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63-611: The table below shows the different paths and levels for Cisco Certifications. All Certifications, except for CCAr, requires the passing of one or more theoretical exams offered by Pearson VUE . CCIE Certifications also require a hands-on exam administered at special labs around the world. As of October 1, 2023, Cisco has altered their certification structure. As of February 24, 2020, Cisco altered their certification structure. Source: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/training-events/training-certifications/certifications.html Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician {CCENT} represents

126-507: A 4th grade math question with two correct answers, errors in the 6th grade ELA scoring guide, and over twenty errors on foreign-language math tests. Official website Security hacker A security hacker or security researcher is someone who explores methods for breaching defenses and exploiting weaknesses in a computer system or network . Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, information gathering, challenge, recreation, or evaluation of

189-558: A CCDP certification, a network professional can discuss, design, and create advanced addressing and routing, security, network management, data center, and IP multicast enterprise architectures that include virtual private networking and wireless domains. An active CCDA certification acts as a prerequisite for this certification. Required exams: Note that CCDP requires 300-101 ROUTE and 300-115 SWITCH. After passing CCNP and CCDA, CCDP requires only 300-320 ARCH. Pearson VUE Pearson Education , known since 2011 as simply Pearson ,

252-472: A CCENT at a minimum, though either CCNA or CCIE will serve as a prerequisite, as well SWITCH-level knowledge of Cisco-based LANs. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 The Cisco Certified Collaboration Associate certification is for Cisco engineers who specialize in Cisco's Unified Communications (UC) products. Collaboration engineers focus on

315-539: A CCENT. In 2017, Cisco introduced new ICND1 and ICND2 exams (needed for the new CCNA Routing and Switching). ICND1: 100-105 (Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 v3.0) became the new exam required for CCENT. With this change, CCENT became a sufficient pre-requirement for CCNA Security, CCNA Voice and CCNA Wireless. It is valid for 3 years. Cisco Certified Technicians have the skills to diagnose, restore, repair, and replace critical Cisco networking and system devices at customer sites. Technicians work closely with

378-562: A CCNA certification, but with the expiration of the 640 series tests this is no longer the case. As of autumn 2015,The CCNA Certification has no prerequisites. Starting 24 February 2020, all CCNA specializations were consolidated. The 200-301 Cisco Certified Network Associate exam is now the only exam available at CCNA-level. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 Cisco-Certified Design Associate (CCDA) certified engineers can design switched or routed networks of LANs, WANs and broadband services. The CCDA exam (200-310 DESGN) requires

441-527: A Catholic publishing division it operated under the Scott Foresman imprint, to RCL Benziger in 2007. In 2007 Pearson Education sold the Macmillan name to Holtzbrinck Publishing Group , which had purchased Macmillan Publishing Ltd. in the late 1990s. In 2000 Pearson acquired Virtual University Enterprises, an electronic testing company founded in 1994, and renamed it Pearson VUE. According to

504-417: A client, or while working for a security company that makes security software. The term is generally synonymous with ethical hacker , and certifications, courseware, classes, and online training covering the diverse arena of ethical hacking have been developed. A black hat hacker is a hacker who "violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal gain" (Moore, 2005). The term

567-560: A division of Pearson Education, acquired PowerSchool, a student information system, from Apple ; terms of the deal were not disclosed. PowerSchool was a profitable product for Pearson; in 2014, it generated $ 97 million in revenue and $ 20 million in operating income. In 2015, Pearson sold PowerSchool to Vista Equity Partners for $ 350 million cash. In 2007, the company developed the youth-oriented online quest game Poptropica , through its Family Education Network. In 2015, Pearson's Family Education Network, along with Poptropica, were sold to

630-430: A kind of credibility on their members. A script kiddie (also known as a skid or skiddie ) is an unskilled hacker who breaks into computer systems by using automated tools written by others (usually by other black hat hackers), hence the term script (i.e. a computer script that automates the hacking) kiddie (i.e. kid, child an individual lacking knowledge and experience, immature), usually with little understanding of

693-416: A little hacking here." CLU is the software he uses for this. By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon, but there was no public awareness about such activities. However, the release of the film WarGames that year, featuring a computer intrusion into NORAD , raised the public belief that computer security hackers (especially teenagers) could be

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756-493: A number of publishing imprints , including: InformIT, a subsidiary of Pearson Education, is an online book vendor and an electronic publisher of technology and education content. It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana . It publishes books, e-books , and videos, and its imprints include Addison-Wesley Professional , Cisco Press , Pearson IT Certification, Que Publishing, and Sams Publishing . InformIT.com

819-456: A publishing imprint of Pearson based out of Seattle, partnered with AARP in 2014 to develop and add to a series of technology books for seniors. The series, which includes My iPad For Seniors, and My Social Media for Seniors, are large-print and colourful. In the spring of 2012, tests that Pearson designed for the NYSED were found to contain over 30 errors, which caused controversy. One of

882-414: A series of security briefing events. A hacktivist is a hacker who utilizes technology to publicize a social, ideological, religious or political message. Hacktivism can be divided into two main groups: Intelligence agencies and cyberwarfare operatives of nation states. Groups of hackers that carry out organized criminal activities for profit. Modern-day computer hackers have been compared to

945-578: A system weaknesses to assist in formulating defenses against potential hackers. Longstanding controversy surrounds the meaning of the term " hacker ". In this controversy, computer programmers reclaim the term hacker , arguing that it refers simply to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks, and that cracker is the more appropriate term for those who break into computers, whether computer criminals ( black hats ) or computer security experts ( white hats ). A 2014 article noted that "the black-hat meaning still prevails among

1008-528: A team to a prominent convention to compete in group pentesting, exploit and forensics on a larger scale. Hacker groups became popular in the early 1980s, providing access to hacking information and resources and a place to learn from other members. Computer bulletin board systems (BBSs), such as the Utopias, provided platforms for information-sharing via dial-up modem. Hackers could also gain credibility by being affiliated with elite groups. Maximum imprisonment

1071-539: A threat to national security. This concern became real when, in the same year, a gang of teenage hackers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin , known as The 414s , broke into computer systems throughout the United States and Canada , including those of Los Alamos National Laboratory , Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank . The case quickly grew media attention, and 17-year-old Neal Patrick emerged as

1134-551: A valid CCNA certification to obtain a CCNP certification. The CCNP validates the ability to plan, implement, verify, and troubleshoot local and wide-area enterprise networks and work collaboratively with specialists on advanced security, voice, wireless, and video solutions. In addition to CCNA Exams, professionals must pass three separate professional-level exams. The certification track changed in July 2010, with various migration paths available for those that had begun, but not completed,

1197-687: Is Pearson plc's main subsidiary. In 2019 the company began phasing out the prominence of its hard-copy textbooks in favor of digital textbooks, which cost the company far less, and can be updated frequently and easily. As of 2023, Pearson Education has testing/teaching centers in over 55 countries worldwide; the UK and the U.S. have the most centers. The headquarters of parent company Pearson plc are in London, England. Pearson Education's U.S. headquarters were in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey until

1260-403: Is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides knowledge of network construction and IP NGN architecture. The course includes additional remote labs. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 The CCNA Wireless certification covers wireless LANs , including networking associates/administrators, wireless support specialists, and WLAN project managers. The certification validates skills in

1323-707: Is a publishing partner for Adobe, Apple, Macromedia, and others. In 2001, the Pearson Technology Group and O'Reilly Media LLC formed a joint partnership called Safari Books Online , to offer a web-based electronic library of technical and business books from InformIT's imprint partners and O'Reilly Media . The InformIT Network offers access to this service via its web sites. Pearson sold its interest in Safari Books Online to O'Reilly in 2014. Pearson's products include MyMathLab and Mastering Platform . In 2006, Pearson School Systems,

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1386-508: Is for plant administrators, control system engineers and traditional network engineers in the manufacturing, process control, and oil and gas industries, who will be involved with the convergence of IT and Industrial networks. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 CCNA Security validates knowledge of security infrastructure, threats, and vulnerabilities to networks and threat mitigation. Required skills include installation, troubleshooting and monitoring of network devices to maintain

1449-613: Is not a prerequisite. The class, "Building Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Networks" is delivered in two parts. Part 1 is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides the basic knowledge and skills necessary to support a service provider network. The course provides knowledge of the major network components and helps learners to understand how service provider networks function. The course introduces IP Next-Generation Network (IP NGN) architecture. The course also includes remote labs that help gain practical skills for deploying basic Cisco IOS / IOS XE and Cisco IOS XR software features. Part 2

1512-573: Is one of the websites of the Pearson Technology Group, and one of several sites in the InformIT Network. The site features free articles, blogs, and podcasts on IT topics and products, as well as a bookstore carrying all titles from its imprints. Other sites in the InformIT Network include Peachpit.com. Peachpit is a publisher that has been producing books on graphic design, desktop publishing, multimedia, web design and development, digital video, and general computing since 1986. Peachpit

1575-468: Is one year or a fine of the fourth category. 18 U.S.C.   § 1030 , more commonly known as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act , prohibits unauthorized access or damage of "protected computers". "Protected computers" are defined in 18 U.S.C.   § 1030(e)(2) as: The maximum imprisonment or fine for violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act depends on the severity of

1638-720: Is referred to as hacktivism . Some consider illegal cracking ethically justified for these goals; a common form is website defacement . The computer underground is frequently compared to the Wild West. It is common for hackers to use aliases to conceal their identities. The computer underground is supported by regular real-world gatherings called hacker conventions or "hacker cons". These events include SummerCon (Summer), DEF CON , HoHoCon (Christmas), ShmooCon (February), Black Hat Conference , Chaos Communication Congress , AthCon, Hacker Halted, and H.O.P.E. Local Hackfest groups organize and compete to develop their skills to send

1701-510: Is the educational publishing and services subsidiary of the international corporation Pearson plc . The subsidiary was formed in 1998, when Pearson plc acquired Simon & Schuster 's educational business and combined it with Pearson's existing education company Addison-Wesley Longman . Pearson Education was restyled as simply Pearson in 2011. In 2016, the diversified parent corporation Pearson plc rebranded to focus entirely on education publishing and services, and as of 2023 Pearson Education

1764-592: The alt.2600 newsgroup. In 1980, an article in the August issue of Psychology Today (with commentary by Philip Zimbardo ) used the term "hacker" in its title: "The Hacker Papers." It was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1982 film Tron , Kevin Flynn ( Jeff Bridges ) describes his intentions to break into ENCOM's computer system, saying "I've been doing

1827-652: The U.S. House of Representatives on September 26, 1983, about the dangers of computer hacking, and six bills concerning computer crime were introduced in the House that year. As a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentor 's " The Hacker Manifesto ", published 1986 in Phrack . Use of

1890-456: The privateers of by-gone days. These criminals hold computer systems hostage, demanding large payments from victims to restore access to their own computer systems and data. Furthermore, recent ransomware attacks on industries, including energy, food, and transportation, have been blamed on criminal organizations based in or near a state actor – possibly with the country's knowledge and approval. Cyber theft and ransomware attacks are now

1953-644: The CCNA Security will receive a letter of recognition acknowledging they have met the CNSS 4011 training requirements. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 CCNA Service Provider focuses validates the ability to configure and implement baseline Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation networks. The required Exams are 640-875 Building Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Networks, Part 1(SPNGN1) and 640-878 Building Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Networks, Part 2 (SPNGN2). Standard CCNA certification

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2016-506: The CCNP certification process. In July 2014, Cisco released version 2.0 of the CCNP exams and training courses, "to reflect the alignment with changing industry job roles and the addition of new study materials." 29 January 2015 was the last day to test using the v1.0 exams. As of 30 January 2015, only the v2.0 exam is offered. Required exams (v1.0): Required exams (v2.0): Retired on February 23, 2020 Check CCNP Enterprise Architecture. With

2079-676: The CCNP. Note : The CCNA Security courseware holds compliance with the NSA and CNSS training standard of CNSS 4011 . By remaining compliant, the CCNA Security program provides the required training for network security professionals who assist private sector entities and federal agencies of the United States, protects their information and aid in the defense of the United States IT infrastructure. Candidates who have passed

2142-691: The Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) to quickly and efficiently resolve support incidents. As of September 2024, there were 3 domains available for CCT certification: The CCNA Routing and Switching certification covered skills necessary to administer devices on small or medium-sized networks. This certification required the ICND1 100-105 and ICND2 200-105 exams. Pearson VUE test centers conduct these exams. All CCNA-certified individuals specialize by technology. Previously, specialized tracks required passing and maintaining

2205-460: The London-based investment group Sandbox Partners. In 2010, Pearson purchased Cogmed , a brain fitness and working memory training program founded in 1999 by Swedish researcher Torkel Klingberg. In 2019, Cogmed was transferred back to the original founders. In 2016, Pearson acquired StatCrunch , a statistical analysis tool created by Webster West in 1997. Pearson had already been

2268-952: The attacks. A typical approach in an attack on Internet-connected system is: In order to do so, there are several recurring tools of the trade and techniques used by computer criminals and security experts. A security exploit is a prepared application that takes advantage of a known weakness. Common examples of security exploits are SQL injection , cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery which abuse security holes that may result from substandard programming practice. Other exploits would be able to be used through File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), PHP , SSH , Telnet and some Web pages. These are very common in Web site and Web domain hacking. Tools and Procedures The computer underground has produced its own specialized slang, such as 1337speak . Writing software and performing other activities to support these views

2331-475: The company, as of 2023, it delivers numerous skills tests and certification tests electronically in over 180 countries. Pearson Education was rebranded as simply Pearson in 2011, and split into Pearson North America and Pearson International. A restructuring announced in 2013 combined Pearson North America and Pearson International into one Pearson company organised around three global lines of business: School, Higher Education, and Professional. Following

2394-427: The computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they emphasize a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat , grey hat , black hat and script kiddie . In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve

2457-433: The configuration, implementation, and support of wireless LANs. 200-355 WIFUND (Implementing Cisco Wireless Networking Essentials) is the required exam. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Certifications validate knowledge and skills required to install, configure, and troubleshoot converged local- and wide-area networks with 100 to 500 or more end-devices. One needs

2520-446: The defect in a system and publish the facts to the world instead of a group of people. Even though grey hat hackers may not necessarily perform hacking for their personal gain, unauthorized access to a system can be considered illegal and unethical. A social status among hackers, elite is used to describe the most skilled. Newly discovered exploits circulate among these hackers. Elite groups such as Masters of Deception conferred

2583-450: The deployment and support of voice, video, and live text communication solutions across IP networks. Valid for 3 years. Retired on February 23, 2020 The CCNA Cyber Ops certification prepares candidates to begin a career working with associate-level cybersecurity analysts within security operations centers . Valid for 3 years. Retired on May 28, 2020 The Cisco Certified Network Associate Industrial (CCNA Industrial) certification

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2646-416: The fastest-growing crimes in the United States. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies facilitate the extortion of huge ransoms from large companies, hospitals and city governments with little or no chance of being caught. Hackers can usually be sorted into two types of attacks: mass attacks and targeted attacks. They are sorted into the groups in terms of how they choose their victims and how they act on

2709-408: The general public". The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the "computer underground". The subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene, or computer underground. It initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1960s and the microcomputer BBS scene of the 1980s. It is implicated with 2600: The Hacker Quarterly and

2772-464: The headquarters were closed at the end of 2014. Most of Pearson Education's printing is done by third-party suppliers. Following the British government's acquisition and nationalization of several of Pearson 's aviation, fuel, and energy divisions in the early 1940s, the diversified multinational conglomerate entered the education market. It acquired the textbook publisher Longman in 1968. In

2835-468: The integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and devices. To earn this certification one must pass the 210-260 IINS (Implementing Cisco IOS Network Security) exam, as well as hold a current CCNA certification. The CCNA-Security is a prerequisite to the CCNP Security certification. It represents the required exam to earn the certification and for continuing the security certification path to

2898-561: The late 1980s and 1990s, Pearson plc divested further from a number of its industries and acquired more educational publishing companies, and its education publishing operations became steadily larger and more significant. In 1988 Pearson plc purchased Addison-Wesley , the sixth-largest publisher of textbooks in the U.S., and merged it with Pearson's educational books subsidiary Longman to create Addison-Wesley Longman. In 1996, it acquired HarperCollins Educational Publishing and merged it with Addison-Wesley Longman. Marjorie Scardino , who

2961-415: The lowest level of certification which covers basic networking knowledge. Until its introduction, CCNA represented the first level of the certification program. It has appropriate use for an entry-level network support position. CCENT certified staff can install, manage and troubleshoot a small enterprise network, including basic network security. The first step towards a CCNA certification must start by having

3024-587: The most prominent featured a passage about a talking pineapple on the 8th Grade ELA test (revealed to be based on Daniel Pinkwater 's The Story of the Rabbit and the Eggplant , with the eggplant changed into a pineapple). After public outcry, the NYSED announced it would not count the questions in scoring. Other errors included a miscalculated question on the 8th Grade Mathematics test regarding astronomical units ,

3087-502: The primary distributor of StatCrunch for several years. In 2007, Pearson partnered with four other higher-education publishers to create CourseSmart , a company developed to sell college textbooks in eTextbook format on a common platform. In 2011, Pearson obtained a five-year, $ 32 million contract with the New York State Department of Education to design tests for students in grades 3–8. Que Publishing,

3150-611: The private equity firm Nexus Capital Management, which rebranded it as Savvas Learning Company. In 2019, Pearson also sold its remaining 25% stake in Penguin Random House to Bertelsmann . In 2022, Pearson Education announced that they intended to sell their digital textbooks as NFTs , in order to profit from secondhand sales. In 2022, Pearson acquired ClutchPrep, a Miami-based edtech startup that offers sample questions, test prep and college exam prep video guides. The service has been renamed Channels. Pearson has

3213-552: The process of phasing out the publishing of printed textbooks, in a plan to move into a more digital first strategy. E-textbooks will be updated frequently, while printed books will be updated less often. Students wanting printed books will need to rent them. As of 2019, the firm received more than half of its annual revenues from digital sales, and the US accounted for 20 percent of Pearson's annual revenue coming from courseware. In 2019, Pearson sold its US K-12 courseware business to

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3276-465: The public fears in a computer criminal". A grey hat hacker lies between a black hat and a white hat hacker, hacking for ideological reasons. A grey hat hacker may surf the Internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has a security defect, for example. They may then offer to correct the defect for a fee. Grey hat hackers sometimes find

3339-566: The sale of its financial news publications Financial Times and The Economist in 2015, Pearson plc rebranded in January 2016 to focus solely on education, and the corporation adopted a new logo. The logo is the unconventional symbol known as the interrobang (‽), a combination of a question mark and an exclamation point, and the logo is meant to convey a "combination of excitement, curiosity and individuality" and "the excitement and fun of learning". In 2019, Pearson announced it would begin

3402-492: The spokesman for the gang, including a cover story in Newsweek entitled "Beware: Hackers at play", with Patrick's photograph on the cover. The Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense. Pressured by media coverage, congressman Dan Glickman called for an investigation and began work on new laws against computer hacking. Neal Patrick testified before

3465-494: The term cracker for more malicious activity. According to Ralph D. Clifford, a cracker or cracking is to "gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system." These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities. A white hat hacker breaks security for non-malicious reasons, either to test their own security system, perform penetration tests or vulnerability assessments for

3528-414: The term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, depending on the context. Subgroups of the computer underground with different attitudes and motives use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other. These classifications are also used to exclude specific groups with whom they do not agree. Eric S. Raymond , author of The New Hacker's Dictionary , advocates that members of

3591-649: The term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title "Stalking the Wily Hacker", an article by Clifford Stoll in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM . Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. of the so-called Morris worm provoked the popular media to spread this usage. The popularity of Stoll's book The Cuckoo's Egg , published one year later, further entrenched

3654-447: The term in the public's consciousness. In computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on the security mechanisms of computer and network systems. Hackers can include someone who endeavors to strengthen security mechanisms by exploring their weaknesses and also those who seek to access secure, unauthorized information despite security measures. Nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use

3717-420: The underlying concept. A neophyte (" newbie ", or "noob") is someone who is new to hacking or phreaking and has almost no knowledge or experience of the workings of technology and hacking. A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug-test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Microsoft also uses the term BlueHat to represent

3780-734: The violation and the offender's history of violations under the Act . The FBI has demonstrated its ability to recover ransoms paid in cryptocurrency by victims of cybertheft. The most notable hacker-oriented print publications are Phrack , Hakin9 and 2600: The Hacker Quarterly . While the information contained in hacker magazines and ezines was often outdated by the time they were published, they enhanced their contributors' reputations by documenting their successes. Hackers often show an interest in fictional cyberpunk and cyberculture literature and movies. The adoption of fictional pseudonyms , symbols, values and metaphors from these works

3843-469: The word in a positive sense. White hat is the name given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a necessary part of the information security field. They operate under a code, which acknowledges that breaking into other people's computers is bad, but that discovering and exploiting security mechanisms and breaking into computers is still an interesting activity that can be done ethically and legally. Accordingly,

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3906-588: Was CEO of Pearson plc from 1997 to 2013, increasingly focused the conglomerate on education and on making education acquisitions. In 1998, Pearson plc purchased the education division of Simon & Schuster , which included Prentice Hall , Allyn & Bacon , and parts of Macmillan Inc. including the Macmillan name. Later in 1998 it merged Simon & Schuster's educational business with Addison Wesley Longman to form Pearson Education . Pearson Education sold and divested most of its Simon & Schuster divisions in 1999. It sold Silver Burdett Ginn Religion,

3969-425: Was coined by Richard Stallman , to contrast the maliciousness of a criminal hacker versus the spirit of playfulness and exploration in hacker culture , or the ethos of the white hat hacker who performs hacking duties to identify places to repair or as a means of legitimate employment. Black hat hackers form the stereotypical, illegal hacking groups often portrayed in popular culture, and are "the epitome of all that

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