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83-553: CFRC-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,000 watts . The transmitter is on Station Road in Kingston, near the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway ( Ontario Highway 401 ). A comprehensive oral history of the station was compiled by Arthur Zimmerman, which was broadcast on the station in 1982 and was published in book form in 1991. Radio technology has a surprisingly long history in Kingston, dating back to

166-536: A community broadcasting licence . Some services, such as 87.8 UCFM Canberra, operate under a narrowcast license, while others broadcast exclusively online. Australia also once had two radio stations that were operated by universities and dedicated to delivery of course content: BU RADiO is the first campus radio station of the University of Barishal in Barishal , Bangladesh. It was founded on 19 May 2019 by

249-497: A waiver , and can exceed normal restrictions. For most microwave systems, a completely non-directional isotropic antenna (one which radiates equally and perfectly well in every direction – a physical impossibility) is used as a reference antenna, and then one speaks of EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) rather than ERP. This includes satellite transponders , radar, and other systems which use microwave dishes and reflectors rather than dipole-style antennas. In

332-467: A CBC station for several years however, with a weak signal and with commercial limitations placed on it by the university (such as a ban on advertising for patent medicine ), the Whig-Standard sought its own station and, in 1942, launched CKWS 960 (now an FM station), at which time CKWS acquired CFRC's CBC affiliation and its commercial license. In exchange for CKWS carrying some programming from

415-622: A cellular telephone tower has a fixed linear polarization, but the mobile handset must function well at any arbitrary orientation. Therefore, a handset design might provide dual polarization receive on the handset so that captured energy is maximized regardless of orientation, or the designer might use a circularly polarized antenna and account for the extra 3 dB of loss with amplification. For example, an FM radio station which advertises that it has 100,000 watts of power actually has 100,000 watts ERP, and not an actual 100,000-watt transmitter. The transmitter power output (TPO) of such

498-463: A collection of disparate elements, Radio Campus is a vocal leader in the areas of digital broadcasting, keeping tabs on the development of terrestrial radio, as well as developing new network interfaces for radio stations across the nation to share content. With a broad music program, the playlist is powered by the passion of fans, and heralds a modern way for groups to interact in the social web. Whether through their support of regular residency shows from

581-732: A full affiliate in 1936 in a commercial partnership with the Kingston Whig-Standard newspaper. With the replacement of the CRBC with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1936, CFRC became an affiliate. In 1938, in what was possibly the station's most notable broadcast, United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's convocation speech at the university was relayed by CFRC to all North American radio networks. CFRC remained

664-464: A gain of 1× (equiv. 0 dBi). So ERP and EIRP are measures of radiated power that can compare different combinations of transmitters and antennas on an equal basis. In spite of the names, ERP and EIRP do not measure transmitter power, or total power radiated by the antenna, they are just a measure of signal strength along the main lobe. They give no information about power radiated in other directions, or total power. ERP and EIRP are always greater than

747-704: A group of students and alumni of the university. BUET Radio is the first campus radio in Bangladesh among the engineering universities. It was established on 30 October 2015 and is run by the students of the institution. BRUR Campus Radio is the Campus Online Radio of Begum Rokeya University , Rangpur. KUET RADIO is a university-based radio station in Khulna University of Engineering & Technology , established in 2016. This station broadcasts campus-based programs and public notices of

830-433: A particular program's content category. Generally, for popular music programs (pop, rock, dance, country-oriented, acoustic, and easy listening), hosts must play a minimum of 35% Canadian content. Programs featuring Special Interest Music (concert, folk-oriented, world, blues, jazz, non-classic religious, and experimental) must have at least 12% Canadian content. In early 2005, Humber College 's radio station CKHC-FM became

913-663: A requirement not to compete directly with commercial radio stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum. Campus radio stations in Canada are more commonly associated with universities than with colleges, although some colleges also have licensed campus radio stations. As well, some institutions maintain unlicensed campus radio operations which broadcast only by closed circuit , cable FM or Internet streaming . Also see United States section for more general information. Canada's oldest community-based campus radio station

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996-516: A result of years of campaigning by activists and a strongly worded Supreme Court judgment directing the opening up of the airwaves. A unique experiment in using media technologies, especially radio, for development and empowerment of marginalized, rural communities is the community radio initiative "Chalo Ho Gaon Mein" a programme that is broadcast once a week on AIR Daltonganj in the Palamu district of Jharkhand , eastern India. This radio programme

1079-423: A station typically may be 10,000–20,000 watts, with a gain factor of 5–10× (5–10×, or 7–10  dB ). In most antenna designs, gain is realized primarily by concentrating power toward the horizontal plane and suppressing it at upward and downward angles, through the use of phased arrays of antenna elements. The distribution of power versus elevation angle is known as the vertical pattern . When an antenna

1162-886: A theoretical isotropic antenna. Since a half-wave dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (or 2.15 dB ) compared to an isotropic radiator, if ERP and EIRP are expressed in watts their relation is   E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 × E R P ( W )   {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}=1.64\times {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}\ } If they are expressed in decibels   E I R P ( d B ) = E R P ( d B ) + 2.15   d B   {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathrm {(dB)} }={\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathrm {(dB)} }+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}\ } Effective radiated power and effective isotropic radiated power both measure

1245-473: A variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with much creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. Some of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet. While

1328-983: Is   E I R P ( d B W ) = P T X   ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G ( d B i )   , {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}=P_{{\mathsf {TX}}\ {\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}}-L_{\mathsf {(dB)}}+G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}\ ,}   E R P ( d B W ) = P T X   ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G ( d B i ) − 2.15   d B   . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}=P_{{\mathsf {TX}}\ {\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}}-L_{\mathsf {(dB)}}+G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}-2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} Losses in

1411-402: Is 8.77 dB d = 10.92 dB i . Its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, i.e., it is not correct to use units of dB d or dB i with ERP and EIRP. Let us assume a 100 watt (20 dB W ) transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to

1494-523: Is CFRC at Queen's University in Kingston , which has been on the air since 1923; it began as a commercial radio station and a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation affiliate but became the country's first university-owned station in 1942 and fully transitioned to a campus radio station in 1957. CJRT-FM , a campus radio station of the instructional type, has been on air since 1949. The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through

1577-422: Is a constant, i.e., 0 dB d = 2.15 dB i . Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP. The ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator (a purely mathematical device which cannot exist in the real world), and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. The distinction between dB d and dB i is often left unstated and

1660-571: Is a government-owned corporation that helps setup of Community FM radio stations in India. Ravi Shankar Prasad , the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the government, told India's upper house of parliament the Rajya Sabha on 22 December 2003, that four organizations including Jammu University and Kashmir University were found ineligible for grant of license as per the laid down guidelines. The minister also ruled out any review of

1743-402: Is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively created or produced by students , or may include program contributions from the local community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with

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1826-558: Is a willingness—or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement—to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock , underground metal and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists. Many campus radio stations carry

1909-538: Is also directional horizontally, gain and ERP will vary with azimuth ( compass direction). Rather than the average power over all directions, it is the apparent power in the direction of the peak of the antenna's main lobe that is quoted as a station's ERP (this statement is just another way of stating the definition of ERP). This is particularly applicable to the huge ERPs reported for shortwave broadcasting stations, which use very narrow beam widths to get their signals across continents and oceans. ERP for FM radio in

1992-411: Is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by a radio transmitter . It is the total power in watts that would have to be radiated by a half-wave dipole antenna to give the same radiation intensity (signal strength or power flux density in watts per square meter) as the actual source antenna at a distant receiver located in the direction of

2075-552: Is distributed through local cable television systems on cable FM or on the second audio programs of TV radio stations. . The first (and one of the most popular) campus radio in Argentina's history is LR11 Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata , which belongs to the Universidad Nacional de La Plata . It was inaugurated on 5 April 1924 as an element of scientific dissemination and university extension, and it

2158-406: Is larger it will be used instead. The maximum ERP for US FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (in the generally more densely populated Zones I and I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license and the antenna height above average terrain (HAAT). Some stations have been grandfathered in or, very infrequently, been given

2241-892: Is possible for a station of only a few hundred watts ERP to cover more area than a station of a few thousand watts ERP, if its signal travels above obstructions on the ground. ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm Campus radio Campus radio (also known as college radio , university radio or student radio )

2324-438: Is quantified by the antenna gain , which is the ratio of the signal strength radiated by an antenna in its direction of maximum radiation to that radiated by a standard antenna. For example, a 1,000 watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 4× (equiv. 6 dBi) will have the same signal strength in the direction of its main lobe, and thus the same ERP and EIRP, as a 4,000 watt transmitter feeding an antenna with

2407-838: Is strictly non-profit and participation is free for any student of the NTUA. Community groups in India, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been campaigning for permission to set up community radio (CR) radio stations since the late 1990s. News, as of November 2006, has it that the India cabinet decided to grant permission to non-profit organizations and educational institutions to set up community radio stations. The cabinet decision will allow civil society and voluntary organizations, state agriculture universities and institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or agricultural science centers, registered societies and autonomous boards, and public trusts registered under Societies Act to start community radio stations. Broadcast Engineering Consultants of India

2490-617: Is supported by the National Foundation for India and produced by Community representatives, of Alternative for India Development (AID), a non-governmental organization. School of Communication of Manipal also has its own campus radio. Ravenshaw Radio 90.4 MHz is Odisha state's first campus community radio station (CRS) of Ravenshaw University in Cuttack , Odisha . It started broadcasting in April 2011. According to

2573-733: Is the first university in the state of Maharashtra to have an FM radio station. The University of Pune's FM Radio inaugurated on 1 May 2005, has been named as Vidyavani . It covers a wide range of subjects, focusing specifically on the requirements of students of various departments and affiliated colleges. It reaches an area around the campus within eight-km radius. Unsuccessful attempts have been also made to start CR without obtaining any permission. The small village of Orvakal in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh (South India) launched "Mana Radio" (Our Radio) in November 2002. This project run under

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2656-610: Is the first university radio station in the world. The most famous campus/college radio in the country, FM Radio Universidad ("University Radio"), is an Argentine radio station based in the city of Rosario , belonging to the National University of Rosario (UNR) . It was created in 1994, and it has a strong focus on programs covering national/international news and current political topics of discussion, as well as AOR musical segments . The station transmits on 103.3 MHz. Student radio stations generally operate under

2739-539: Is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio." In recent years, some community-based campus radio stations, including CFFF-FM in Peterborough and CJMQ-FM in Sherbrooke , have in fact had their CRTC licenses formally reclassified from campus radio to community radio . Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from

2822-481: Is the same as ERP, except that a short vertical antenna (i.e. a short monopole ) is used as the reference antenna instead of a half-wave dipole . Cymomotive force ( CMF ) is an alternative term used for expressing radiation intensity in volts , particularly at the lower frequencies. It is used in Australian legislation regulating AM broadcasting services, which describes it as: "for a transmitter, [it] means

2905-448: Is typical for medium or longwave broadcasting, skywave , or indirect paths play a part in transmission, the waves will suffer additional attenuation which depends on the terrain between the antennas, so these formulas are not valid. Because ERP is calculated as antenna gain (in a given direction) as compared with the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole antenna , it creates a mathematically virtual effective dipole antenna oriented in

2988-486: Is usually connected to the antenna through a transmission line and impedance matching network . Since these components may have significant losses   L   , {\displaystyle \ L\ ,} the power applied to the antenna is usually less than the output power of the transmitter   P T X   . {\displaystyle \ P_{\mathsf {TX}}~.} The relation of ERP and EIRP to transmitter output power

3071-578: The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which provides that "a campus radio station is a radio station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution". The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio: instructional (for training of professional broadcasters) and community-based campus (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based radio format

3154-829: The Grandes Ecoles , higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system, specialised schools spread in more than twenty cities: schools of business, engineering or political science for example. The CRGE represents more than 150 000 students and do reports in the main French international events like the Cannes Films Festival , the Monaco Grand Prix or the Paris Games Week . They have interviewed many CEOs like Xavier Niel , CEO of Free, or politicians, like

3237-820: The AMS. As a registered non-profit corporation, CFRC 101.9 FM is owned and operated by Radio Queen's University. CFRC also hosts a podcasting network providing training and resources for independent podcast production. In the summer of 2024, Queens University station, CFRC-FM claims to be the last local radio station outlet in Kingston after Corus Entertainment cut local media on two Kingston FM radio stations CFMK-FM CKWS-FM . CFRC has for years provided regular coverage of all Queen's Golden Gaels regular season and playoff football games. Intermittently, they have also provided coverage of Golden Gaels hockey and basketball. Effective radiated power Effective radiated power ( ERP ), synonymous with equivalent radiated power ,

3320-588: The CBC - and thereafter broadcasting non-commercial radio plays by the Queen's Drama Guild. Since the station originally began broadcasting, CFRC periodically changed frequencies until it settled on 1490 AM on March 29, 1941. In 1954, CFRC-FM began broadcasting at 91.9 Megacycles on the FM dial to simulcast the programming of CFRC 1490. In 1957, the university appointed Margaret Angus as its first director of radio and students formed

3403-517: The CFRC Radio Club to produce programming and operate the station under her supervision as a fully fledged campus radio station. In 1986, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved Radio Queen's application to change CFRC-FM's frequency from 91.9 MHz to its current FM frequency, 101.9 MHz. In 1990 the AM frequency went dark and all CFRC programming moved to

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3486-1195: The EIRP or ERP. Since an isotropic antenna radiates equal power flux density over a sphere centered on the antenna, and the area of a sphere with radius   r   {\displaystyle \ r\ } is   A = 4 π   r 2   {\displaystyle \ A=4\pi \ r^{2}\ } then   S ( r ) =   E I R P     4 π   r 2     . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ {\mathsf {EIRP}}\ }{\ 4\pi \ r^{2}\ }}~.} Since   E I R P = E R P × 1.64   , {\displaystyle \ \mathrm {EIRP} =\mathrm {ERP} \times 1.64\ ,}   S ( r ) =   0.410 × E R P     π   r 2     . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ 0.410\times {\mathsf {ERP}}\ }{\ \pi \ r^{2}\ }}~.} After dividing out

3569-632: The FCC database shows the station's transmitter power output, not ERP. According to the Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK), ERP is often used as a general reference term for radiated power, but strictly speaking should only be used when the antenna is a half-wave dipole, and is used when referring to FM transmission. Effective monopole radiated power ( EMRP ) may be used in Europe, particularly in relation to medium wave broadcasting antennas. This

3652-689: The FM frequency (which had been broadcasting separate programming since 1970) and a new stereo transmitter. The station was for many years the only campus radio station in Canada to be owned and operated by a university rather than by its students. This changed in 2003 when ownership and management of the station was transferred from the university to the Alma Mater Society (Queen's student government). Due to changes in CRTC regulations, CFRC's ownership transitioned from 2012 to 2014 so that it became an autonomous service, no longer owned and operated by

3735-459: The Queen's wireless telegraph sets at Barriefield war Camp in 1915 and contributed directly to the use of wireless and radio technologies by the Allied forces during World War I . An informal wireless club was formed by a group of Gill's students, who kept experimenting with the latest available wireless technology. With the help of Professor Douglas Jemmett an experimental station license (9BT)

3818-836: The United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) and the Central Government. Similarly, a community-based radio programme titled Panchayat Vani (People's Voice) was recently broadcast on All India Radio (AIR), Darbhanga , Bihar . The campus radio station Gyanvaani has also been licensed. Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences established a community radio station, Radio Adan (90.4 MHz) in 2008, which brings together experts, students, farmers, and local population, through various popular programmes, focussing on agriculture, education, employment, women empowerment, child marriage, health and culture. Pune University

3901-559: The United States is always relative to a theoretical reference half-wave dipole antenna. (That is, when calculating ERP, the most direct approach is to work with antenna gain in dB d ). To deal with antenna polarization, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lists ERP in both the horizontal and vertical measurements for FM and TV. Horizontal is the standard for both, but if the vertical ERP

3984-428: The actual total power radiated by the antenna. The difference between ERP and EIRP is that antenna gain has traditionally been measured in two different units, comparing the antenna to two different standard antennas; an isotropic antenna and a half-wave dipole antenna: In contrast to an isotropic antenna, the dipole has a "donut-shaped" radiation pattern, its radiated power is maximum in directions perpendicular to

4067-417: The administration. SUSTcast is the campus radio station made for Shahjalal University of Science and Technology . It is the first-ever AI-based online campus radio among universities in Bangladesh. SUSTcast, a joint project of RoboSUST, Dept. of CSE, and Team Meow is open for all the students and teachers of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology . Different organizations and teacher-students from

4150-513: The aegis of the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty used a tiny transmitter that covered a radius of half a kilometer to enable rural women members of self-help groups. Four months later, officials from the Central Government brought in police to seize the equipment and declared the broadcasts illegal. The Government policy to permit educational institutions to have their own FM Channels at low-frequency levels emerged in mid-December 2002, as

4233-399: The aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters. Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location

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4316-426: The antenna itself are included in the gain. If the signal path is in free space ( line-of-sight propagation with no multipath ) the signal strength ( power flux density in watts per square meter)   S   {\displaystyle \ S\ } of the radio signal on the main lobe axis at any particular distance r {\displaystyle r} from the antenna can be calculated from

4399-505: The antenna's strongest beam ( main lobe ). ERP measures the combination of the power emitted by the transmitter and the ability of the antenna to direct that power in a given direction. It is equal to the input power to the antenna multiplied by the gain of the antenna. It is used in electronics and telecommunications , particularly in broadcasting to quantify the apparent power of a broadcasting station experienced by listeners in its reception area. An alternate parameter that measures

4482-1002: The antenna, declining to zero on the antenna axis. Since the radiation of the dipole is concentrated in horizontal directions, the gain of a half-wave dipole is greater than that of an isotropic antenna. The isotropic gain of a half-wave dipole is 1.64, or in decibels   10   log 10 ⁡ ( 1.64 ) = 2.15   d B   , {\displaystyle \ 10\ \log _{10}(1.64)=2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}\ ,} so   G i = 1.64   G d   . {\displaystyle \ G_{\mathsf {i}}=1.64\ G_{\mathsf {d}}~.} In decibels   G ( d B i ) = G ( d B d ) + 2.15   d B   . {\displaystyle \ G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}=G_{\mathsf {(dB_{d})}}+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} The two measures EIRP and ERP are based on

4565-426: The antenna. ERP < 22.77 dB W and EIRP < 24.92 dB W , both less than ideal by η in dB. Assuming that the receiver is in the first side-lobe of the transmitting antenna, and each value is further reduced by 7.2 dB, which is the decrease in directivity from the main to side-lobe of a Yagi–Uda. Therefore, anywhere along the side-lobe direction from this transmitter, a blind receiver could not tell

4648-575: The case of medium wave (AM) stations in the United States , power limits are set to the actual transmitter power output, and ERP is not used in normal calculations. Omnidirectional antennas used by a number of stations radiate the signal equally in all horizontal directions. Directional arrays are used to protect co- or adjacent channel stations, usually at night, but some run directionally continuously. While antenna efficiency and ground conductivity are taken into account when designing such an array,

4731-639: The city they relate to in Denmark. All the radios broadcast radio in local frequencies on FM in their related city. XFM actually has two departments one in Copenhagen and one in Lyngby and is the only radio who has two broadcast licenses. The only one of the radio stations which broadcasts radio directly on campus is Aalborg student radio. As many of the American student radio Aalborg has speaker directly on

4814-403: The difference if a Yagi–Uda was replaced with either an ideal dipole (oriented towards the receiver) or an isotropic radiator with antenna input power increased by 1.57 dB. Polarization has not been taken into account so far, but it must be properly clarified. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was perfectly aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that

4897-476: The direction of the receiver. In other words, a notional receiver in a given direction from the transmitter would receive the same power if the source were replaced with an ideal dipole oriented with maximum directivity and matched polarization towards the receiver and with an antenna input power equal to the ERP. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference. Maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole

4980-453: The early radio experimentations of Queen's first Professor of General Engineering, James Lester Willis Gill . He mounted the first public exhibition of wireless telegraphy at a Queen's Convocation lecture on April 28, 1902, only four months after Guglielmo Marconi's first successful trans-Atlantic transmission from Signal Hill . By the 1910s regular courses on wireless technology and theory were being taught by Gill, and Professor Gill set up

5063-434: The factor of   π   , {\displaystyle \ \pi \ ,} we get:   S ( r ) =   0.131 × E R P     r 2     . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ 0.131\times {\mathsf {ERP}}\ }{\ r^{2}\ }}~.} However, if the radio waves travel by ground wave as

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5146-562: The first broadcast radio station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Other requirements generally made of campus radio stations include quotas of non-hit, folk, and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming. Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association . On 23 January 2012, the CRTC announced it would be eliminating instructional radio stations. There are five student radio stations in Denmark related to

5229-720: The form of cultural support. According to the Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT), in April 2013, Brazil had 466 educational radios. UBD FM is the first university-based radio station in Brunei Darussalam . The student-run organization operates under the Educational and Technology Center of the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and was established in 2008. In Canada, radio stations are regulated by

5312-521: The largest universities in Denmark. Only the town of Roskilde has a university and no permanent radio, but every year the five existing student radio stations work together in producing 10 days of radio on the Roskilde festival . The project is a cooperation between all the student radios organized by the cooperation organization called DDS and could be considered a temporary radio station. The five student radio stations in Denmark are listed below with

5395-454: The likes of Beats In Space, or Warp Records, or broadcasting live from Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Festival in Sete, it is the love of the music which connects the listeners, and that makes Radio Campus a unique and special group indeed. The Radio Campus France radio stations include: The Confédération des radios de grandes écoles is the national non-profit network unifying 46 internet radios in

5478-599: The new French President François Hollande . They also have links with other campus radios and campus radios network in the world. The CRGE members are for the Business Schools: The CRGE Engineering Schools radios includes: The other member Grandes Ecoles radios are: PolyteXneio FM is the National Technical University of Athens Students' Radio Station. It is an open student project; its character

5561-474: The policy despite limited response to the non-commercial, low-powered FM radio scheme which former information and broadcasting minister Sushma Swaraj had said would "revolutionize" radio broadcast in the country. Radio enthusiast Alokesh Gupta saying: "The announcement of the Government was to have seen 1000 radio stations by December 2003. Instead administrative wrangling came in the way of implementing

5644-428: The power density a radio transmitter and antenna (or other source of electromagnetic waves) radiate in a specific direction: in the direction of maximum signal strength (the " main lobe ") of its radiation pattern. This apparent power is dependent on two factors: The total power output and the radiation pattern of the antenna – how much of that power is radiated in the direction of maximal intensity. The latter factor

5727-441: The product, expressed in volts, of: It relates to AM broadcasting only, and expresses the field strength in " microvolts per metre at a distance of 1 kilometre from the transmitting antenna". The height above average terrain for VHF and higher frequencies is extremely important when considering ERP, as the signal coverage ( broadcast range ) produced by a given ERP dramatically increases with antenna height. Because of this, it

5810-536: The project as colleges spent time running around for licenses and approval from four ministries — Home Affairs, Communications & Information & Broadcasting — as they took their time processing applications." On 2 February 2004, Anna University in Chennai unveiled the country's first campus radio station, Anna FM . Radio Ujjas in Kutch (in the western state of Gujarat ) is one such CR and gets its funding from

5893-449: The reader is sometimes forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi–Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at precise intervals to create greater energy focusing (directivity) than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dB d , but listed only as dB. This ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi–Uda antenna's maximum directivity

5976-464: The receiving antenna is circularly polarized, and there will be a minimum 3 dB polarization loss regardless of antenna orientation. If the receiver is also a dipole, it is possible to align it orthogonally to the transmitter such that theoretically zero energy is received. However, this polarization loss is not accounted for in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Rather, the receiving system designer must account for this loss as appropriate. For example,

6059-442: The same thing is effective isotropic radiated power ( EIRP ). Effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that would have to be radiated by an isotropic antenna to give the same ("equivalent") signal strength as the actual source antenna in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. The difference between EIRP and ERP is that ERP compares the actual antenna to a half-wave dipole antenna, while EIRP compares it to

6142-455: The term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission, a significant number of stations transmit with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit , and carrier current systems, in some cases to on-campus listeners only. Many universities and college stations today also broadcast via the internet , either as an additional outlet for their licensed stations or in lieu of obtaining a government-issued license. In addition, college programming

6225-594: The terms of the campus broad license, a number of aspects are disallowed from broadcasts. This includes anything that offends good taste or decency, contains criticism of friendly countries, contains an attack on religion, contains anything obscene, defamatory, false, and suggestive innuendos and half-truths, likely to encourage or incite violence, contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation, criticizes, maligns or slanders any individual in person, encourages superstition or blind belief, denigrates women, denigrates children, or presents or depicts or suggests as desirable

6308-789: The two different standard antennas above: Since the two definitions of gain only differ by a constant factor, so do ERP and EIRP   E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 × E R P ( W )   . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}=1.64\times {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}~.} In decibels   E I R P ( d B W ) = E R P ( d B W ) + 2.15   d B   . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}={\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} The transmitter

6391-649: The university can perform on this platform regularly. UAPIANS RADIO is an online-based Radio which is organized by the Students of the University of Asia Pacific . In Brazil, most campus radios operate under an educational radio license, granted by the Ministry of Communications and the National Telecommunications Agency . In Brazil, educational radios are prohibited from broadcast commercial advertising on its programming, except in

6474-428: The university where they can broadcast radio to the students cad Campus Rdio AAU. Radio Campus France is a national, non-profit radio broadcasting network grouping 22 public college radio stations located in the largest French cities. Acting as an umbrellas for college radio in French public Universities, it proves that there is strength in numbers, and that music, technology and education are natural bedfellows. Not just

6557-483: The university, CFRC agreed not to compete commercially with CKWS for ten years and to only engage in broadcasts that filled the university's educational mandate. The station reverted to an experimental outlet for the university's Electrical Engineering Department until 1945 when it resumed programming on a limited basis as part of the Summer Radio Institute - a training program for broadcasters run with

6640-463: The use of conditions of license that radio stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus radio stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in the Canadian content system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. The minimum Canadian content required for a campus station is 35%. Individual programs have their own requirements which depend on

6723-504: Was obtained in the spring of 1922. The station's equipment was housed in the basement (later moved to the second floor) of the Electrical Engineering building, Fleming Hall (named after Sir Sandford Fleming ). It had a power output of approximately 250 watts , and had an estimated range of 160 kilometres. While there were likely some preliminary, unscheduled broadcasts by 9BT, the station's first scheduled public broadcast

6806-531: Was on October 7, 1922, as Professor Richard O. Jolliffe called the football game between Queen's and McGill . (At that time, the university's football/rugby team, the Queen's Tricolour , were the winners of the Grey Cup for three consecutive years, and it is a common myth that when the current call letters CFRC were assigned, their meaning was "Canada's Famous Rugby Champions"; this acronym being possible, however,

6889-451: Was purely coincidental). Some student broadcasters also said that CFRC meant "Crazy Fellows Raising Cain". An alumnus donation in early 1923 made possible the acquisition of better, more reliable transmitting equipment, and a private commercial licence was obtained under the call letters CFRC by July 1923. CFRC was Kingston's only radio station and began airing programs from the new Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission in 1934, becoming

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