrolysis) methods are all seeing increased use. Besides open structures from formed tape, extruded structures, such as honeycomb catalyst supports, and highly porous structures, including various foams, for example, reticulated foam , are of increasing use. Densification of consolidated powder bodies continues to be achieved predominantly by (pressureless) sintering. However,
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#17327763643511584-399: Is common to combine these, and add binders and lubricants to a powder, then press. (The formulation of these organic chemical additives is an art in itself. This is particularly important in the manufacture of high performance ceramics such as those used by the billions for electronics , in capacitors, inductors , sensors , etc.) A slurry can be used in place of a powder, and then cast into
1656-418: Is dependent on its microstructure. The engineering processes to which a material is subjected can alter its microstructure. The variety of strengthening mechanisms that alter the strength of a material include the mechanism of grain boundary strengthening . Thus, although yield strength is maximized with decreasing grain size, ultimately, very small grain sizes make the material brittle. Considered in tandem with
1728-421: Is determined by the twist of the crack front at its most severe configuration, rather than the initial tilt of the crack front. Only for disc-shaped particles does the initial tilting of the crack front provide significant toughening; however, the twist component still overrides the tilt-derived toughening. Additional important features of the deflection analysis include the appearance of asymptotic toughening for
1800-553: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Centro Cultural de Bel%C3%A9m The Belém Cultural Center ( Portuguese : Centro Cultural de Belém ) is a complex of artistic venues located in Belém in the city of Lisbon , Portugal. It is the largest building with cultural facilities in Portugal, with over 140,000 m (1,500,000 sq ft) of usable space. The centre
1872-454: Is difficult because of the limitations of initial particle sizes inherent to nanomaterials and nanotechnology. The Faber-Evans model , developed by Katherine Faber and Anthony G. Evans , was developed to predict the increase in fracture toughness in ceramics due to crack deflection around second-phase particles that are prone to microcracking in a matrix. The model considers particle morphology, aspect ratio, spacing, and volume fraction of
1944-437: Is inherently limited in the homogeneity that can be achieved, it is the most readily adaptable for existing ceramic production technology. However, other approaches are of interest. From the technological standpoint, a particularly desirable approach to fabricating particulate composites is to coat the matrix or its precursor onto fine particles of the dispersed phase with good control of the starting dispersed particle size and
2016-416: Is layered structures, with tape casting for electronic substrates and packages being pre-eminent. Photo-lithography is of increasing interest for precise patterning of conductors and other components for such packaging. Tape casting or forming processes are also of increasing interest for other applications, ranging from open structures such as fuel cells to ceramic composites. The other major layer structure
2088-598: Is one of the key properties of electroceramics . E.G. Acheson heated a mixture of coke and clay in 1893, and invented carborundum, or synthetic silicon carbide . Henri Moissan also synthesized SiC and tungsten carbide in his electric arc furnace in Paris about the same time as Acheson. Karl Schröter used liquid-phase sintering to bond or "cement" Moissan's tungsten carbide particles with cobalt in 1923 in Germany. Cemented (metal-bonded) carbide edges greatly increase
2160-585: Is sometimes used to protect structural steel under conditions of rocket exhaust impingement. These forming techniques are well known for providing tools and other components with dimensional stability, surface quality, high (near theoretical) density and microstructural uniformity. The increasing use and diversity of specialty forms of ceramics adds to the diversity of process technologies to be used. Thus, reinforcing fibers and filaments are mainly made by polymer, sol-gel, or CVD processes, but melt processing also has applicability. The most widely used specialty form
2232-591: Is surrounded by many historical buildings, such as the Palace and Tower of Belém , National Museum of Archaeology , Planetarium, and Monument to the Discoveries . The Belém Cultural Centre has 140,000 m of construction area and was prepared in a very short period (1989–1992). The client of the project was the Portuguese State through the secretary of state for culture. Completed in 1992, it occupies
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2304-413: Is using melt-derived particles. In this method, quenching is done in a solid solution or in a fine eutectic structure, in which the particles are then processed by more typical ceramic powder processing methods into a useful body. There have also been preliminary attempts to use melt spraying as a means of forming composites by introducing the dispersed particulate, whisker, or fiber phase in conjunction with
2376-452: The 7 crystal systems found in metallurgy and mineralogy (e.g. face-centered cubic , body-centered cubic , etc.). The fundamental difference in equilibrium structure is in the spatial scale of the unit cell (or lattice parameter ) in each particular case. Thus, self-assembly is emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis and nanotechnology . Molecular self-assembly has been observed in various biological systems and underlies
2448-628: The International Stone Architecture Award at the Verona Fair in 1993. The centre features several areas with different roles: The centre also provides additional services: Ceramic engineering Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high-purity chemical solutions. The term includes
2520-699: The People's Republic of China in October, 1954 China Construction Bank (Asia) , the former Bank of Canton , founded in Hong Kong in 1912 Government and military [ edit ] Canada Child Benefit Center for Cybersecurity in Belgium [ nl ] Civil Cooperation Bureau , an apartheid-era covert hit squad City-County Building , a government office building which serves as Indianapolis, Indiana's city hall Close Combat Badge ,
2592-411: The building's interiors which are extensions of the city of Lisbon's historical urban structure. The centrality of the main building extends the urban fabric to the interior creating a public space. This architectural style can best be interpreted by Santana and Matos (2010) who refer to as the "patios-squares" versus the "narrow streets" a conflicting dynamic structure. The Belém Cultural Centre won
2664-433: The ceramic. Once a roughly-held-together object called a "green body" is made, it is fired in a kiln , where atomic and molecular diffusion processes give rise to significant changes in the primary microstructural features. This includes the gradual elimination of porosity , which is typically accompanied by a net shrinkage and overall densification of the component. Thus, the pores in the object may close up, resulting in
2736-408: The development of ceramic science and engineering. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, new types of ceramics were developed in response to advances in atomic energy, electronics, communications, and space travel. The discovery of ceramic superconductors in 1986 has spurred intense research to develop superconducting ceramic parts for electronic devices, electric motors, and transportation equipment. There
2808-413: The dispersed phase. Particulate composites, though generally offer increased resistance to damage, failure, or both, are still quite sensitive to inhomogeneities of composition as well as other processing defects such as pores. Thus they need good processing to be effective. Particulate composites have been made on a commercial basis by simply mixing powders of the two constituents. Although this approach
2880-1275: The distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive TEC of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net TEC near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. The traditional ceramic process generally follows this sequence: Milling → Batching → Mixing → Forming → Drying → Firing → Assembly. Ceramic forming techniques include throwing, slipcasting , tape casting , freeze-casting , injection molding, dry pressing, isostatic pressing, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), 3D printing and others. Methods for forming ceramic powders into complex shapes are desirable in many areas of technology. Such methods are required for producing advanced, high-temperature structural parts such as heat engine components and turbines . Materials other than ceramics which are used in these processes may include: wood, metal, water, plaster and epoxy—most of which will be eliminated upon firing. A ceramic-filled epoxy , such as Martyte,
2952-457: The durability of hardened steel cutting tools. W.H. Nernst developed cubic-stabilized zirconia in the 1920s in Berlin. This material is used as an oxygen sensor in exhaust systems. The main limitation on the use of ceramics in engineering is brittleness. The military requirements of World War II encouraged developments, which created a need for high-performance materials and helped speed
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3024-732: The electro-optical field including: optical fibres for guided lightwave transmission, optical switches , laser amplifiers and lenses , hosts for solid-state lasers and optical window materials for gas lasers, and infrared (IR) heat seeking devices for missile guidance systems and IR night vision . Now a multibillion-dollar a year industry, ceramic engineering and research has established itself as an important field of science. Applications continue to expand as researchers develop new kinds of ceramics to serve different purposes. Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glasses and ceramics. Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by
3096-519: The fact that the yield strength is the parameter that predicts plastic deformation in the material, one can make informed decisions on how to increase the strength of a material depending on its microstructural properties and the desired end effect. The relation between yield stress and grain size is described mathematically by the Hall-Petch equation which is where k y is the strengthening coefficient (a constant unique to each material), σ o
3168-556: The first step in developing a more rigorous understanding of the mechanisms involved in microstructural evolution in inorganic systems such as polycrystalline ceramics. Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, structurally well-defined arrays, quite reminiscent of one of
3240-430: The formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Molecular crystals, liquid crystals, colloids, micelles, emulsions , phase-separated polymers, thin films and self-assembled monolayers all represent examples of the types of highly ordered structures which are obtained using these techniques. The distinguishing feature of these methods is self-organization in the absence of any external forces. In addition,
3312-563: The fracture toughness by about twice the grain boundary value. The model reveals that the increase in toughness is dependent on particle shape and the volume fraction of the second phase, with the most effective morphology being the rod of high aspect ratio, which can account for a fourfold increase in fracture toughness. The toughening arises primarily from the twist of the crack front between particles, as indicated by deflection profiles. Disc-shaped particles and spheres are less effective in toughening. Fracture toughness, regardless of morphology,
3384-499: The glass partly crystallizes . In many cases, so-called 'nucleation agents' are added in order to regulate and control the crystallization process. Because there is usually no pressing and sintering, glass-ceramics do not contain the volume fraction of porosity typically present in sintered ceramics. The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates which yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have
3456-500: The grains of a material are the size of a single unit cell, then the material is in fact amorphous, not crystalline, since there is no long range order, and dislocations can not be defined in an amorphous material. It has been observed experimentally that the microstructure with the highest yield strength is a grain size of about 10 nanometers, because grains smaller than this undergo another yielding mechanism, grain boundary sliding. Producing engineering materials with this ideal grain size
3528-412: The greatest attention is on composites in which all constituents are ceramic. These typically comprise two ceramic constituents: a continuous matrix, and a dispersed phase of ceramic particles, whiskers, or short (chopped) or continuous ceramic fibers . The challenge, as in wet chemical processing, is to obtain a uniform or homogeneous distribution of the dispersed particle or fiber phase. Consider first
3600-646: The infrastructures were reestablished. By January 1992, modules 1, 2 and 3 were completed and ready to accommodate the institutions, administration, communication centre and security of the European Union Presidency. A year later the Conference Centre and small auditorium (March) and later the Exhibition Centre were opened to the public. By September of the same year, the main auditorium was opened. It has hosted events like
3672-538: The melt. This can also be obtained in some cases by sintering, as for precipitation-toughened, partially stabilized zirconia. Similarly, it is known that one can directionally solidify ceramic eutectic mixtures and hence obtain uniaxially aligned fiber composites. Such composite processing has typically been limited to very simple shapes and thus suffers from serious economic problems due to high machining costs. Clearly, there are possibilities of using melt casting for many of these approaches. Potentially even more desirable
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#17327763643513744-511: The principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites , elastomers , and cellular materials are being re-evaluated, with an emphasis on bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methods of biological materials using conventional synthetic materials. This includes an emerging class of mechanically superior biomaterials based on microstructural features and designs found in nature. The new horizons have been identified in
3816-452: The processing of fine ceramics, the irregular particle sizes and shapes in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact. Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due to attractive van der Waals forces can also give rise to in microstructural inhomogeneities. Differential stresses that develop as a result of non-uniform drying shrinkage are directly related to
3888-463: The processing of particulate composites. The particulate phase of greatest interest is tetragonal zirconia because of the toughening that can be achieved from the phase transformation from the metastable tetragonal to the monoclinic crystalline phase, aka transformation toughening. There is also substantial interest in dispersion of hard, non-oxide phases such as SiC, TiB, TiC, boron , carbon and especially oxide matrices like alumina and mullite . There
3960-437: The purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components and the study of their structure, composition and properties. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, with long-range order on atomic scale. Glass-ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure, with limited or short-range atomic order. They are either formed from
4032-403: The rate at which the solvent can be removed, and thus highly dependent upon the distribution of porosity. Such stresses have been associated with a plastic-to-brittle transition in consolidated bodies, and can yield to crack propagation in the unfired body if not relieved. In addition, any fluctuations in packing density in the compact as it is prepared for the kiln are often amplified during
4104-664: The resultant matrix coating thickness. One should in principle be able to achieve the ultimate in homogeneity of distribution and thereby optimize composite performance. This can also have other ramifications, such as allowing more useful composite performance to be achieved in a body having porosity, which might be desired for other factors, such as limiting thermal conductivity. There are also some opportunities to utilize melt processing for fabrication of ceramic, particulate, whisker and short-fiber, and continuous-fiber composites. Clearly, both particulate and whisker composites are conceivable by solid-state precipitation after solidification of
4176-453: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CCB . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCB&oldid=1257972665 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Portuguese-language text Short description
4248-415: The second phase, as well as the reduction in local stress intensity at the crack tip when the crack is deflected or the crack plane bows. Actual crack tortuosity is obtained through imaging techniques, which allows for the direct input of deflection and bowing angles into the model. The model calculates the average strain energy release rate and compares the resulting increase in fracture toughness to that of
4320-405: The sintering process, yielding inhomogeneous densification. Some pores and other structural defects associated with density variations have been shown to play a detrimental role in the sintering process by growing and thus limiting end-point densities. Differential stresses arising from inhomogeneous densification have also been shown to result in the propagation of internal cracks, thus becoming
4392-442: The sizes of aggregates or particle clusters which arise during the initial stages of processing. The ultimate microstructure (and thus the physical properties) of the final product will be limited by and subject to the form of the structural template or precursor which is created in the initial stages of chemical synthesis and physical forming. Hence the importance of chemical powder and polymer processing as it pertains to
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#17327763643514464-600: The strength-controlling flaws. It would therefore appear desirable to process a material in such a way that it is physically uniform with regard to the distribution of components and porosity, rather than using particle size distributions which will maximize the green density. The containment of a uniformly dispersed assembly of strongly interacting particles in suspension requires total control over particle-particle interactions. Monodisperse colloids provide this potential. Monodisperse powders of colloidal silica , for example, may therefore be stabilized sufficiently to ensure
4536-639: The summit meeting of the heads of state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The building is located in the parish of Belém , near the riverfront west of Lisbon, between the dual Avenida da Índia-Avenida de Brasília motorway and Rua Bartolomeu Dias . Apart from fronting the Praça do Império ( Imperial Square ), it juxtapositions the Jerónimos Monastery , and
4608-405: The synthesis of bioinspired materials through processes that are characteristic of biological systems in nature. This includes the nanoscale self-assembly of the components and the development of hierarchical structures. Substantial interest has arisen in recent years in fabricating ceramic composites. While there is considerable interest in composites with one or more non-ceramic constituents,
4680-505: The synthesis of industrial ceramics, glasses and glass-ceramics. There are numerous possible refinements of the sintering process. Some of the most common involve pressing the green body to give the densification a head start and reduce the sintering time needed. Sometimes organic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol are added to hold the green body together; these burn out during the firing (at 200–350 °C). Sometimes organic lubricants are added during pressing to increase densification. It
4752-565: The three morphologies at volume fractions in excess of 0.2. It is also noted that a significant influence on the toughening by spherical particles is exerted by the interparticle spacing distribution; greater toughening is afforded when spheres are nearly contacting such that twist angles approach π/2. These predictions provide the basis for the design of high-toughness two-phase ceramic materials. The ideal second phase, in addition to maintaining chemical compatibility, should be present in amounts of 10 to 20 volume percent. Greater amounts may diminish
4824-525: The time led by Manuel Salgado (Portugal), was designed to include five modules: a Conference Centre, a Performing Arts Centre, an Exhibition Centre, a Hotel and complementary equipment zone, but the Conference Centre, the Performing Arts Centre and the Exhibition Centre were initially built. Starting in July 1989, the pre-existing buildings along the waterfront were demolished and many of
4896-402: The toughness increase due to overlapping particles. Particles with high aspect ratios, especially those with rod-shaped morphologies, are most suitable for maximum toughening. This model is often used to determine the factors that contribute to the increase in fracture toughness in ceramics which is ultimately useful in the development of advanced ceramic materials with improved performance. In
4968-472: The use of pressure sintering by hot pressing is increasing, especially for non-oxides and parts of simple shapes where higher quality (mainly microstructural homogeneity) is needed, and larger size or multiple parts per pressing can be an advantage. The principles of sintering-based methods are simple ("sinter" has roots in the English " cinder "). The firing is done at a temperature below the melting point of
5040-471: The works of Portugal's European Union Presidency (in 1992). The building would also serve as a core facility for cultural and leisure activities after its term, and as a venue for conferences and exhibitions. An international architectural competition was held and six proposals were invited to submit a preliminary project, out of the 57 submissions. The final proposal, submitted by the architectural consortium of Vittorio Gregotti (Italy) and Atelier Risco at
5112-730: The yield of a smelting process. Coke is now widely used to produce carbide ceramics. Potter Josiah Wedgwood opened the first modern ceramics factory in Stoke-on-Trent , England, in 1759. Austrian chemist Carl Josef Bayer , working for the textile industry in Russia, developed a process to separate alumina from bauxite ore in 1888. The Bayer process is still used to purify alumina for the ceramic and aluminium industries. Brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered piezoelectricity in Rochelle salt c. 1880 . Piezoelectricity
5184-640: Was initially built to accommodate the programme of Portugal's Presidency of the European Council in 1992, but with the long-term goal of providing permanent venues for conferences, exhibitions and performance arts (such as opera, ballet and concerts), in addition to meeting halls, shops and cafés. The decision to build the cultural center was taken in January 1988, as part of the Portuguese government's understanding that it needed building to host
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