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97-510: Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal , Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775. The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers . The colonial portion retains the charm of tree-filled squares , churches and traditional blue tiles. The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times. Recently, it witnessed

194-403: A 98.3% literacy rate. Portuguese, the official language of Brazil, is spoken by the entire population. In the south countryside, dialects of German or Italian origins are also spoken. The predominant dialects are Hunsrückisch and Venetian (or Talian ). In Rio Grande do Sul and Curitiba there are some Yiddish speakers. In the northern region of Paraná there are some Japanese speakers. In

291-590: A Navy Corvette , it is followed by dozens of boats and ships through the waters of Guajará Bay to the pier of Belém, from where it is escorted all the way to the Gentil Bittencourt School. The subsequent candle-lit procession symbolizes the story of the discovery of the Saint and its return to where it was found. The procession follows the Carriage, to which a huge rope is tied, which is carried by

388-583: A breeding stock of 667 thousand inhabited dwellings, with a herd representing 17.85% of the Brazilian total. Paraná occupies the second position in the country's productive ranking, with 21.01%, and the third place among exporting states, with 14.22%. In third place in Brazil is Rio Grande do Sul, with almost 15% participation. Poultry farming is strong in the South. In 2018, the South region, with an emphasis on

485-590: A combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering. European colonization in Southern Brazil started with the arrival of Portuguese and Spanish Jesuit missionaries. They lived among the Natives and converted them to Catholicism . Colonists from São Paulo ( Bandeirantes ) arrived in the same period. For decades, the Portuguese and Spanish crowns disputed over this region. Due to this conflict,

582-543: A fruit named "Cupuaçu", comes from the Cupuaçu tree, found in the Amazonian woods. Cupuaçu is easily identified by its unique smell and sour taste. Its pulp is also extracted to make juices, candies, jellies, liquors, and ice cream. Açaí is a palm tree with a long, thin stem. The palm fruits from this tree are purple in color with a earthy and fruity taste. Long prized by the local population, it recently it has also reached

679-581: A number of other towns called Belém in Brazil, as well as the city of Bethlehem in the West Bank of Palestine. It is named after Santa Maria de Belém in Lisbon, also better known by its shortened name, Belém . Belém is served by Belém International Airport , which connects the city with the rest of Brazil and other cities in South America, North America (United States) and Europe (Lisbon). The city

776-636: A skyscraper boom. Belém is also known as the Metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon region or the Cidade das Mangueiras (City of Mango Trees) due to the vast number of those trees found in the city. Brazilians often refer to the city as Belém do Pará ("Belém of Pará") rather than just Belém , a reference to an earlier name for the city, Santa Maria de Belém do Grão Pará ("Saint Mary of Bethlehem of Great Pará"), and also to differentiate it from

873-454: A small chapel on the edge of the creek. This episode was regarded as miraculous throughout the region. It attracted hundreds of believers to see the image and pay homage to it. Since then, the Círio has been celebrated as a long procession lasting around five hours, in which thousands of people follow the statue through the streets of Belém. The Círio festival is regarded as the " Christmas of

970-402: A sound system, air conditioning, and public telephones. Currently Belém International Airport serves 2.7 million passengers a year, in a constructed area of 33,255.17 square metres (357,955.67 square feet). Traditionally called Belém Airport, it is responsible for increasing tourism in the Amazon region, as well as for the outflow of products and attracting new investments. The passenger terminal

1067-580: Is a tourist , economic and cultural pole. It borders Uruguay , Argentina , and Paraguay , as well as the Centre-West and Southeast regions, and the Atlantic Ocean. The region is considered the safest in Brazil to visit, having a lower crime rate than other regions in the country. By the time the first European explorers arrived, all parts of the territory were inhabited by semi- nomadic hunter-gatherer native tribes . They subsisted on

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1164-443: Is a private investment, owner Jorge Arthur Aarão Monteiro, authorized and licensed by IBAMA to function as C class zoo, the only category of Pará There are four different species of alligators in a population of thousands of individuals, highlighting açu for alligator, monkeys, anteaters, and the otters, hyacinth macaw, papagaios, tucannos, pacaranas, harpy eagle, among other animals. Also see the city turistic website here. Inspired by

1261-701: Is also home to the Federal University of Pará and the State University of Pará. Belém is the Portuguese name for Bethlehem , and has its origin in Hebrew which means "the house of bread". Initially the city was called "St. Mary of Bethlehem of Pará" ( Portuguese : Santa Maria de Belém do Pará ) or "Our Lady of Bethlehem of Greater Pará" ( Portuguese : Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará ), eventually shortened to Belém do Pará (name given by Philip III of Spain ), in reference to Christmas;

1358-411: Is fully air conditioned on two levels and has "futuristic" architecture, designed to take advantage of natural lighting. People with special needs have individualized service with own equipment at specific locations to facilitate their access. The terminal's interior is decorated with plants native to the Amazon region and is enclosed by a source able to imitate the sound of the rains that fall every day in

1455-423: Is just a few kilometers from the city center. There are eight trails, all providing direct contact with various species of flora and fauna. The most popular is the monkey trail, which takes about 40 minutes and goes from Bolonha lake to the visitor center, where other activities are available. Visitors can also learn about the water treatment plant that supplies Belém. Located less than 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) from

1552-495: Is located near to the old Mercado de Ferro (Iron market), on the quays . The river island of Mosqueiro , 67 km (42 mi) north of the heart of the city, attracts beach tourists in the dry season. Belém International Airport is the major airport serving the city of Belém. The building design uses plane curves on its roof to permit light to enter its entire large terminal hall. The architect Sérgio Parada used adopted multiple-use totems integrated with light projectors,

1649-493: Is one of the five regions of Brazil . It includes the states of Paraná , Rio Grande do Sul , and Santa Catarina , and covers 576,409.6 square kilometres (222,553.0 sq mi), being the smallest region of the country, occupying only about 6.76% of the territory of Brazil. Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais , in Southeast Brazil , for example or the whole metropolitan France . It

1746-470: Is part of the IAAF World Challenge as well as Sport Club Belém and the aforementioned teams for large matches. União Esportiva used to be a relatively successful club based in the city but was disbanded in 1965. Belém has a modern appearance with tree-lined streets, several plazas and public gardens, and many noteworthy buildings. The north's leading educational and cultural centre, it

1843-407: Is the country's largest producer. Agate has had local extraction since 1830. The largest producer of amethyst in Brazil is the city of Ametista do Sul . This stone was very rare and expensive throughout the world, until the discovery of large deposits in Brazil, which caused a considerable drop in its value. The region concentrates 20% of the industrial GDP of the country. In 2019, Paraná

1940-545: Is the seat of a bishopric , and its cathedral (Igreja da Sé, founded in 1917) is one of Brazil's largest. Santo Alexandre, the oldest of Belém's churches, was built in 1616. The Museu (museum) Paraense Emílio Goeldi , the Teatro da Paz (a classical theatre), and the public library and archives are other notable institutions. The Universidade Federal do Pará (1957), a teacher-training school, an agricultural institute, and an institute for research on tropical diseases are also in

2037-455: Is the world leader in engine blocks and iron heads, being the largest exporter of this product in Brazil. In the pulp and paper sector, Brazilian pulp production was 19,691 million tons in 2019. The country exported US$ 7.48 billion in pulp this year, US$ 3.25 billion to China alone. Exports of the Brazilian forest industry totaled US$ 9.7 billion (US$ 7.48 billion in pulp, US$ 2 billion in paper, and US$ 265 million in wood panels). Paper production

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2134-633: The 1383–85 Crisis , after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz . During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire . From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain . After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . From this time,

2231-817: The 5 October 1910 revolution , sending Manuel into exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic . On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Oporto . The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since. After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of

2328-672: The Bois de Boulogne Park in Paris, the Rodrigues Alves Wood is a little piece of Amazonia preserved in the middle of the city. Comprising 16 hectares , in the ample Avenida Almirante Barroso , one of the city's busiest thoroughfares, having 2,500 native species, an orchidary, lakes, caverns, waterfalls and even a replica of a mountain. There you can see small animals characteristic to the region, such as squirrel monkeys , agoutis and macaws . The Estação das Docas Complex reopened

2425-781: The Brazilian Air Force , is located in Belém. BR-316 is the major access highway for those coming from the Northeastern Brazil. For visitors from the Southern, Southeastern, and Mid-Eastern Regions, the best route is BR-010 , which originates in Brasília in the South, and also PA-150, a route that links Belém to Southern Pará. Belém can be reached by the Tocantins River and Amazonas River and by

2522-487: The Intertropical Convergence Zone than the maritime trade winds , and with no cyclones , that is a true equatorial climate. In all 12 months of the year, the city on average sees more than 60 mm of rainfall, so the city has no true dry season month. However, Belém features noticeably wetter and drier seasons. The wetter season spans from December through May, while the drier season covers

2619-660: The King of Portugal encouraged the immigration of settlers from the Azores Islands to Southern Brazil, in an attempt to build up a Portuguese population. Between 1748 and 1756, six thousand Azoreans arrived. They composed over half of the population of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina by the late 18th century. The first German immigrants came to Brazil soon after it gained independence in 1822 from Portugal. They were recruited to work as small farmers because there were many land holdings without sufficient workers. To attract

2716-699: The Serra Gaúcha . Italian immigration to the region lasted until 1914, with a total of 100,000 Italians settling in Rio Grande do Sul in this period, and many others in Santa Catarina and Paraná. In 1898, there were a total of 300,000 people of Italian origin in Rio Grande do Sul; 50,000 in Santa Catarina; and 30,000 in Paraná. Today their Southern Brazilian descendants number 9.7 million and comprise 35.9% of Southern Brazil's population. As noted,

2813-524: The entrepôt for the Amazon valley. The municipality includes the islands of Mosqueiro , fringed by 14 freshwater beaches, and Caratateua which receive a large number of visitors in summertime. In addition to these and also near Belém, is the island of Tatuoca which is the location of one of the seven geophysical stations in the world, and the only station in Latin America . Belém has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ) more subject to

2910-579: The footwear industry , in 2019 Brazil produced 972 million pairs, being the fourth largest producer in the world, behind China, India and Vietnam, and ranks 11th among the largest exporters. The Brazilian state that most exports the product is Rio Grande do Sul: in 2019 it exported US$ 448.35 million. Most of the product goes to the United States, Argentina and France. Santa Catarina also has a shoe production center in São João Batista. In

3007-605: The procession of the Círio of Nazaré. This tradition started when a farmer and lumberman called Plácido José de Souza found an image of the Virgin and Child on the edge of the Murucutu creek, where the Basilica of Our Lady of Nazareth of Exile stands today. He decided to take the image home. However, the image would mysteriously go back to the place where it was initially found every time he took it home. So Plácido decided to build

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3104-412: The textile industry , Brazil, despite being among the 5 largest producers in the world in 2013, and being representative in the consumption of textiles and clothing, had very little insertion in world trade. In 2015, Brazilian imports ranked 25th (US$ 5.5 billion). And in exports, it only ranked 40th in the world ranking. Brazil's participation in the world trade of textiles and clothing is only 0.3%, due to

3201-529: The 17250 capacity Baenão ; and Tuna Luso-Brasileira based in Souza play at the much smaller 6500 Estádio Francisco Vasques . The latter stadium is currently the home of Clube Municipal Ananindeua who represent the very large suburb of Ananindeua . The Estádio Olímpico do Pará is the biggest in the city and hosts 45,000 spectators, the stadium hosts the Grande Premio Brasil de Atletismo , that

3298-476: The Amazon" because everyone is involved in the arrangements to receive the saint. In early September, minor celebrations take place as a spiritual preparation for the Círio, with thousands of images scattered all over the capital and neighboring cities. In time it became necessary to incorporate new elements into the tradition due to the people's desire to honor their patron saint. On the Saturday morning prior to

3395-411: The Atlantic Ocean. The EF-151 railway, known as "Ferrovia Norte-Sul", literally meaning "North-South Railway", is being extended to run until the city of Barcarena , that is about 111 km away by road. When construction is finished, Barcarena will be linked with important cities, like Imperatriz , Porto Nacional , Anápolis and Panorama . Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Portugal

3492-400: The Belém region was important up to the end of the 17th century. Thereafter the city's economic importance alternately rose and fell. Cattle ranching supplanted sugar until the 18th century, when cultivation of rice, cotton and coffee became profitable. With the settlement of southern Brazil , where such crops could be produced more efficiently, Belém declined again. The city subsequently became

3589-614: The Brazilian government but by private groups that promoted the immigration of Europeans to the Americas , such as the Hamburg Colonization Society. These groups created rural communities or colonies for immigrants, many of which developed into large cities, such as Blumenau and Joinville , the largest city in Santa Catarina . Considerable numbers of immigrants from Germany arrived at Paraná during

3686-427: The Brazilian ranking, with 9.6% of the national participation. In fish farming , western Paraná, in municipalities close to Toledo and Cascavel, has become the largest fishing region in the country, with tilapia as the main cultivated species. The west represents 69% of all the production of Paraná, the largest national producer, with 112 thousand tons. Of this amount, 91% refers to tilapia farming. The South region

3783-665: The Children's Círio, and its procession, held two Sundays after the Círio. The Re-Círio marks the end of the celebrations, with a shorter course back to the Gentil Bittencourt chapel. Built in a 23,000-square-metre area, the Hangar Convention and Fair Center of the Amazon has 12 rooms, ticket offices, baggage keeping, press room, and a food court , distributed in two big buildings with a parking lot for 800 vehicles. Genuine Amazonian trees will soon be planted in

3880-519: The Círio procession the statue is taken to the square of Ananindeua , a nearby city, to begin a Road Pilgrimage to the Icoaraci pier for a Mass . The river pilgrimage then begins. It was created to honor the "water men" who regard the Virgin of Nazareth as their patron saint. There is a traditional ship contest to award the most originally decorated boat. When the Sacred Image leaves Icoaraci in

3977-623: The Fortaleza de São Pedro Nolasco Memorial There is also a fluvial station and extensive external area. Created in 1688, as a result of the Portuguese deciding to levy a tax for everything entering and leaving Amazonia. Despite resembling a large retailer, the mixture of colours, fragrances and objects is very interesting as well as folkloric. Medicinal herbs, various regional fruits, arts and crafts, domestic utilities, meats, fish and seasonings and spices can be found there. The Market brings together two thousand stalls and traders in every part and

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4074-653: The Portuguese state was the County of Portugal , established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista , by Vímara Peres , a vassal of the King of Asturias . The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede . The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until

4171-508: The South Region was the second largest in the country, with 4.2 million head. Sheep shearing activity continued to be predominant in the South, which is responsible for 99% of wool production in the country. Rio Grande do Sul continued to be the state with the highest national participation, representing 94.1% of the total. The municipalities of Santana do Livramento, Alegrete and Quaraí led the activity. Currently, meat production has become

4268-410: The South are Marcopolo, a bus body manufacturer, which had a market value of R $ 2.782 billion in 2015, and Randon, a group of 9 companies specialized in transport solutions, which groups together vehicle manufacturers, auto parts, and road equipment – employs around 11 thousand people and recorded gross sales in 2017 of R $ 4.2 billion. In Santa Catarina, the machinery and equipment industry stands out in

4365-526: The Southeast (which was the largest producer until 2014), which has 34.2%. The southeast has the largest herd of cows milked: 30.4% of the total of 17.1 million existing in Brazil. The highest productivity, however, is that of the Southern Region, with an average of 3,284 liters per cow per year, which is why it has led the ranking of milk production since 2015. The municipality of Castro, in Paraná,

4462-532: The State of Amazonas. The country also has other smaller centers, one of which is Curitiba, the capital of Paraná. The Curitiba technology center has companies such as Siemens and Positivo Informática. In total, 87 companies and 16 thousand employees work in Tecnoparque, an area of 127 thousand square meters created by state law in 2007. Tecnoparque can grow to 400 thousand square meters and receive up to four times

4559-460: The ancestral composition of the population of Belém is: 68.6% European ancestry, followed by 20.9% Amerindian ancestry and 10.6% African ancestry. Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. On the second Sunday in October, Pará celebrates the largest religious event in Brazil:

4656-433: The bay for the main channel, and thirty leagues (178 km) upstream, he built a wooden fort, covered with straw, which he called "Presépio" (nativity scene), now known as "Forte do Castelo". The colony formed by the fort was given the name Feliz Lusitânia, "Fortunate Lusitania". It was the embryo of the future city of Belém. The fort failed to suppress Dutch and French trading, but did ward off colonization. Feliz Lusitânia

4753-428: The capital city itself had a population density of 1,337.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,463/sq mi). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 806,103 Pardo (Multiracial) people (61.8%), 342,476 White (26.3%), 149,395 Black (11.5%), 3,298 Asian people (0.3%) and 2,069 Amerindian people (0.2%). According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011,

4850-701: The captaincy of Bahia commanded a military expedition sent by the Governor General of Brazil to check the trading excursions of foreigners (French, Dutch, English) up the river (Amazon) from the Cabo do Norte in Grão Pará. On January 12, 1616, he anchored in what is now known as Guajará Bay , formed by the confluence of the Para and Guamá Rivers, called by the Tupinambás , "Guaçu Paraná". Caldeira mistook

4947-499: The carriage as bells toll and fireworks explode. The main procession then goes through the streets of the city to the Architectonic Centre of Nazareth, known for its Sanctuary Square. As it arrives at the square, the image is removed from the carriage for the celebration of a Mass and then lifted so that everybody will be blessed by the patron saint of Pará. The festivities last 15 days, with religious celebrations, like

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5044-617: The center of Belém, in the Tenoné neighborhood, the Bioparque Amazônia Safari – Crocodilo Safari Zoo, is surrounded by forests, rivers and streams. Summary of the Amazon landscape with lush flora and fauna, the zoo has about 14 miles (23 kilometres) of trails in an area composed of four interconnected ecosystems. The Museum of Paleontology and Malacology had a collection of three thousand pieces of exposed shells and mollusks collected from all continents. Bioparque The Amazon

5141-582: The city. The Ver-o-Peso (Portuguese: "see the weight") market in the old port centre is a major tourist attraction. The city is also home to a large football stadium, the Estádio Olímpico do Pará . The municipality of Belém contains 99% of the Utinga State Park , created in 1993 to protect the metropolitan area's water supply. The park provides a space for healthy activities in contact with nature by local people, visitors or tourists. It

5238-571: The civil war, most of them coming from Santa Catarina; others were Volga Germans from Russia. The Ragamuffin War was a Republican uprising that began in Southern Brazil ( Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina ) in 1835. The rebels, led by generals Bento Gonçalves da Silva and Antônio de Souza Netto with the support of the Italian warrior Giuseppe Garibaldi , surrendered to imperial forces in 1845. This conflict occurred because in Rio Grande do Sul,

5335-430: The country, on the other hand, is supplied with approximately 6% of this coal, leaving 4% for the production of cellulose paper and only 5% in the food, ceramic and grain industries. Brazil has reserves of peat , lignite and hard coal . Coal totals 32 billion tons of reserves and is mainly located in Rio Grande do Sul (89.25% of the total), followed by Santa Catarina (10.41%). The Candiota (RS) deposit only has 38% of all

5432-537: The country. According to the Brazilian Association of Convention and Fair Centers (ABRACCEF), there are 17,500 events happening on average throughout the 53 main convention and exhibition centres of Brazil. These activities bring together approximately 28 million participants. Belém has great potential for this type of tourism. In many ways, Belém's colonial architecture reflects the seventeenth-century architecture of Lisbon in Portugal which served as

5529-426: The creation of chickens for slaughter, was responsible for almost half of the Brazilian total (46.9%). Paraná only represented 26.2%. Paraná occupies the Brazilian leadership in the ranking of chicken producing and exporting states. Rio Grande do Sul ranks third in national production, with 11%. In egg production, the South Region is the 2nd largest in Brazil, with 24.1% of the country's production. Paraná ranks 2nd in

5626-497: The creation of national or multinational companies, Rio Grande do Sul created companies such as Neugebauer, Camil Alimentos, Fruki, Cervejaria Polar, Vinícola Aurora and Vinícola Salton. Santa Catarina created companies such as Sadia and Perdigão (which later merged into BRF), Seara Alimentos (which today belongs to JBS), Aurora, Gomes da Costa, Cervejaria Eisenbahn and Hemmer Alimentos. Paraná created companies such as: Frimesa, C.Vale, Nutrimental, Copacol, Coopavel and Matte Leão. In

5723-590: The day when captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco left from the city of São Luís in 1615 to conquer the lands of Pará . [REDACTED] Portuguese Empire 1616–1815 [REDACTED] United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815–1823 [REDACTED]   Empire of Brazil 1823–1889 [REDACTED] Republic of Brazil 1889–present In 1615, Portuguese captain-general Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco of

5820-651: The difficulty of competing in price with producers in India and mainly in China. The South had 32.65% of the country's textile production. Santa Catarina is the second largest textile and clothing employer in Brazil. It held the national leadership in the manufacture of pillows and is the largest producer in Latin America and the second in the world in woven labels. It's the nation's largest exporter of toilet / kitchen linen, cotton terry fabrics and cotton knit shirts. Some of

5917-1101: The empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century, when the last overseas territories of Portugal were handed over. Most notably in Portuguese Africa which included the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique of which the handover took place in 1975, and finally in Asia the handover of Macau in 1999. 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau 15th century [Atlantic islands] 16th century [Canada] 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century Southern Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( Região Sul do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈsuw du bɾaˈziw] )

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6014-442: The extraction of mineral coal in Brazil, the country still needs to import around 50% of the coal consumed, since the coal produced in the country is of low quality, since it has a lower concentration of carbon. Countries supplying mineral coal to Brazil include South Africa, the United States and Australia. Mineral coal in Brazil supplies, in particular, thermoelectric plants that consume around 85% of production. The cement industry in

6111-411: The faithful until the procession arrives at the Sé Cathedral. During the procession, there is a fireworks show, sponsored by the Stevedores ' Union, marking the passage of the Saint until its arrival at the Cathedral . At daybreak of the next day, the faithful start to gather at the Old City, believing that this will bring them closer to the Virgin. At 7 o'clock, the archbishop conducts the image to

6208-482: The immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised them large tracts where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. The first immigrants arrived in 1824, settling in the city of São Leopoldo . Over the next four decades, another 27,256 Germans were brought to Rio Grande do Sul to work as smallholders in the country. By 1904, it is estimated that 50,000 Germans had settled in this state. In Santa Catarina, most German immigrants were not brought by

6305-433: The influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil . After the independence of Brazil , Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa , but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum , eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic . Portugal

6402-525: The influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa , King Charles and the Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço , in Lisbon . With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch as King Manuel II . Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with

6499-458: The inspiration for the main housing projects of the time, with the frequent use of tile-hung façades. Neoclassical architecture is also present in buildings such as the Theatro da Paz , built in 1874. Many of the buildings at the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century also echo French architecture . The local Amerindian culture makes use of local ingredients to create the colors and flavors of its cuisine. One such ingredient,

6596-627: The largest fluvial island in the world, which lies just across the Rio Pará from Belém, has some livestock grazing. Electricity is provided by the massive Tucuruí Dam , some 300 km southwest of the city on the Tocantins River. According to the IBGE of 2018, there were 2,491,052 people residing in the Metropolitan Region of Belém. This region is composed by 7 cities: Belém (1,485.732 people), Ananindeua (525,566 people), Marituba (129,321 people), Benevides (61,689 people), Santa Bárbara do Pará (20,704 people), Santa Izabel do Pará (69,746 people), and Castanhal (198,294 people). In 2012, according to IBGE,

6693-405: The largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than one-third of all species in

6790-408: The main exporting centre of the Amazon rubber industry, and by 1866 its position was further enhanced by the opening of the Amazon , Tocantins and Tapajós rivers to navigation. The importance of Belém was then somewhat reduced by the development of the Port of Manaus upriver. The rubber era ended after the boom of 1910–12, but Belém continued to be the main commercial centre of northern Brazil and

6887-434: The main objective of sheep farming in the State, due to the increase in prices paid to the producer that made the activity more attractive and profitable. Intensive livestock farming is also highly developed in the South, which ranks first in the ranking of Brazilian milk production. Some of the milk produced in the South benefits from the dairy industries. The South has 35.7% of the Brazilian milk production, competing with

6984-419: The manufacture of compressors, being a leader in exports of this product among the states of the country, in addition to being an important producer of forestry equipment. In metallurgy, the state has the largest national manufacturer of sinks, vats and stainless steel tanks, trophies and medals, fasteners (screws, nuts, etc.), jacketed tanks for fuels, industrial pressure vessels and malleable iron connections. It

7081-525: The most famous companies in the region are Hering, Malwee, Karsten and Haco. In the electronics industry , the industry turnover in Brazil reached R $ 153.0 billion in 2019, around 3% of the national GDP. The number of employees in the sector was 234,500 people. Brazil has two large electroelectronic production poles, located in Campinas, in the State of São Paulo, and in the Manaus Free Zone, in

7178-529: The mountain ranges. The region is highly urbanized (82%) and many cities are famous for their urban planning , like Curitiba and Maringá , both in Paraná State . It has a relatively high standard of living, with the highest Human Development Index of Brazil, 0.859 (2007), and the second highest per capita income of the country, $ 13,396, behind only the Southeast Region. The region also has

7275-550: The multinational Whirlpool Corporation. Another famous brand from the South was Prosdócimo, founded in Curitiba, which was sold to Electrolux. In the small electrical appliances sector, the Britânia company is originally from Curitiba. In the metallurgical sector, the South has one of the most famous companies in the country, Tramontina, which employs more than 8,500 employees and has 10 production units. Other famous companies in

7372-657: The national coal. As it is an inferior quality coal, it is used only in thermoelectric power generation and at the deposit site. The oil crisis in the 1970s led the Brazilian government to create the Energy Mobilization Plan, with intense research to discover new coal reserves. The Geological Survey of Brazil, through works carried out in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, greatly increased previously known coal reserves between 1970 and 1986 (mainly between 1978 and 1983). Then good quality coal, suitable for use in metallurgy and in large volumes (seven billion tons),

7469-788: The national menu. Belém has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015. The World Social Forum 2009 took place from January 27 to February 1 in Belém. The three main football teams in Pará are based in Belém: Paysandu , Remo and Tuna Luso . Paysandu based in São Braz, play at the 16200 capacity Estádio da Curuzú , the oldest stadium of Pará state; Remo, based in Travessa Antônio Baena, play at

7566-415: The necessary supply, although at a higher cost. Paraná is the largest producer of oil shale in Brazil. In the city of São Mateus do Sul , there is a plant Petrobras specialized in the production of the material. Approximately 7,800 tons are processed daily. Rio Grande do Sul is an important producer of gemstones. Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst and agate , and Rio Grande do Sul

7663-566: The northern border of Rio Grande do Sul. After many conflicts, in 1845 peace negotiations ended the war. Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875. They were mostly peasants from the Veneto in Northern Italy (but also from Trentino and Lombardia ) attracted to Southern Brazil for economic opportunities and the chance to acquire their own lands. Most of the immigrants worked as small farmers, mainly cultivating grapes in

7760-401: The number of workers it has today, reaching 68 thousand people. In the home appliance industry , sales of so-called "white line" equipment were 12.9 million units in 2017. The sector had its sales peak in 2012, with 18.9 million units. The brands that sold the most were Brastemp, Electrolux, Consul and Philips. Consul is originally from Santa Catarina, merged with Brastemp and today is part of

7857-572: The outdoor area. With Hangar, Belém joins the market for national conventions that take place in a different city each time, such as the Brazilian Computer Society Congress. National conventions had not been held in the Northern region previously. Hangar, whose auditorium has room for 2,160 participants, has some of the best technologies available in the world and is the most modern and functional space for events in

7954-458: The region around Ponta Grossa there are also some Dutch speakers. There are Polish language and Ukrainian language speakers in Paraná as well. Indigenous languages still spoken in some villages include Guarani and Kaingang . The main agricultural products grown are: in addition to producing relevant quantities of: In 2017, the southern region gathered around 12% of Brazil's cattle (27 million head of cattle). In sheep farming , in 2017,

8051-738: The region received numerous European immigrants during the 19th century, who have had a large influence on its demography and culture. The main ethnic origins of Southern Brazil are Portuguese , Italian , German , Austrian , Luxembourger , Polish , Ukrainian , Spanish , Dutch and Russian . Smaller numbers that follow are French, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, African, Swiss, Croat, Lebanese, Lithuanian and Latvian, Japanese, Finnish and Estonian, Belarusian, Slovene, Ashkenazi Jew , Caboclo , British, Czech, Slovak, Belgian and Hungarian Southern Brazil has subtropical or temperate climate. The annual average temperatures vary between 12 °C (53.6 °F) and 22 °C (71.6 °F). It snows in

8148-525: The region. There also used to exist a smaller Brig. Protásio de Oliveira Airport (Júlio César) , also administrated by Infraero, which was used for general aviation, in January, 1st, 2022 it was taken out of service and the area it occupied is going to be turned into a park, its functions were transferred to the main Belém Airport. Belém Air Force Base – ALA9 , one of their most important bases of

8245-399: The remaining six months of the year. Like many cities with a tropical rainforest climate, average temperatures vary little throughout the course of the year, generally hovering around 26.5 degrees Celsius. Due to its location in the Amazon, tropical rainforest is the natural vegetation in and around the city. The Amazon represents more than half the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises

8342-402: The state's main product, the charque (dried and salted beef ), suffered stiff competition from charque from Uruguay and Argentina . The imports had free access to the Brazilian market while gaúchos had to pay high taxes to sell their product inside Brazil. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the rebels in 1839. With his help the revolution spread through Santa Catarina, in

8439-608: The windows of Belém to Guajará Bay . The restoration project covers the area of old warehouses of the Pará Docks Company. Constructed from prefabricated metal structures in England and that were built at the beginning of the 20th century in Belém. There are eighteen thousand square metres (193,750 square feet) of urbanised area, with coffee bar services, various restaurants, stores, travel agencies, banks, in addition to an auditorium and two memorials: The Porto Memorial and

8536-497: The world live in the Amazon Rainforest. Many valuable products now exported from the Amazon by way of Belém are aluminium , iron ore, and other metals, nuts (chiefly Brazil nuts ), pineapples, cassava , jute , wood veneers, and hardwoods . Japanese immigration after the 1930s was an important factor in developing jute and black pepper, notably at Tomé-Açu, just south of Belém, and near Santarém . Marajó Island ,

8633-410: Was 10,535 million tons in 2019. The country exported 2,163 million tons. In 2016, the pulp and paper industry in the south of the country represented 33% of the national total. This year, Paraná was the national leader in the production of roundwood (mainly eucalyptus) for the pulp and paper industry (15.9 million m ); Brazil was the second country that produced the most pulp in the world and the eighth in

8730-497: Was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic . Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire , the realm's overseas colonies. The nucleus of

8827-425: Was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall. The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal (1096–1139). The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León . Independence from León took place in three stages: Once Portugal

8924-526: Was discovered in several deposits in Rio Grande do Sul (Morungava, Chico Lomã, Santa Teresinha), but at relatively great depths (up to 1,200 m), which has prevented its use until now. In 2011, coal represented only 5.6% of the energy consumed in Brazil, but it is an important strategic source, which can be activated when, for example, the water levels in the dams are very low, reducing the excess supply of water. hydroelectric power. This happened in 2013, when several thermoelectric plants were closed, thus maintaining

9021-478: Was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy , would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links. With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and

9118-452: Was later called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará (Our Lady of Bethlehem of Grao-Para) and Santa Maria de Belém (St. Mary of Bethlehem). Belém was given city status in 1655 and was made capital of the State when Pará state was split off from Maranhão in 1772. The early decades of the 19th century were marked by political instability. Uprisings and internecine strife finally ended in 1836, after considerable loss of life. The sugar trade in

9215-434: Was the largest producer in 2017, with 264 million liters of milk. Paraná is already the second largest national producer with 4.7 billion liters, only surpassed by Minas Gerais. In pork , the 3 southern states are the largest producers in the country. Santa Catarina is the largest producer in Brazil. The State is responsible for 28.38% of the country's slaughter and 40.28% of Brazilian pork exports. Paraná, for its part, has

9312-510: Was the main producer of honey in the country in 2017, representing 39.7% of the national total. Rio Grande do Sul was the first with 15.2%, Paraná in second place with 14.3%, Santa Catarina in fifth place with 10.2%. Santa Catarina is the largest producer of coal in Brazil, mainly in the city of Criciúma and its surroundings. Crude mineral coal production in Brazil was 13.6 million tons in 2007. Santa Catarina produced 8.7 Mt (million tons); Rio Grande do Sul, 4.5 Mt; and Paraná, 0.4 Mt. Despite

9409-499: Was the second largest vehicle producer in the country (Brazil is one of the 10 largest vehicle producers in the world). Paraná has in its territory the Volkswagen, Renault, Audi, Volvo and DAF factories; Santa Catarina has GM and BMW plants and Rio Grande do Sul, a GM plant. In the food industry , in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world, with a value of US$ 34.1 billion in exports. Regarding

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