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65-533: Sherbrooke ( / ˈ ʃ ɜːr b r ʊ k / SHUR -bruuk , Quebec French : [ʃɛʁˈbʁʊk] ) is a city in southern Quebec , Canada. It is at the confluence of the Saint-François and Magog rivers in the heart of the Estrie administrative region. Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec , coextensive with

130-534: A basilect ), characterized by certain features often perceived as phased out, "old world" or "incorrect" in standard French . Joual , in particular, exhibits strong Norman influences largely owing to Norman immigration during the Ancien Régime (they were perceived as true Catholics and allowed to immigrate to the new world as an example of ideal French settlers). For example the word placoter can mean both to splash around or to chatter which comes from

195-634: A comparison can be made, the differences between both varieties are analogous to those between American and British English even if differences in phonology and prosody for the latter are greater. Quebec's culture has only recently gained exposure in Europe, especially since the Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille ). The difference in dialects and culture is large enough that speakers of Quebec French overwhelmingly prefer their own local television dramas or sitcoms to shows from Europe or

260-607: A first language, while those whose mother tongue was English accounted for 3.9%. The next most common first languages were Spanish (2%), Arabic (1.3%) and Dari (0.7%) As of 2021, approximately 88.7% of Sherbrooke residents were white, while 9.6% were visible minorities and 1.7% were Indigenous . The largest visible minority groups in Sherbrooke were black (3.1%), Latin American (2%), Arab (1.7%), and West Asian (1%). The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) comprises

325-526: A full non-breaking space is not used before the semicolon , exclamation mark , or question mark . Instead, a thin space (which according to Le Ramat de la typographie normally measures a quarter of an em ) is used; this thin space can be omitted in word-processing situations where the thin space is assumed to be unavailable, or when careful typography is not required. A notable difference in grammar which received considerable attention in France during

390-543: A horse or a carriage), the Québécois variety in its informal register tends to use embarquer and débarquer , a result of Quebec's navigational heritage. With the onset of British rule in 1760 , the French of Canada became isolated from that of Europe. This led to a retention of older pronunciations, such as moé for moi ( audio comparison ) and expressions that later died out in France. In 1774,

455-608: A local biochemical factory suffered an explosion, which killed 2, and injured 19, some severely. A large toxic cloud enveloped part of the city, raising health concerns. Located at the confluence of the Saint-François (St. Francis) and Magog rivers in the heart of the Eastern Townships and the Estrie administrative region. Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec , coextensive with

520-442: A manufacturing centre in the 1800s, and today the service sector is prominent. The Sherbrooke region is surrounded by mountains, rivers, and lakes. There are several ski hills nearby and various tourist attractions in regional flavour. Mont-Bellevue Park , a large park in the city, is used for downhill skiing . The city was named in 1818 for John Coape Sherbrooke , a former Governor General of Canada . First Nations settled

585-407: A railway linked Montreal and Portland, Maine via Sherbrooke. By the 1890s, there were rail connections to Boston , Halifax , and New York City . Immigration from the rest of Quebec began in 1850, and by 1871 francophones were in the majority. By the turn of the 20th century, Sherbrooke was a thriving industrial city, with manufacturing benefiting from locally-produced hydroelectricity . From

650-662: A strong influence on Quebec French. The phonological features traditionally distinguishing informal Quebec French and formal European French have gradually acquired varying sociolinguistic status, so that certain traits of Quebec French are perceived neutrally or positively by Quebecers, while others are perceived negatively. Sociolinguistic studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s showed that Quebecers generally rated speakers of European French heard in recordings higher than speakers of Quebec French in many positive traits, including expected intelligence, education, ambition, friendliness and physical strength. The researchers were surprised by

715-678: Is a right tributary of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec , Canada . Its source is Lake Saint-François in Chaudière-Appalaches , southeast of Thetford Mines . It flows southwest towards Sherbrooke , where it changes course northwest towards Drummondville , and finally empties into the Saint Lawrence River near Pierreville . Its total length is 135 miles. The river is named after Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) by

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780-784: Is found to be distinct from those of other varieties of French: Some recent Quebec French lexical innovations have spread, at least partially, to other varieties of French, for example: On Twitter, supporters of the Quebec separatist party Bloc Québécois used hashtags that align with the syntactic pattern found in hashtags used in French political discourse , rather than adopting the hashtags commonly used by other Canadian parties with similar political positions. For phonological comparisons of Quebec French, Belgian French , Meridional French , and Metropolitan French , see French phonology . These examples are intended not exhaustive but illustrate

845-468: Is large, averaging at 287 centimetres (113 in), sometimes falling in May and October. Precipitation is not sparse any time of the year, but is the greatest in summer and fall and at its least from January to April, totalling 1,100 millimetres (43.3 in) annually. The highest temperature ever recorded in Sherbrooke was 36.7 °C (98 °F) on 1 & 2 July 1931. The coldest temperature ever recorded

910-709: Is represented by Guy Hardy of the PLQ and Richmond is represented by Karine Vallières of the PLQ. In 2007, the crime rate was 5,491 per 100,000. Sherbrooke does not host any units from the Regular Force with the exception of a recruiting centre, but four Primary Reserve units are stationed in the city: A Canadian military artifact is preserved at the William Street Armoury: the Sherman tank "Bomb" . The tank helped liberate Europe fighting with

975-706: The Académie française , but are commonly used in Canada and Switzerland. There are other, sporadic spelling differences. For example, the Office québécois de la langue française formerly recommended the spelling tofou for what is in France tofu "tofu". This recommendation was repealed in 2013. In grammar, the adjective inuit "Inuit" is invariable in France but, according to official recommendations in Quebec, has regular feminine and plural forms. Grammatical differences between informal spoken Quebec French and

1040-616: The Centre des arts de la scène Jean-Besré (CASJB), built by the city with the support of the Ministry of Culture and Communications , has assisted in the creation and production of material for the region's artistic community. It serves as the location for training theatre, music, and dance professionals. It contains three rehearsal studios, a production room, a decoration workshop, and a costume workshop, as well as administrative offices for each of its resident companies. The Sherbrooke Expos of

1105-548: The Jesuits , who explored the region under the French regime, and after François de Lauzon. Its course is also unusual, as it flows from northeast to southwest to branch off, halfway through, and continue its course from southeast to northwest. The Saint-François River has its origins in the lake Saint-François and heads southwest towards Sherbrooke . Along the way, it crosses the lakes Lake Aylmer and Lake Louise as well as many municipalities. In Sherbrooke , it receives

1170-551: The Ligue de Baseball Majeur du Québec , an amateur baseball league, play their home games at Amedée Roy Stadium . The city also hosted some games of the 2002 World Junior Baseball Championship , and the 2013 Canada Games . Historically, several professional teams based in Sherbrooke competed in Minor League Baseball or in independent baseball leagues : The Sherbrooke Phoenix is a junior hockey team playing in

1235-476: The Magog River and a gristmill and a sawmill were soon built nearby. The settlement was then known as Hyatt's Mills. The first immigrants from England arrived in 1815. The British American Land Company was formed in 1832 to acquire and develop almost 1,100,000 acres (1,719 sq mi; 4,452 km) of Crown land and other lands in the area. It prioritized speculation over immigration. In 1852

1300-608: The New England textile mills and the northern lumber camps. As a result, Quebec French began to borrow from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the Quiet Revolution to the passing of the Charter of the French Language , the French language in Quebec saw a period of validation in its varieties associated with

1365-889: The Quebec Act guaranteed French settlers as British subjects rights to French law , the Roman Catholic faith and the French language to appease them at a moment when the English-speaking colonies to the south were on the verge of revolting in the American Revolution . In the period between the Act of Union of 1840 and 1960, roughly 900,000 French Canadians left Canada to emigrate to the United States to seek employment. The ones that returned, brought with them new words taken from their experiences in

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1430-664: The Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League . The Sherbrooke Canadiens competed in the American Hockey League from 1984 to 1990. Sherbrooke is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-François. Local governance is provided by the Sherbrooke City Council . The mayor is Évelyne Beaudin. Under the 2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec , Sherbrooke merged with most of the suburban municipalities in

1495-514: The Queen of the Eastern Townships at the beginning of the 20th century. There are eight institutions educating 40,000 students and employing 11,000 people, 3,700 of whom are professors, teachers and researchers. The direct economic effect of these institutions exceeds one billion dollars . The proportion of university students is 10.32 students per 100 inhabitants, giving Sherbrooke the largest concentration of students in Quebec. Sherbrooke rose as

1560-660: The Sherbrooke Fusilier Regiment and is the only Canadian tank to have landed on the Normandy beach on D-Day ; it fought through to VE Day without being knocked out. Transdev Limocar provides bus service to Montreal via Granby and Magog . Formerly, Autobus Jordez linked Sherbrooke to Drummondville and Trois-Rivières , and also to Victoriaville and Quebec City , but since the company lost their licence to operate heavy vehicles, they have sold their licence to Autobus La Québécoise, who now provide

1625-521: The syntax used in spoken Quebec French and that of other regional dialects of French . However, the characteristic differences of Quebec French syntax are not considered standard despite their high-frequency in everyday, relaxed speech. One far-reaching difference is the weakening of the syntactic role of the specifiers (both verbal and nominal), which results in many syntactic changes: Other notable syntactic changes in Quebec French include

1690-411: The 1950s, some the steel and textile industries declined, giving way to government services and education. As part of the 2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec , the city grew considerably on 1 January 2002, when it absorbed Ascot, Bromptonville, Deauville, Fleurimont, Lennoxville , Rock Forest, and Saint-Élie-d'Orford. Part of Stoke was also annexed to the newly expanded Sherbrooke. In 2012,

1755-678: The 1970s, the official position on Québécois language has shifted dramatically. An oft-cited turning point was the 1977 declaration of the Association québécoise des professeurs de français defining thus the language to be taught in classrooms: "Standard Quebec French [ le français standard d'ici , literally, "the Standard French of here"] is the socially favoured variety of French which the majority of Francophone Québécois tend to use in situations of formal communication." Ostiguy and Tousignant doubt whether Quebecers today would still have

1820-430: The 1990s is the feminine form of many professions that traditionally did not have a feminine form. In Quebec, one writes nearly universally une chercheuse or une chercheure "a researcher", whereas in France, un chercheur and, more recently, un chercheur and une chercheuse are used. Feminine forms in -eur e as in ingénieu re are still strongly criticized in France by institutions like

1885-603: The Norman French word clapoter which means the same thing. Its equivalent in Acadian French is called Chiac . The origins of Quebec French lie in the 17th- and 18th-century regional varieties (dialects) of early modern French, also known as Classical French , and of other langues d'oïl (especially Poitevin dialect , Saintongeais dialect and Norman ) that French colonists brought to New France . Quebec French either evolved from this language base and

1950-691: The US of a number of British programmes being shown with subtitles (notably from Scotland). Historically speaking, the closest relative of Quebec French is the 17th and 18th-century koiné of Paris . Formal Quebec French uses essentially the same orthography and grammar as the French of France, with few exceptions, and exhibits moderate lexical differences. Differences in grammar and lexicon become more marked as language becomes more informal. While phonetic differences also decrease with greater formality, Quebec and European accents are readily distinguishable in all registers . Over time, European French has exerted

2015-401: The United States. Conversely, certain singers from Quebec have become very famous even in France, notably Félix Leclerc , Gilles Vigneault , Kate and Anna McGarrigle , Céline Dion , and Garou . Some television series from Quebec such as Têtes à claques and L'Été indien are also known in France. The number of such shows from France shown on Quebec television is about the same as

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2080-597: The average population is 7,200 inhabitants. Sherbrooke is split into the federal electoral districts of Sherbrooke , represented by Élisabeth Brière of the Liberal party of Canada and Compton—Stanstead , represented by Marie-Claude Bibeau of the Liberals . Provincially, Sherbrooke is divided into three electoral districts. Sherbrooke is represented by Christine Labrie of the Québec solidaire (QS), Saint-François

2145-459: The cities of Sherbrooke, Magog and Waterville , the municipalities of Ascot Corner , Compton , Saint-Denis-de-Brompton , Stoke and Val-Joli ; the township municipalities of Hatley and Orford ; and the village municipality of North Hatley . The population in 2021 was 227,398. The median age was 43. Approximately 90.5% of the greater Sherbrooke area residents were white, while 7.7% were visible minorities and 1.8% were Aboriginal . French

2210-629: The city of Sherbrooke. Its geographical code is 43. Sherbrooke has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), with long, cold, and snowy winters, warm summers, and short but crisp springs and autumns. Highs range from −5.8 °C (21.6 °F) in January to 24.6 °C (76.3 °F) in July. In an average year, there are 34 nights at or colder than −20 °C (−4 °F), and 6.5 nights at or colder than −30 °C (−22 °F); 4.1 days will see highs reaching 30 °C (86 °F). Annual snowfall

2275-460: The city of Sherbrooke. With 172,950 residents at the Canada 2021 Census , it is the sixth largest city in the province and the 30th largest in Canada. The Sherbrooke Census Metropolitan Area had 227,398 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Quebec and 19th in Canada. Sherbrooke is the primary economic, political, cultural, and institutional centre of Estrie, and was known as

2340-519: The closely related dialects spoken in Ontario and Western Canada , in contrast with Acadian French , which is spoken in some areas of eastern Quebec ( Gaspé Peninsula ), New Brunswick , and in other parts of Atlantic Canada , and Métis French , which is found generally across the Prairie provinces . The term joual is commonly used to refer to Quebec working class French (when considered

2405-527: The complex influence that European French has had on Quebec French pronunciation and the range of sociolinguistic statuses that individual phonetic variables can possess. Like other varieties, Quebec French is characterized by increasingly wide gaps between its formal and informal forms. Notable differences include the generalized use of on (informal for nous ), the use of single negations as opposed to double negations: J'ai pas (informal) vs Je n'ai pas (formal) etc. There are increasing differences between

2470-488: The extraordinarily negative discourse about it between 1940 and 1960. It is instead in the loss of social position suffered by a large proportion of Francophones since the end of the 19th century that one must seek the principal source of this degrading perception." Ouaouaron , the Canadian French word for bullfrog , a frog species native to North America, originates from an Iroquois word. Maringouin ,

2535-425: The flora and fauna such as atoca ( cranberry ) and achigan ( largemouth bass ), from First Nations languages . The importance of the rivers and ocean as the main routes of transportation also left its imprint on Quebec French. Whereas European varieties of French use the verbs monter and descendre for "to get in" and "to get out" of a vehicle (lit. "to mount" and "to dismount", as one does with

2600-648: The following five categories. The influences on Quebec French from English and Native American can be reflected in any of these five: The following tables give examples of each of the first four categories, along with the Metropolitan French equivalent and an English gloss. Contextual differences, along with individual explanations, are then discussed. Examples of lexically specific items: Examples of semantic differences: Examples of grammatical differences: Examples multi-word or fixed expressions unique to Quebec: Some Quebec French lexical items have

2665-455: The following: However, these features are common to all the basilectal varieties of français populaire descended from the 17th century koiné of Paris. In their syntax and morphology , Quebec French verbs differ very little from the verbs of other regional dialects of French, both formal and informal. The distinctive characteristics of Quebec French verbs are restricted mainly to: Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois River The Saint-François River

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2730-623: The formal language abound. Some of these, such as omission of the negative particle ne , are also present in the informal language of speakers of standard European French, while other features, such as use of the interrogative particle -tu , are either peculiar to Quebec or Canadian French or restricted to nonstandard varieties of European French. While the overwhelming majority of lexical items in Quebec French exist in other dialects of French, many words and expressions are unique to Quebec, much like some are specific to American and British varieties of English. The differences can be classified into

2795-455: The greater friendliness rating for Europeans, since one of the primary reasons usually advanced to explain the retention of low-status language varieties is social solidarity with members of one's linguistic group. François Labelle cites the efforts at that time by the Office québécois de la langue française "to impose a French as standard as possible" as one of the reasons for the negative view Quebecers had of their language variety. Since

2860-641: The informal spoken language, but that notion is often exaggerated. The Québécois have been found to show a stronger aversion to the use of anglicisms in formal contexts than do European francophones, largely because of what the influence of English on their language is held to reveal about the historically superior position of anglophones in Canadian society. According to Cajolet-Laganière and Martel, out of 4,216 "criticized borrowings from English" in Quebec French that they were able to identify, some 93% have "extremely low frequency" and 60% are obsolete. Despite this,

2925-555: The integrity of Quebec French, while Metropolitan French on the other hand does not have that same protective attitude and in recent decades has been more influenced by English, causing Quebec French not to borrow recent English loanwords that are now used in Metropolitan French. There is a continuum of intelligibility between Quebec and European French; the two are most intelligible in their more standardized forms and pose more difficulties in their dialectal forms. If

2990-548: The nearby city of Cookshire-Eaton . Sherbrooke Airport no longer offers scheduled passenger services as of March 2010. According to data from the Institut de la statistique du Québec , average personal income per capita in the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) of Sherbrooke amounted to CA$ 30,976 in 2010. Estrie's GDP for the same year was $ 9.59 billion. The hockey equipment manufacturer Sherwood

3055-459: The number of British shows on American television even though French news channels like France 24 and a francophone channel based in France, TV5 Québec Canada , are broadcast in Quebec. Nevertheless, Metropolitan French series such as The Adventures of Tintin and Les Gens de Mogador are broadcast and known in Quebec. In certain cases, on French TV, subtitles can be added when barbarisms, rural speech and slang are used, not unlike cases in

3120-493: The perception of exaggerated anglicism use in Quebec French could be attributed, in part, simply to the fact that the anglicisms used are different, and thus more noticeable by European speakers. French spoken with a large number of anglicisms may be disparagingly termed franglais . According to Chantal Bouchard, "While the language spoken in Quebec did indeed gradually accumulate borrowings from English [between 1850 and 1960], it did not change to such an extent as to justify

3185-491: The population each while buddhist made 0.2%. Sherbrooke, which is the economic centre of Estrie , is a significant cultural, industrial, and academic hub in the province. The city is directly served by two railways: the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad and the Canadian Pacific Railway . Sherbrooke is also served by four highways as well as the regional airport named Sherbrooke Airport but located in

3250-541: The prevalence of anglicisms in Quebec French has often been exaggerated. Various anglicisms commonly used in European French informal language are mostly not used by Quebec French speakers. While words such as shopping, parking, escalator, ticket, email and week-end are commonly spoken in Europe, Quebec tends to favour French equivalents, namely: magasinage, stationnement, escalier roulant, billet, courriel and fin de semaine , respectively. As such,

3315-427: The region between 8,000 and 3,000 years ago. The Abenaki called it Ktinékétolékouac / Kchi Nikitawtegwak ('the large forks'), or Shacewanteku (where one smokes). The first non-native settler was the farmer Jean-Baptiste Nolain, in 1779. The area was first surveyed in 1792. Americans from Vermont built mills in the area in 1802. Gilbert Hyatt led a group of loyalists , who settled around 1803. He dammed

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3380-422: The same general meaning in Metropolitan French but are used in different contexts. English translations are given in parentheses. In addition, Quebec French has its own set of swear words, or sacres , distinct from other varieties of French. One characteristic of major sociological importance distinguishing Quebec from European French is the relatively greater number of borrowings from English, especially in

3445-491: The same negative attitudes towards their own variety of French that they did in the 1970s. They argue that negative social attitudes have focused instead on a subset of the characteristics of Quebec French relative to European French, and particularly some traits of informal Quebec French. Some characteristics of European French are even judged negatively when imitated by Quebecers. Quebec French has some typographical differences from European French. For example, in Quebec French

3510-405: The service. Société de transport de Sherbrooke (STS) provides bus service within the city. It operates 18 bus routes, 10 minibus routes, 7 express routes, 3 taxibus routes, and 3 microbus routes. Quebec French Canadian French is a common umbrella term to describe all varieties of French used in Canada, including Quebec French. Formerly it was used to refer solely to Quebec French and

3575-949: The summer season, several festivals, concerts, and events are held in the city, such as the Fête du Lac des Nations , Sherblues & Folk , and the Festival des traditions du monde . Come winter, the city hosts the Carnaval de Sherbrooke . The city has British architectural heritage , as seen in the buildings in Vieux-Nord . Sherbrooke has the fourth largest theatre in Quebec, the Maurice O'Bready University Cultural Centre of Sherbrooke (Salle Maurice-O’bready du centre culturel de l’Université de Sherbrooke). Music, theatre, and dance shows are staged there. The Centennial Theatre of Bishop's University also hosts music and dance concerts from around

3640-638: The surrounding area: Rock Forest, Saint-Élie-d'Orford, Deauville, Fleurimont, Bromptonville, Ascot, and Lennoxville. This resulted in the creation of six Boroughs of Sherbrooke : Brompton , Fleurimont , Lennoxville , Mont-Bellevue , Rock Forest–Saint-Élie–Deauville , and Jacques-Cartier . Each of the boroughs is subdivided into electoral districts , with the number varying based on population. For example, there are only two districts in Brompton, which only has 6,314 inhabitants, whereas Fleurimont (pop. 40,824) has five. Sherbrooke has 21 districts total, for which

3705-580: The waters of the Massawippi River basin and the Magog River basin. It continues north-west, passing through the municipalities of Windsor , Richmond , Drummondville and from there outflows into the Saint Lawrence River at lake Saint-Pierre . The river has long been traveled by Native Americans; particularly the Abenakis . The Indian Reservation of Odanak , which today has a population of about 400, has existed since 1670. The Fort Crevier

3770-417: The word for mosquito, also originates from an aboriginal language, Tupi-guarani , spoken by aboriginals on the northern coasts of Brazil. It is thought that early French colonists adopted this word in the late 1600s after exchanges with explorers returning from South America. Atoca , a synonym for Cranberry , also originates from Iroquois. The following are areas in which the lexicon of Quebec French

3835-403: The working class while the percentage of literate and university-educated francophones grew. Laws concerning the status of French were passed both on the federal and provincial levels. The Office québécois de la langue française was established to play an essential role of support in language planning . Protective laws also arose in response to the distaste towards anglicisms for preserving

3900-506: The world. The Vieux Clocher, owned by the Université de Sherbrooke , has two stages, the primary being used by various music groups and comedians from around the province. The Théâtre Granada , designated as a historical site by the Canadian government, holds music concerts. It has retained its original architecture since its opening. The Petit Théâtre de Sherbrooke , located downtown, presents musicals and plays for children. Since 2007,

3965-472: Was mother tongue to 87.3% of residents. The next most common mother tongues were English (4.5%), Spanish (1.6%), Arabic (1.0%) Dari (0.5%), Mandarin (0.2%), Portuguese (0.2%) and Serbian (0.2%). About 55.7% of the population identified as Catholic in 2021 while 32.2% said they had no religious affiliation, 2.9% were Muslim , 0.5% Anglican , 0.5% Eastern Orthodox , 0.4% Jehovah's Witness and 0.4% Baptist . United Church and Pentecostals made up 0.3% of

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4030-826: Was also built in 1687 by the river. A temporary Jesuit mission was established at Coös for the Abenaki living in the Connecticut River valley or near the Kennebec River . When the Abenaki mission Saint-François-de-Sales located on the Chaudière River moved to Odanak, the village took the latter's name, "Saint-François”. Odanak is located on the banks of the Saint-François River, about 10 kilometers east of lake Saint-Pierre . In 1805, an 8,000 acre reserve (32.4 kilometres (20.13 mi))

4095-786: Was founded in Sherbrooke in 1949. The city is also home to the hockey puck manufacturer Inglasco . As of 2010, the largest employers in Sherbrooke are Université de Sherbrooke (6,000 employees), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (5,511), Commission scolaire de la Région-de-Sherbrooke (3,050), Centre de santé et de services sociaux – Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke (2,650), City of Sherbrooke (1,913), Desjardins Group (1,713), Cégep de Sherbrooke (800), Centre Jeunesse de l'Estrie (527), Nordia Inc. (500), Canada Post (497), Kruger Inc. - Publication papers business unit (455), Bishop's University (450) and McDonald's (400). These include enterprises operating in Sherbrooke only and having 400 or more employees. In

4160-547: Was shaped by the following influences (arranged according to historical period) or was imported from Paris and other urban centres of France as a koiné , or common language shared by the people speaking it. Unlike the language of France in the 17th and 18th centuries, French in New France was fairly well unified. It also began to borrow words and gather importations (see loan word ), especially place names such as Québec , Canada and Hochelaga , and words to describe

4225-518: Was −41.2 °C (−42.2 °F) on 15 January 2004. The city includes several neighbourhoods: In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Sherbrooke had a population of 172,950 living in 80,476 of its 86,019 total private dwellings, a change of 7.2% from its 2016 population of 161,323 . With a land area of 353.4 km (136.4 sq mi), it had a population density of 489.4/km (1,267.5/sq mi) in 2021. As of 2021, 86.4% of Sherbrooke residents spoke French as

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